View source for R packages

= R package management =
== Packages loaded at startup ==
''getOption("defaultPackages")''

== How to install a new package ==
* [https://thomasadventure.blog/posts/install-r-packages/ The Comprehensive Guide to Installing R Packages from CRAN, Bioconductor, GitHub and Co.]
* An example from [https://bvieth.github.io/powsimR/articles/powsimR.html powsimR] package

=== utils::install.packages() ===
* By default, install.packages() will check versions and install uninstalled packages shown in ''' 'Depends', 'Imports' ''', and ''' 'LinkingTo' ''' fields. See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html R-exts] manual.
* Take advantage of '''Ncpus''' parameter in [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/versions/3.6.2/topics/install.packages install.packages()]
* If we want to install packages listed in 'Suggests' field, we should specify it explicitly by using ''dependencies'' argument:
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
install.packages(XXXX, dependencies = c("Depends", "Imports", "Suggests", "LinkingTo"))
# OR
install.packages(XXXX, dependencies = TRUE)
</syntaxhighlight> For example, if I use a plain install.packages() command to install [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/downloader/index.html downloader] package, it only installs 'digest' and 'downloader' packages. If I use <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
install.packages("downloader", dependencies=TRUE)
</syntaxhighlight> it will also install 'testhat' package.
* Even a warning is given when some '''imports''' package is not available, it does not stop the installation (trying to install [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/plotROC/index.html plotROC] package on mac R 3.5.3). See also [[#Warning:_dependency_.E2.80.98XXX.E2.80.99_is_not_available|Warning: dependency ‘XXX’ is not available]]. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> install.packages("plotROC")
--- Please select a CRAN mirror for use in this session ---
Warning: dependency ‘gridSVG’ is not available
trying URL 'https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.5/plotROC_2.2.1.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1288370 bytes (1.2 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.2 MB

The downloaded binary packages are in
	/var/folders/2q/slryb0rx4tj97t66v7l6pwvr_z6g3s/T//Rtmptrf2ZS/downloaded_packages
> library(gridSVG)
Error in library(gridSVG) : there is no package called ‘gridSVG’
> install.packages("gridSVG", type = "source")
Warning message:
package ‘gridSVG’ is not available (for R version 3.5.3) 
> ap <- available.packages()
> "gridSVG" %in% rownames(ap) # [1] FALSE
> dim(ap)  # [1] 14220    17
> library(plotROC)
Loading required package: ggplot2
</syntaxhighlight>
: Look at CRAN, we see the latest version (1.7-0) of [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gridSVG/index.html gridSVG] depends on the latest version of R (3.6.0). But '''why even the source is removed from the old version of R?'''
* The '''install.packages''' function source code can be found in R -> src -> library -> utils -> R -> [https://github.com/wch/r-source/blob/trunk/src/library/utils/R/packages2.R packages2.R] file from [https://github.com/wch/r-source Github] repository (put 'install.packages' in the search box).

=== mirror ===
<pre>
local({r <- getOption("repos")
       r["CRAN"] <- "http://cran.r-project.org" 
       options(repos=r)
})
options("repos")
</pre>

=== RStudio ===
On my mac,
* install.packages() will install the packages to User Library '/Users/USERNAME/Library/R/3.6/library'
* RStudio GUI method will install the packages to System Library '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/library'. So if we want to remove a package, we need to specify the '''lib''' parameter in remove.packages() or clicking on the adjacent X icon to remove it.

=== utils:::menuInstallLocal() (Windows OS only) ===
Packages -> Install package(s) from local files...

It works on tarball file.

=== pacman: Install and load the package at the same time, installing temporarily ===
p_load() function from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pacman/vignettes/Introduction_to_pacman.html pacman] package.

An [http://rorynolan.rbind.io/2018/09/30/rcsetseed/ example] of installing the purrr package.

Also used by [https://bbc.github.io/rcookbook/ BBC Visual and Data Journalism cookbook for R graphics]

Also used by [https://hpc.nih.gov/apps/R.html#install Biowulf/NIH]

For bioconductor, use, [https://github.com/trinker/pacman/issues/127 for example], 
<pre>
pacman::p_load("BioManager")
pacman::p_load("DESeq2",try.bioconductor=TRUE,update.bioconductor=TRUE)
</pre>

PS. Brute force method
<pre>
mypackages<-c("ggplot2", "dplyr")
 
for (p in mypackages){
  cond <- suppressWarnings(!require(p, character.only = TRUE))
  if(cond){
    try(install.packages(p), silent = TRUE)
    library(p, character.only = TRUE)
  }
}
</pre>

=== remotes ===
devtools depends on 92 (non-base) packages and remotes depends on none.

Download and install R packages stored in 'GitHub', 'BitBucket', or plain 'subversion' or 'git' repositories. This package is a lightweight replacement of the 'install_*' functions in 'devtools'.

* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/remotes/index.html
* https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/remotes/versions/2.0.2

To install a package from a local machines with all dependency, run '''remotes::install_local(path = "MyPackage.tar.gz", dependencies=TRUE)''' or '''devtools::install()''' though the later requires to untar the source first.

==== remotes::install_github() vs devtools::install_github() ====
See [https://twitter.com/JohnHelveston/status/1417798263344930819 the answers]. '''remotes''' is a lighter weight package for those who don't need/want all the other functionality in devtools. The remotes package says it copied most of its functionality from devtools, so the functions are likely the same.

=== devtools ===
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/devtools/versions/2.0.1/topics/install devtools::install()]
* devtools::install(".", ...) assumes the current location contains the package content; eg [https://github.com/seandavi/BuildABiocWorkshop2020/blob/master/Dockerfile Dockerfile] from [https://github.com/seandavi/BuildABiocWorkshop2020 Bioc2020 template].

=== pak ===
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pak/index.html

=== BiocManager ===
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BiocManager/index.html

=== pkgman ===
[https://resources.rstudio.com/rstudio-conf-2019/pkgman-a-fresh-approach-to-package-installation pkgman: A fresh approach to package installation - Gábor Csárdi]

=== ccache: Faster R package installation ===
[https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/faster-r-package-installation-rstudio/ Faster R package installation]

=== Ubuntu ===
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2017/12/22/ Finding Binary .deb Files for CRAN Packages]
* Add an additional binary source to your source.lists file, see for example, the line in [https://github.com/rocker-org/rocker/blob/master/r-ubuntu/Dockerfile#L27 rocker]. This is mentioned in [https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/faster-r-package-installation-rstudio/ Faster R package installation].
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2020/06/22/#027_ubuntu_binaries R and CRAN Binaries for Ubuntu] by Dirk Eddelbuettel

=== RStudio Package Manager & repository ===
* [https://blog.rstudio.com/2020/07/01/announcing-public-package-manager/ Announcing Public Package Manager and v1.1.6]
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2020/07/03/#028_rocker_rspm Welcome RSPM and test-drive with Bionic and Focal]
* [https://docs.rstudio.com/rspm/admin/serving-binaries/ Serving Package Binaries]. These do not include Debian:( So I cannot test on Docker container.
* Package Manager allows linux users to install '''pre-built binaries''' of the packages which will make install quicker. See an example [https://blog.sellorm.com/2021/04/25/shiny-app-in-docker/?s=09 here].
<pre>
# Freeze to Apr 29, 2021 8:00 PM
options(repos = c(REPO_NAME = "https://packagemanager.rstudio.com/all/2639103"))

# Using Linux Binary Packages
https://r-pkgs.example.com/our-cran/__linux__/xenial/latest
https://packagemanager.rstudio.com/cran/__linux__/focal/2021-04-23
</pre>

=== install a package as it existed on a specific date/snapshot: mran repository ===
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/mran-snapshots-and-you-2/ MRAN snapshots, and you] May 22, 2019.

For example,
<pre>
install.packages("xgboost", repos="https://mran.microsoft.com/snapshot/2019-09-20/")
</pre>

This trick works great when I try to install an R package (glmnet 3.0-2) on an old version of R. The current glmnet requires R 3.6.0. ''So even the source package is not available for older versions of R.'' If I install a package that does not require a very new version of R, that it works. The same problem happens on Windows OS. (today is 2020-05-05)
<pre>
$ docker run --rm -it r-base:3.5.3
...
> install.packages("glmnet")
Installing package into ‘/usr/local/lib/R/site-library’
(as ‘lib’ is unspecified)
Warning message:
package ‘glmnet’ is not available (for R version 3.5.3)
> install.packages("glmnet", repos="https://mran.microsoft.com/snapshot/2019-09-20/")
...
* DONE (glmnet)

The downloaded source packages are in
	‘/tmp/RtmpoWVWFQ/downloaded_packages’
> packageVersion("glmnet")
[1] ‘2.0.18’
> options()$repos
                         CRAN
"https://cloud.r-project.org"
> install.packages('knitr') # OK.
</pre>

== Check installed Bioconductor version ==
Following [https://www.biostars.org/p/150920/ this post], use '''tools:::.BioC_version_associated_with_R_version()'''.

''Mind the '.' in front of the 'BioC'. It may be possible for some installed packages to have been sourced from a different BioC version.'' 

<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
tools:::.BioC_version_associated_with_R_version() # `3.6'
tools:::.BioC_version_associated_with_R_version() == '3.6'  # TRUE
</syntaxhighlight>

== CRAN Package Depends on Bioconductor Package ==
For example, if I run ''install.packages("NanoStringNorm")'' to install the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/NanoStringNorm/index.html package] from CRAN, I may get
<pre>
ERROR: dependency ‘vsn’ is not available for package ‘NanoStringNorm’
</pre>
This is because the NanoStringNorm package depends on the vsn package which is on Bioconductor.

Another instance is CRAN's 'biospear' (actually 'plsRcox') depends on Bioc's 'survcomp' & 'mixOmics'.

One solution is to run a line '''setRepositories(ind=1:2)'''. See [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14343817/cran-package-depends-on-bioconductor-package-installing-error this post] or [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34617306/r-package-with-cran-and-bioconductor-dependencies this one]. Note that the default repository list can be found at (Ubuntu) '''/usr/lib/R/etc/repositories''' file.
{{Pre}}
options("repos") # display the available repositories (only CRAN)
setRepositories(ind=1:2)
options("repos") # CRAN and bioc are included
#                                        CRAN
#                "https://cloud.r-project.org"
# "https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.6/bioc"

install.packages("biospear") # it will prompt to select CRAN

install.packages("biospear", repos = "http://cran.rstudio.com") # NOT work since bioc repos is erased
</pre> 

This will also install the '''BiocInstaller''' package if it has not been installed before. See also [https://www.bioconductor.org/install/ Install Bioconductor Packages].

=== Bioconductor packages depend on CRAN ===
For example [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cowplot/index.html cowplot] shows ''breakpointR'' from Bioconductor depends on it.

== update.packages() ==
update.packages(ask="graphics") can open a graphical window to select packages.

== Binary packages only for two versions of R ==
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/r-tip-check-what-repos-you-are-using/ Check What Repos You are Using]. 

'''CRAN only provides binaries for one version of R prior to the current one. So when CRAN moves to post-3.6.* R most non version-stuck mirrors will not have 3.5.* binary versions of packages.'''

== Install a tar.gz (e.g. an archived package) from a local directory ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
R CMD INSTALL <package-name>.tar.gz
</syntaxhighlight>
Or in R:
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Method 1: cannot install dependencies 
install.packages(<pathtopackage>, repos = NULL)
# These paths can be source directories or archives or binary package
# archive files  (as created by ‘R CMD build --binary’).
# (‘http://’ and ‘file://’ URLs are also accepted and the files
# will be downloaded and installed from local copies.)

# Method 2: take care of dependencies from CRAN
devtools::install(<directory to package>, dependencies = TRUE) 
                         # this will use 'R CMD INSTALL' to install the package.
                         # It will try to install dependencies of the package from CRAN,
                         # if they're not already installed.
</syntaxhighlight>

The installation process can be nasty due to the dependency issue. Consider the 'biospear' package
<pre>
biospear - plsRcox (archived) - plsRglm (archived) - bipartite
                              - lars
                              - pls
                              - kernlab
                              - mixOmics (CRAN->Bioconductor)
                              - risksetROC
                              - survcomp (Bioconductor)
                              - rms
</pre>
So in order to install the 'plsRcox' package, we need to do the following steps. Note: plsRcox package is back on 6/2/2018.
{{Pre}}
# For curl
system("apt update")
system("apt install curl libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev")

# For X11
system("apt install libcgal-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev")
system("apt install libfreetype6-dev") # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31820865/error-in-installing-rgl-package
</pre>

{{Pre}}
source("https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite("survcomp") # this has to be run before the next command of installing a bunch of packages from CRAN

install.packages("https://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/biospear/biospear_1.0.1.tar.gz", 
                 repos = NULL, type="source")
# ERROR: dependencies ‘pkgconfig’, ‘cobs’, ‘corpcor’, ‘devtools’, ‘glmnet’, ‘grplasso’, ‘mboost’, ‘plsRcox’, 
# ‘pROC’, ‘PRROC’, ‘RCurl’, ‘survAUC’ are not available for package ‘biospear’
install.packages(c("pkgconfig", "cobs", "corpcor", "devtools", "glmnet", "grplasso", "mboost", 
                   "plsRcox", "pROC", "PRROC", "RCurl", "survAUC"))
# optional: install.packages(c("doRNG", "mvnfast"))
install.packages("https://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/biospear/biospear_1.0.1.tar.gz", 
                 repos = NULL, type="source")
# OR
# devtools::install_github("cran/biospear")
library(biospear) # verify
</pre>

To install the (deprecated, bioc) packages 'inSilicoMerging',
{{Pre}}
biocLite(c('rjson', 'Biobase', 'RCurl'))

# destination directory is required
# download.file("http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/3.3/bioc/src/contrib/inSilicoDb_2.7.0.tar.gz", 
#               "~/Downloads/inSilicoDb_2.7.0.tar.gz")
# download.file("http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/3.3/bioc/src/contrib/inSilicoMerging_1.15.0.tar.gz", 
#               "~/Downloads/inSilicoMerging_1.15.0.tar.gz")
# ~/Downloads or $HOME/Downloads won't work in untar()
# untar("~/Downloads/inSilicoDb_2.7.0.tar.gz", exdir="/home/brb/Downloads") 
# untar("~/Downloads/inSilicoMerging_1.15.0.tar.gz", exdir="/home/brb/Downloads") 
# install.packages("~/Downloads/inSilicoDb", repos = NULL)
# install.packages("~/Downloads/inSilicoMerging", repos = NULL)
install.packages("http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/3.3/bioc/src/contrib/inSilicoDb_2.7.0.tar.gz", 
                 repos = NULL, type = "source")
install.packages("http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/3.3/bioc/src/contrib/inSilicoMerging_1.15.0.tar.gz", 
                 repos = NULL, type = "source")
</pre>

=== R CMD INSTALL -l LIB/--library=LIB option ===
Install a package to a custom location
<pre>
$ R CMD INSTALL -l /usr/me/localR/library myRPackage.tar.gz
</pre>

Use a package installed in a custom location
<pre>
R> library("myRPackage", lib.loc="/usr/me/local/R/library")

# OR include below in .bashrc file
$ export R_LIBS=/usr/me/local/R/library
R> .libPaths() # check
R> library("myRPackage")
</pre>

== Install a specific version of R/Bioconductor package ==
For packages from CRAN, use something like '''remotes::install_version'''("dplyr", "1.0.2")

For packages from Bioconductor, see the two solutions [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49487171/r-how-to-install-a-specified-version-of-a-bioconductor-package R how to install a specified version of a bioconductor package?] 

== Install multiple/different versions of the same R package ==
https://stackoverflow.com/a/2989369
<pre>
install.packages("~/Downloads/foo_0.1.1.tar.gz", lib = "/tmp", repos = NULL)
# a new folder "/tmp/foo" will be created
library(foo, lib.loc="/tmp") # Or use 'lib' to be consistent with install.packages()      

library(foo, lib.loc="~/dev/foo/v1")    ## loads v1
# and
library(foo, lib.loc="~/dev/foo/v2")    ## loads v2

packageVersion("foo", lib.loc = "/tmp")
sessionInfo()
help(package = "foo", lib.loc = "/tmp")

remove.packages("foo", lib = "/tmp")
</pre>

The same works for install.packages(). help(install.packages)

The install_version() from devtools and remotes will overwrite the existing installation.

== Query an R package installed locally ==
<pre>
packageDescription("MASS")
packageVersion("MASS")
</pre>

== Query an R package (from CRAN) basic information: available.packages() ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
packageStatus() # Summarize information about installed packages

available.packages() # List Available Packages at CRAN-like Repositories
                     # Even I use an old version of R, it still return the latest version of the packages
                     # The 'problem' happens on install.packages() too.
</syntaxhighlight>
The '''available.packages()''' command is useful for understanding package dependency. Use '''setRepositories()''' or 'RGUI -> Packages -> select repositories' to select repositories and '''options()$repos''' to check or change the repositories.

<span style="color: red">The return result of available.packages() depends on the R version. </span>

Also the '''packageStatus()''' is another useful function for query how many packages are in the repositories, how many have been installed, and individual package status (installed or not, needs to be upgraded or not).
{{Pre}}
> options()$repos 
                       CRAN 
"https://cran.rstudio.com/" 

> packageStatus() 
Number of installed packages:
                                    
                                      ok upgrade unavailable
  C:/Program Files/R/R-3.0.1/library 110       0           1

Number of available packages (each package counted only once):
                                                                                   
                                                                                    installed not installed
  http://watson.nci.nih.gov/cran_mirror/bin/windows/contrib/3.0                            76          4563
  http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/RWin/bin/windows/contrib/3.0                                0             5
  http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/2.12/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.0                   16           625
  http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/2.12/data/annotation/bin/windows/contrib/3.0         4           686
> tmp <- available.packages()
> str(tmp)
 chr [1:5975, 1:17] "A3" "ABCExtremes" "ABCp2" "ACCLMA" "ACD" "ACNE" "ADGofTest" "ADM3" "AER" ...
 - attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  ..$ : chr [1:5975] "A3" "ABCExtremes" "ABCp2" "ACCLMA" ...
  ..$ : chr [1:17] "Package" "Version" "Priority" "Depends" ...
> tmp[1:3,]
            Package       Version Priority Depends                     Imports LinkingTo Suggests             
A3          "A3"          "0.9.2" NA       "xtable, pbapply"           NA      NA        "randomForest, e1071"
ABCExtremes "ABCExtremes" "1.0"   NA       "SpatialExtremes, combinat" NA      NA        NA                   
ABCp2       "ABCp2"       "1.1"   NA       "MASS"                      NA      NA        NA                   
            Enhances License      License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type Archs MD5sum NeedsCompilation File
A3          NA       "GPL (>= 2)" NA              NA                    NA      NA    NA     NA               NA  
ABCExtremes NA       "GPL-2"      NA              NA                    NA      NA    NA     NA               NA  
ABCp2       NA       "GPL-2"      NA              NA                    NA      NA    NA     NA               NA  
            Repository                                                     
A3          "http://watson.nci.nih.gov/cran_mirror/bin/windows/contrib/3.0"
ABCExtremes "http://watson.nci.nih.gov/cran_mirror/bin/windows/contrib/3.0"
ABCp2       "http://watson.nci.nih.gov/cran_mirror/bin/windows/contrib/3.0"
</pre>
And the following commands find which package depends on Rcpp and also which are from bioconductor repository.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> pkgName <- "Rcpp"
> rownames(tmp)[grep(pkgName, tmp[,"Depends"])]
> tmp[grep("Rcpp", tmp[,"Depends"]), "Depends"]

> ind <- intersect(grep(pkgName, tmp[,"Depends"]), grep("bioconductor", tmp[, "Repository"]))
> rownames(grep)[ind]
NULL
> rownames(tmp)[ind]
 [1] "ddgraph"            "DESeq2"             "GeneNetworkBuilder" "GOSemSim"           "GRENITS"           
 [6] "mosaics"            "mzR"                "pcaMethods"         "Rdisop"             "Risa"              
[11] "rTANDEM"    
</syntaxhighlight>

== CRAN vs Bioconductor packages ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> R.version # 3.4.3
# CRAN
> x <- available.packages()
> dim(x)
[1] 12581    17

# Bioconductor Soft
> biocinstallRepos()
                                               BioCsoft 
           "https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.6/bioc" 
                                                BioCann 
"https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.6/data/annotation" 
                                                BioCexp 
"https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.6/data/experiment" 
                                                   CRAN 
                            "https://cran.rstudio.com/" 
> y <- available.packages(repos = biocinstallRepos()[1])
> dim(y)
[1] 1477   17
> intersect(x[, "Package"], y[, "Package"])
character(0)
# Bioconductor Annotation
> dim(available.packages(repos = biocinstallRepos()[2]))
[1] 909  17
# Bioconductor Experiment
> dim(available.packages(repos = biocinstallRepos()[3]))
[1] 326  17

# CRAN + All Bioconductor
> z <- available.packages(repos = biocinstallRepos())
> dim(z)
[1] 15292    17
</syntaxhighlight>

== Downloading Bioconductor package with an old R ==
When I try to download the [https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomicDataCommons.html GenomicDataCommons] package using R 3.4.4 with Bioc 3.6 (the current R version is 3.5.0), it was found it can only install version 1.2.0 instead the latest version 1.4.1.

It does not work by running biocLite("BiocUpgrade") to upgrade Bioc from 3.6 to 3.7.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
source("https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite("BiocUpgrade") 
# Error: Bioconductor version 3.6 cannot be upgraded with R version 3.4.4
</syntaxhighlight>

See some instruction on [https://packagemanager.rstudio.com/client/#/repos/3/overview RStudio package manager] website.

== Analyzing data on CRAN packages ==
New undocumented function in R 3.4.0: '''tools::CRAN_package_db()'''

http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/05/analyzing-data-on-cran-packages.html

== R package location when they are installed by root ==
''/usr/local/lib/R/site-library''

== Customizing your package/library location ==

=== Add a personal directory to .libPaths() ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
.libPaths( c( .libPaths(), "~/userLibrary") )
</syntaxhighlight>
No need to use the assignment operator.

=== Install personal R packages after upgrade R, .libPaths(), Rprofile.site, R_LIBS_USER ===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! File
! Example
|-
| Rprofile.site/.Rprofile
| .libPaths(c("/usr/lib/R/site-library",<br /> &emsp;&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;&emsp; "/usr/lib/R/library"))
|-
| Renviron.site/.Renviron
| R_LIB_SITE="/usr/lib/R/site-library:/usr/lib/R/library"
|}

Scenario: We already have installed many R packages under R 3.1.X in the user's directory. Now we upgrade R to a new version (3.2.X). We like to have these packages available in R 3.2.X.

<span style="color:#0000FF">For Windows OS, refer to [http://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/rw-FAQ.html#What_0027s-the-best-way-to-upgrade_003f R for Windows FAQ]</span>

The follow method works on Linux and Windows.

<span style="color:#FF0000">Make sure only one instance of R is running</span>
<pre>
# Step 1. update R's built-in packages and install them on my personal directory
update.packages(ask=FALSE, checkBuilt = TRUE, repos="http://cran.rstudio.com")

# Step 2. update Bioconductor packages
.libPaths() # The first one is my personal directory
# [1] "/home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.2"
# [2] "/usr/local/lib/R/site-library"
# [3] "/usr/lib/R/site-library"
# [4] "/usr/lib/R/library"

Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER") # may or may not equivalent to .libPaths()[1]
ul <- unlist(strsplit(Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER"), "/"))
src <- file.path(paste(ul[1:(length(ul)-1)], collapse="/"), "3.1") 
des <- file.path(paste(ul[1:(length(ul)-1)], collapse="/"), "3.2") 
pkg <- dir(src, full.names = TRUE)
if (!file.exists(des)) dir.create(des)  # If 3.2 subdirectory does not exist yet!
file.copy(pkg, des, overwrite=FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
source("http://www.bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite(ask = FALSE)
</pre>

<span style="color:#0000FF">From Robert Kabacoff ([https://www.statmethods.net/interface/customizing.html R in Action])</span>
* If you have a customized '''Rprofile.site file''' (see appendix B), save a copy outside of R.
* Launch your current version of R and issue the following statements
<pre>
oldip <- installed.packages()[,1]
save(oldip, file="path/installedPackages.Rdata")
</pre>
where ''path'' is a directory outside of R.
* Download and install the newer version of R.
* If you saved a customized version of the Rprofile.site file in step 1, copy it into the new installation.
* Launch the new version of R, and issue the following statements
<pre>
load("path/installedPackages.Rdata")
newip <- installed.packages()[,1]
for(i in setdiff(oldip, newip))
  install.packages(i)
</pre>
where path is the location specified in step 2.
*  Delete the old installation (optional).

This approach will install only packages that are available from the CRAN. It won’t find packages obtained from other locations. In fact, the process will display a list of packages that can’t be installed For example for packages obtained from Bioconductor, use the following method to update packages
<pre>
source(http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R)
biocLite(PKGNAME)
</pre>

=== Persistent config and data for R packages with .Rprofile and .Renviron ===
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/03/12/user-preferences/ Persistent config and data for R packages]. startup, rappdirs, hoardr, keyring.

=== Would you like to use a personal library instead? ===
Some posts from internet
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29969838/setting-r-libs-avoiding-would-you-like-to-use-a-personal-library-instead Setting R_LIBS & avoiding “Would you like to use a personal library instead?”]. Note: I try to create ~/.Renviron to add my personal folder in it. But update.packages() still asks me if I like to use a personal library instead (tested on Ubuntu + R 3.4).
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39879424/automatically-create-personal-library-in-r automatically create personal library in R]. Using suppressUpdates + specify '''lib''' in biocLite() or update.packages(Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER"), ask = F) <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# create local user library path (not present by default)
dir.create(path = Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER"), showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
# install to local user library path
install.packages(p, lib = Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER"), repos = "https://cran.rstudio.com/")
# Bioconductor version
biocLite(p, suppressUpdates = TRUE, lib = Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER"))
</syntaxhighlight>

The problem can happen if the R was installed to the C:\Program Files\R folder by ''users'' but then some main packages want to be upgraded. R will always pops a message 'Would you like to use a personal library instead?'. 

To suppress the message and use the personal library always,
* Run R as administrator. If you do that, main packages can be upgraded from C:\Program Files\R\R-X.Y.Z\library folder.
* [[Arraytools#Writable_R_package_directory_cannot_be_found|Writable R package directory cannot be found]] and a [[Arraytools#Download_required_R.2FBioconductor_.28software.29_packages|this]]. A solution here is to change the security of the R library folder so the user has a full control on the folder.
* [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/rw-FAQ.html#Does-R-run-under-Windows-Vista_003f Does R run under Windows Vista/7/8/Server 2008?] There are 3 ways to get around the issue.
* [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/rw-FAQ.html#I-don_0027t-have-permission-to-write-to-the-R_002d3_002e3_002e2_005clibrary-directory I don’t have permission to write to the R-3.3.2\library directory]

Actually the following hints will help us to create a convenient function UpdateMainLibrary() which will install updated main packages in the user's ''Documents'' directory without a warning dialog.
* '''.libPaths()''' only returns 1 string "C:/Program Files/R/R-x.y.z/library" on the machines that does not have this problem
* '''.libPaths()''' returns two strings "C:/Users/USERNAME/Documents/R/win-library/x.y" & "C:/Program Files/R/R-x.y.z/library" on machines with the problem.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
UpdateMainLibrary <- function() {
  # Update main/site packages
  # The function is used to fix the problem 'Would you like to use a personal library instead?'  
  if (length(.libPaths()) == 1) return()
  
  ind_mloc <- grep("Program", .libPaths()) # main library e.g. 2
  ind_ploc <- grep("Documents", .libPaths()) # personal library e.g. 1
  if (length(ind_mloc) > 0L && length(ind_ploc) > 0L)
     # search outdated main packages
	 old_mloc <- ! old.packages(.libPaths()[ind_mloc])[, "Package"] %in% 
	               installed.packages(.libPaths()[ind_ploc])[, "Package"]
     oldpac <- old.packages(.libPaths()[ind_mloc])[old_mloc, "Package"]
	 if (length(oldpac) > 0L)
        install.packages(oldpac, .libPaths()[ind_ploc])  
}
</syntaxhighlight>

On Linux,
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> update.packages()
...
The downloaded source packages are in
‘/tmp/RtmpBrYccd/downloaded_packages’
Warning in install.packages(update[instlib == l, "Package"], l, contriburl = contriburl,  :
                              'lib = "/opt/R/3.5.0/lib/R/library"' is not writable
Would you like to use a personal library instead? (yes/No/cancel) yes
...
> system("ls -lt /home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.5 | head")
total 224
drwxrwxr-x  9 brb brb 4096 Oct  3 09:30 survival
drwxrwxr-x  9 brb brb 4096 Oct  3 09:29 mgcv
drwxrwxr-x 10 brb brb 4096 Oct  3 09:29 MASS
drwxrwxr-x  9 brb brb 4096 Oct  3 09:29 foreign

# So new versions of survival, mgc, MASS, foreign are installed in the personal directory
# The update.packages() will issue warnings if we try to run it again. 
# It's OK to ignore these warnings.
> update.packages()
Warning: package 'foreign' in library '/opt/R/3.5.0/lib/R/library' will not be updated
Warning: package 'MASS' in library '/opt/R/3.5.0/lib/R/library' will not be updated
Warning: package 'mgcv' in library '/opt/R/3.5.0/lib/R/library' will not be updated
Warning: package 'survival' in library '/opt/R/3.5.0/lib/R/library' will not be updated
</syntaxhighlight>

=== R_LIBS_USER is empty in R 3.4.1 ===
See  [[R#install.package.28.29_error.2C_R_LIBS_USER_is_empty_in_R_3.4.1|install.package() error, R_LIBS_USER is empty in R 3.4.1]].

== List vignettes from a package ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
vignette(package=PACKAGENAME)
</syntaxhighlight>

== List data from a package ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
data(package=PACKAGENAME)
</syntaxhighlight>

=== sysdata.rda ===
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/24363504 Load data object when package is loaded]
* https://r-pkgs.org/data.html

== List all functions of a package ==
Assume a package is already loaded. Then 
<pre>
ls("package:cowplot")
</pre>

[http://www.cookbook-r.com/Scripts_and_functions/Getting_a_list_of_functions_and_objects_in_a_package/ Getting a list of functions and objects in a package]. This also assumes the package in loaded. In addition to functions (separated by primitive and non-primitive), it can show constants and objects.

== List installed packages and versions ==
* http://heuristicandrew.blogspot.com/2015/06/list-of-user-installed-r-packages-and.html
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/checkpoint/index.html checkpoint] package

<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
ip <- as.data.frame(installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)])
rownames(ip) <- NULL
unique(ip$Priority)
# [1] <NA>        base        recommended
# Levels: base recommended
ip <- ip[is.na(ip$Priority),1:2,drop=FALSE]
print(ip, row.names=FALSE)
</syntaxhighlight>

== Query the names of outdated packages ==
{{Pre}}
psi <- packageStatus()$inst
subset(psi, Status == "upgrade", drop = FALSE)
#                     Package                                  LibPath     Version    Priority                Depends
# RcppArmadillo RcppArmadillo C:/Users/brb/Documents/R/win-library/3.2 0.5.100.1.0        <NA>                   <NA>
# Matrix               Matrix       C:/Program Files/R/R-3.2.0/library       1.2-0 recommended R (>= 2.15.2), methods
#                                             Imports LinkingTo                 Suggests
# RcppArmadillo                      Rcpp (>= 0.11.0)      Rcpp RUnit, Matrix, pkgKitten
# Matrix        graphics, grid, stats, utils, lattice      <NA>               expm, MASS
#                                            Enhances    License License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type MD5sum
# RcppArmadillo                                  <NA> GPL (>= 2)            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
# Matrix        MatrixModels, graph, SparseM, sfsmisc GPL (>= 2)            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>   <NA>
#               NeedsCompilation Built  Status
# RcppArmadillo              yes 3.2.0 upgrade
# Matrix                     yes 3.2.0 upgrade
</pre>

The above output does not show the package version from the latest packages on CRAN. So the following snippet does that.
{{Pre}}
psi <- packageStatus()$inst
pl <- unname(psi$Package[psi$Status == "upgrade"])  # List package names
ap <- as.data.frame(available.packages()[, c(1,2,3)], stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
out <- cbind(subset(psi, Status == "upgrade")[, c("Package", "Version")], ap[match(pl, ap$Package), "Version"])
colnames(out)[2:3] <- c("OldVersion", "NewVersion")
rownames(out) <- NULL
out
#         Package  OldVersion  NewVersion
# 1 RcppArmadillo 0.5.100.1.0 0.5.200.1.0
# 2        Matrix       1.2-0       1.2-1
</pre>

To consider also the packages from Bioconductor, we have the following code. Note that "3.1" means the Bioconductor version and "3.2" is the R version. See [http://bioconductor.org/about/release-announcements/#release-versions Bioconductor release versions] page.
{{Pre}}
psic <- packageStatus(repos = c(contrib.url(getOption("repos")),
                                "http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2",
                                "http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/data/annotation/bin/windows/contrib/3.2"))$inst
subset(psic, Status == "upgrade", drop = FALSE)
pl <- unname(psic$Package[psic$Status == "upgrade"])

ap   <- as.data.frame(available.packages(c(contrib.url(getOption("repos")),
                                "http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2",
                                "http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/data/annotation/bin/windows/contrib/3.2"))[, c(1:3)], 
                      stringAsFactors = FALSE)

out <- cbind(subset(psic, Status == "upgrade")[, c("Package", "Version")], ap[match(pl, ap$Package), "Version"])
colnames(out)[2:3] <- c("OldVersion", "NewVersion")
rownames(out) <- NULL
out
#         Package  OldVersion  NewVersion
# 1         limma      3.24.5      3.24.9
# 2 RcppArmadillo 0.5.100.1.0 0.5.200.1.0
# 3        Matrix       1.2-0       1.2-1
</pre>

== Searching for packages in CRAN ==
* [https://github.com/metacran/pkgsearch#readme pkgsearch] package - Search R packages on CRAN
** [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/03/01/some-r-packages-for-roc-curves/ Some R Packages for ROC Curves]
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/06/fishing-for-packages-in-cran.html Fishing for packages in CRAN]
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/01/cran-10000.html CRAN now has 10,000 R packages. Here's how to find the ones you need]
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2018/10/22/searching-for-r-packages/ Searching for R packages], [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/packagefinder/index.html packagefinder] package <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(packagefinder)
findPackage("survival") 
# 272 out of 13256 CRAN packages found in 5 seconds
findPackage("follic")
# No results found.
# Actually 'follic' comes from randomForestSRC package
# https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/randomForestSRC/versions/2.7.0
</syntaxhighlight> The result is shown in an html format with columns of SCORE, NAME, DESC_SHORT, DOWNL_TOTAL & GO.

== [http://www.r-pkg.org/ METACRAN (www.r-pkg.org)] - Search and browse all CRAN/R packages ==
* Source code on https://github.com/metacran. The 'PACKAGES' file is updated regularly to Github.
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-May/thread.html Announcement] on R/mailing list
* Author's homepage on http://gaborcsardi.org/.

== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cranly/ cranly] visualisations and summaries for R packages ==
[https://rviews.rstudio.com/2018/05/31/exploring-r-packages/ Exploring R packages with cranly]

== Query top downloaded packages, download statistics ==
* Daily download statistics http://cran-logs.rstudio.com/. Note the page is split into 'package' download and 'R' download. It tracks 
** Package: date, time, size, r_version, r_arch, r_os, package, version, country, ip_id.
** R: date, time, size, R version, os (win/src/osx), county, ip_id (reset daily).
* Original methods
** https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2015/03/07/cran-download-statistics-of-any-packages-rstats/
** http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/06/working-with-the-rstudio-cran-logs.html
* https://www.r-bloggers.com/finally-tracking-cran-packages-downloads/. The code still works.
** [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/f037a4fd90ae8fe8e2896db6fe5b7fad My modified code] for showing the top download R packages. The original code suffers from memory issue (tested on my 64GB Linux box) when it is calling rbindlist() from data.table package with large data. Still 64GB is required since the  matrix is 369M by 4 (12GB).
** [http://www.bnosac.be/index.php/blog/12-popularity-bigdata-large-data-packages-in-r-and-ffbase-user-presentation Popularity bigdata / large data packages in R and ffbase useR presentation]
* [https://blog.rsquaredacademy.com/introducing-pkginfo/ pkginfo]: Tools for Retrieving R Package Information. It's only in github. Shiny interface.
* [https://www.r-pkg.org/downloaded Top 100 downloaded packages] from METACRAN

=== cranlogs ===
[https://github.com/metacran/cranlogs cranlogs] package - Download Logs from the RStudio CRAN Mirror. Suitable on R console.
* [https://colinfay.me/12-months-cranlogs/ 2018 through {cranlogs}]
* [https://hadley.shinyapps.io/cran-downloads/ Shiny app] by Hadley (works for packages on CRAN only). It's like the Google Trend app. An example of collection: '''survC1, survAUC, TreatmentSelection, biospear , (glmnet)'''
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/05/02/cranlogs-2-1-1/ cranlogs 2.1.1 is on CRAN!] 5/2/2019
* [https://github.com/r-hub/cranlogs/issues/56 limit on number of packages as argument to cran_downloads]
<pre>
library(cranlogs)
out <- cran_top_downloads("last-week", 100) # 100 is the maximum limit
out$package
</pre>

=== packageRank ===
[https://github.com/lindbrook/packageRank packageRank] package: Computing and Visualizing CRAN Downloads. Suitable to run on RStudio cloud. Include both CRAN and Bioconductor.
{{Pre}}
> plot(cranDownloads(packages = c("packageRank", "limma"), when = "last-month"))
> plot(cranDownloads(packages = c("shiny", "glmnet"), when = "last-month"))
> plot(cranDownloads(packages = c("shiny", "glmnet"), from = "2019", to ="2019"))
> plot(cranDownloads(packages = c("shiny", "glmnet"), from = "2019-12", to ="2019-12"))
> plot(bioconductorDownloads(packages = c("edgeR", "DESeq2", "Rsubread", "limma"), when = "last-year"))
</pre>

=== BiocPkgTools ===
For Bioconductor packages, try [http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/BiocPkgTools.html BiocPkgTools]. See the [https://f1000research.com/articles/8-752 paper].

=== dlstats ===
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dlstats/ dlstats]. Monthly download stats of 'CRAN' and 'Bioconductor' packages.

== installation path not writeable from running biocLite() ==
When I ran biocLite() to install a new package, I got a message (the Bioc packages are installed successfully anyway)
<pre>
...
* DONE (curatedOvarianData)

The downloaded source packages are in
	‘/tmp/RtmpHxnH2K/downloaded_packages’
installation path not writeable, unable to update packages: rgl, rJava,
  codetools, foreign, lattice, MASS, spatial, survival
</pre>
However, if I uses install.package() it can update the package
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> packageVersion("survival")
[1] ‘2.42.3’
> update.packages("survival")  # Not working though no error message
> packageVersion("survival")
[1] ‘2.42.3’
> install.packages("survival")
Installing package into ‘/home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4’
...
* DONE (survival)

The downloaded source packages are in
	‘/tmp/RtmpHxnH2K/downloaded_packages’
> packageVersion("survival")
[1] ‘2.42.6’
> library(survival)
> sessionInfo() # show survival package 2.42-6 was attached
</syntaxhighlight>

It makes sense to always use personal directory when we install packages. See .libPaths().

== Warning: cannot remove prior installation of package ==
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15932152/unloading-and-removing-a-loaded-package-withouth-restarting-r

Instance 1.
<pre>
# Install the latest hgu133plus2cdf package
# Remove/Uninstall hgu133plus2.db package
# Put/Install an old version of IRanges (eg version 1.18.2 while currently it is version 1.18.3)
# Test on R 3.0.1
library(hgu133plus2cdf) # hgu133pluscdf does not depend or import IRanges
source("http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite("hgu133plus2.db", ask=FALSE) # hgu133plus2.db imports IRanges
# Warning:cannot remove prior installation of package 'IRanges'
# Open Windows Explorer and check IRanges folder. Only see libs subfolder.
</pre>

Note:
* In the above example, all packages were installed under C:\Program Files\R\R-3.0.1\library\.
* In another instance where I cannot reproduce the problem, new R packages were installed under C:\Users\xxx\Documents\R\win-library\3.0\. The different thing is IRanges package CAN be updated but if I use packageVersion("IRanges") command in R, it still shows the old version.
* The above were tested on a desktop.

Instance 2. 
{{Pre}}
# On a fresh R 3.2.0, I install Bioconductor's depPkgTools & lumi packages. Then I close R, re-open it, 
# and install depPkgTools package again.
> source("http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
Bioconductor version 3.1 (BiocInstaller 1.18.2), ?biocLite for help
> biocLite("pkgDepTools")
BioC_mirror: http://bioconductor.org
Using Bioconductor version 3.1 (BiocInstaller 1.18.2), R version 3.2.0.
Installing package(s) ‘pkgDepTools’
trying URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/pkgDepTools_1.34.0.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 390579 bytes (381 KB)
downloaded 381 KB

package ‘pkgDepTools’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
Warning: cannot remove prior installation of package ‘pkgDepTools’

The downloaded binary packages are in
        C:\Users\brb\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpYd2l7i\downloaded_packages
> library(pkgDepTools)
Error in library(pkgDepTools) : there is no package called ‘pkgDepTools’
</pre>
The pkgDepTools library folder appears in C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.2, but it is empty. The weird thing is if I try the above steps again, I cannot reproduce the problem.

== Warning: dependency ‘XXX’ is not available ==
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/25721890 How should I deal with “package 'xxx' is not available (for R version x.y.z)” warning?]

== Error: there is no package called XXX == 
The error happened when I try to run library() command on a package that was just installed. R 3.6.0. 'biospear' version is 1.0.2. macOS.
{{Pre}}
> library(biospear)
Loading required package: pkgconfig
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘biospear’ in loadNamespace(i, c(lib.loc, .libPaths()), versionCheck = vI[[i]]):
 there is no package called ‘mixOmics’
</pre>

Note

* The package [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mixOmics/index.html mixOmics] was removed from CRAN. It is now available on Bioconductor.
* Tested to install on a docker container: '''docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base''' <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
ERROR: dependency ‘car’ is not available for package ‘plsRglm’
* removing ‘/usr/local/lib/R/site-library/plsRglm’
ERROR: dependencies ‘plsRglm’, ‘mixOmics’, ‘survcomp’ are not available for package ‘plsRcox’
* removing ‘/usr/local/lib/R/site-library/plsRcox’
ERROR: dependencies ‘devtools’, ‘plsRcox’, ‘RCurl’ are not available for package ‘biospear’
* removing ‘/usr/local/lib/R/site-library/biospear’
</syntaxhighlight>The car package looks OK on CRAN. [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survcomp/index.html survcomp] was moved from CRAN to Bioconductor too.
* As we can see above, the official r-base image does not contain libraries enough to install RCurl/devtools packages. Consider the [https://hub.docker.com/r/rocker/tidyverse tidyverse] image (based on [https://github.com/rocker-org/rocker-versioned/blob/master/rstudio/Dockerfile RStudio image]) from the rocker project. <syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
docker pull rocker/tidyverse:3.6.0
docker run --net=host -it --rm -e PASSWORD=password -p 8787:8787 rocker/tidyverse:3.6.0
# the default username is 'rstudio'
# Open a browser, log in. Run 'install.packages("RCurl")'. It works.
</syntaxhighlight>
* Testing on Mint linux also shows errors about dependencies of mixOmics and survcomp.
* '''The best practice to install a package that may depend on packages located/moved to Bioconductor''': Run '''setRepositories(ind=1:2)''' before calling install.packages(). However, it does not '''remedy''' the situation that the 1st level imports package (eg plsRcox) was installed before but the 2nd level imports package (eg mixOmics) was not installed.
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/tools/html/dependsOnPkgs.html dependsOnPkgs()]: Find Reverse Dependencies. It seems it only return packages that have been installed locally. For example, tools::dependsOnPkgs("RcppEigen", "LinkingTo")

== Warning: Unable to move temporary installation ==
The problem seems to happen only on virtual machines (Virtualbox).
* '''Warning: unable to move temporary installation `C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.0\fileed8270978f5\quadprog`  to `C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.0\quadprog`''' when I try to run 'install.packages("forecast").
* '''Warning: unable to move temporary installation ‘C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.2\file5e0104b5b49\plyr’ to ‘C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.2\plyr’ ''' when I try to run 'biocLite("lumi")'. The other dependency packages look fine although I am not sure if any unknown problem can happen (it does, see below).

Here is a note of my trouble shooting.
# If I try to ignore the warning and load the lumi package. I will get an error.
# If I try to run biocLite("lumi") again, it will only download & install lumi without checking missing 'plyr' package. Therefore, when I try to load the lumi package, it will give me an error again.
# Even I install the plyr package manually, library(lumi) gives another error - missing mclust package.
{{Pre}}
> biocLite("lumi")
trying URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/BiocInstaller_1.18.2.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 114097 bytes (111 KB)
downloaded 111 KB
...
package ‘lumi’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked

The downloaded binary packages are in
        C:\Users\brb\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpyUjsJD\downloaded_packages
Old packages: 'BiocParallel', 'Biostrings', 'caret', 'DESeq2', 'gdata', 'GenomicFeatures', 'gplots', 'Hmisc', 'Rcpp', 'RcppArmadillo', 'rgl',
  'stringr'
Update all/some/none? [a/s/n]: a
also installing the dependencies ‘Rsamtools’, ‘GenomicAlignments’, ‘plyr’, ‘rtracklayer’, ‘gridExtra’, ‘stringi’, ‘magrittr’

trying URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/Rsamtools_1.20.1.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 8138197 bytes (7.8 MB)
downloaded 7.8 MB
...
package ‘Rsamtools’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘GenomicAlignments’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘plyr’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
Warning: unable to move temporary installation ‘C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.2\file5e0104b5b49\plyr’ 
         to ‘C:\Users\brb\Documents\R\win-library\3.2\plyr’
package ‘rtracklayer’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘gridExtra’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘stringi’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘magrittr’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘BiocParallel’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘Biostrings’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
Warning: cannot remove prior installation of package ‘Biostrings’
package ‘caret’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘DESeq2’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘gdata’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘GenomicFeatures’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘gplots’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘Hmisc’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘Rcpp’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘RcppArmadillo’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘rgl’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked
package ‘stringr’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked

The downloaded binary packages are in
        C:\Users\brb\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpyUjsJD\downloaded_packages
> library(lumi)
Error in loadNamespace(i, c(lib.loc, .libPaths()), versionCheck = vI[[i]]) : 
  there is no package called ‘plyr’
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘lumi’
> search()
 [1] ".GlobalEnv"            "package:BiocInstaller" "package:Biobase"       "package:BiocGenerics"  "package:parallel"      "package:stats"        
 [7] "package:graphics"      "package:grDevices"     "package:utils"         "package:datasets"      "package:methods"       "Autoloads"            
[13] "package:base"         
> biocLite("lumi")
BioC_mirror: http://bioconductor.org
Using Bioconductor version 3.1 (BiocInstaller 1.18.2), R version 3.2.0.
Installing package(s) ‘lumi’
trying URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/lumi_2.20.1.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 18185326 bytes (17.3 MB)
downloaded 17.3 MB

package ‘lumi’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked

The downloaded binary packages are in
        C:\Users\brb\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpyUjsJD\downloaded_packages
> search()
 [1] ".GlobalEnv"            "package:BiocInstaller" "package:Biobase"       "package:BiocGenerics"  "package:parallel"      "package:stats"        
 [7] "package:graphics"      "package:grDevices"     "package:utils"         "package:datasets"      "package:methods"       "Autoloads"            
[13] "package:base"         
> library(lumi)
Error in loadNamespace(i, c(lib.loc, .libPaths()), versionCheck = vI[[i]]) : 
  there is no package called ‘plyr’
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘lumi’
> biocLite("plyr")
BioC_mirror: http://bioconductor.org
Using Bioconductor version 3.1 (BiocInstaller 1.18.2), R version 3.2.0.
Installing package(s) ‘plyr’
trying URL 'http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/plyr_1.8.2.zip'
Content type 'application/zip' length 1128621 bytes (1.1 MB)
downloaded 1.1 MB

package ‘plyr’ successfully unpacked and MD5 sums checked

The downloaded binary packages are in
        C:\Users\brb\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpyUjsJD\downloaded_packages

> library(lumi)
Error in loadNamespace(j <- i[[1L]], c(lib.loc, .libPaths()), versionCheck = vI[[j]]) : 
  there is no package called ‘mclust’
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘lumi’

> ?biocLite
Warning messages:
1: In read.dcf(file.path(p, "DESCRIPTION"), c("Package", "Version")) :
  cannot open compressed file 'C:/Users/brb/Documents/R/win-library/3.2/Biostrings/DESCRIPTION', probable reason 'No such file or directory'
2: In find.package(if (is.null(package)) loadedNamespaces() else package,  :
  there is no package called ‘Biostrings’
> library(lumi)
Error in loadNamespace(j <- i[[1L]], c(lib.loc, .libPaths()), versionCheck = vI[[j]]) : 
  there is no package called ‘mclust’
In addition: Warning messages:
1: In read.dcf(file.path(p, "DESCRIPTION"), c("Package", "Version")) :
  cannot open compressed file 'C:/Users/brb/Documents/R/win-library/3.2/Biostrings/DESCRIPTION', probable reason 'No such file or directory'
2: In find.package(if (is.null(package)) loadedNamespaces() else package,  :
  there is no package called ‘Biostrings’
Error: package or namespace load failed for ‘lumi’
</pre>

[http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/unable-to-move-temporary-installation-td4521714.html Other people also have the similar problem]. The possible cause is the virus scanner locks the file and R cannot move them.

Some possible solutions:
# Delete ALL folders under R/library (e.g. C:/Progra~1/R/R-3.2.0/library) folder and install the main package again using install.packages() or biocLite().
# For specific package like 'lumi' from Bioconductor, we can [[R#Bioconductor.27s_pkgDepTools_package|find out all dependency packages]] and then install them one by one.
# Find out and install the top level package which misses dependency packages. 
## This is based on the fact that install.packages() or biocLite() '''sometimes''' just checks & installs the 'Depends' and 'Imports' packages and '''won't install all packages recursively''' 
## we can do a small experiment by removing a package which is not directly dependent/imported by another package; e.g. 'iterators' is not dependent/imported by 'glment' directly but indirectly. So if we run '''remove.packages("iterators"); install.packages("glmnet")''', then the 'iterator' package is still missing.
## A real example is if the missing packages are 'Biostrings', 'limma', 'mclust' (these are packages that 'minfi' directly depends/imports although they should be installed when I run biocLite("lumi") command), then I should just run the command '''remove.packages("minfi"); biocLite("minfi")'''. If we just run biocLite("lumi") or biocLite("methylumi"), the missing packages won't be installed.

== Error in download.file(url, destfile, method, mode = "wb", ...) ==
HTTP status was '404 Not Found'

Tested on an existing R-3.2.0 session. Note that VariantAnnotation 1.14.4 was just uploaded to Bioc.
{{pre}}
> biocLite("COSMIC.67")
BioC_mirror: http://bioconductor.org
Using Bioconductor version 3.1 (BiocInstaller 1.18.3), R version 3.2.0.
Installing package(s) ‘COSMIC.67’
also installing the dependency ‘VariantAnnotation’

trying URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/VariantAnnotation_1.14.3.zip'
Error in download.file(url, destfile, method, mode = "wb", ...) : 
  cannot open URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/bioc/bin/windows/contrib/3.2/VariantAnnotation_1.14.3.zip'
In addition: Warning message:
In download.file(url, destfile, method, mode = "wb", ...) :
  cannot open: HTTP status was '404 Not Found'
Warning in download.packages(pkgs, destdir = tmpd, available = available,  :
  download of package ‘VariantAnnotation’ failed
installing the source package ‘COSMIC.67’

trying URL 'http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.1/data/experiment/src/contrib/COSMIC.67_1.4.0.tar.gz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 40999037 bytes (39.1 MB)
</pre>

However, when I tested on a new R-3.2.0 (just installed in VM), the COSMIC package installation is successful. That VariantAnnotation version 1.14.4 was installed (this version was just updated today from Bioconductor).

The cause of the error is the '''[https://github.com/wch/r-source/blob/trunk/src/library/utils/R/packages.R available.package()]''' function will read the rds file first from cache in a tempdir (C:\Users\XXXX\AppData\Local\Temp\RtmpYYYYYY). See lines 51-55 of <packages.R>.
<pre>
 dest <- file.path(tempdir(),
                   paste0("repos_", URLencode(repos, TRUE), ".rds"))
 if(file.exists(dest)) {
    res0 <- readRDS(dest)
 } else {
    ...
 }  
</pre>
Since my R was opened 1 week ago, the rds file it reads today contains old information. Note that Bioconductor does not hold the source code or binary code for the old version of packages. This explains why biocLite() function broke. When I restart R, the original problem is gone.

If we look at the source code of available.packages(), we will see we could use '''cacheOK''' option in download.file() function.
<pre>
download.file(url, destfile, method, cacheOK = FALSE, quiet = TRUE, mode ="wb")
</pre>

== Another case: Error in download.file(url, destfile, method, mode = "wb", ...) ==
{{Pre}}
> install.packages("quantreg")

  There is a binary version available but the source version is later:
         binary source needs_compilation
quantreg   5.33   5.34              TRUE

Do you want to install from sources the package which needs compilation?
y/n: n
trying URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/quantreg_5.33.tgz'
Warning in install.packages :
  cannot open URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/quantreg_5.33.tgz': HTTP status was '404 Not Found'
Error in download.file(url, destfile, method, mode = "wb", ...) : 
  cannot open URL 'https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/quantreg_5.33.tgz'
Warning in install.packages :
  download of package ‘quantreg’ failed
</pre>

It seems the binary package cannot be found on the mirror. So the solution here is to download the package from the R main server. Note that after I have successfully installed the binary package from the main R server, I remove the package in R and try to install the binary package from rstudio.com server agin and it works this time. 

<pre>
> install.packages("quantreg", repos = "https://cran.r-project.org")
trying URL 'https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/quantreg_5.34.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1863561 bytes (1.8 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.8 MB
</pre>

==== Another case: Error in download.file() on Windows 7 ====
For some reason, IE 8 cannot interpret https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov though it understands ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

This is tested using R 3.4.3.
{{Pre}}
> download.file("https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz", "test.soft.gz")
trying URL 'https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz'
Error in download.file("https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz",  : 
  cannot open URL 'https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz'
In addition: Warning message:
In download.file("https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz",  :
  InternetOpenUrl failed: 'An error occurred in the secure channel support'

> download.file("ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz", "test.soft.gz")
trying URL 'ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/series/GSE7nnn/GSE7848/soft/GSE7848_family.soft.gz'
downloaded 9.1 MB
</pre>

== ERROR: failed to lock directory ==
Follow the suggestion to remove the LOCK file. See the [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23483303/error-failed-to-lock-directory-c-program-files-r-r-3-0-2-library-for-modifyi post].

It could happened in calling install.packages(), biocLite() or devtools::install_github(), and so on.

== Error in unloadNamespace(package) ==
<pre>
> d3heatmap(mtcars, scale = "column", colors = "Blues")
Error: 'col_numeric' is not an exported object from 'namespace:scales'
> packageVersion("scales")
[1] ‘0.2.5’
> library(scales)
Error in unloadNamespace(package) : 
  namespace ‘scales’ is imported by ‘ggplot2’ so cannot be unloaded
In addition: Warning message:
package ‘scales’ was built under R version 3.2.1 
Error in library(scales) : 
  Package ‘scales’ version 0.2.4 cannot be unloaded
> search()
 [1] ".GlobalEnv"             "package:d3heatmap"      "package:ggplot2"       
 [4] "package:microbenchmark" "package:COSMIC.67"      "package:BiocInstaller" 
 [7] "package:stats"          "package:graphics"       "package:grDevices"     
[10] "package:utils"          "package:datasets"       "package:methods"       
[13] "Autoloads"              "package:base" 
</pre>
If I open a new R session, the above error will not happen!

The problem occurred because the 'scales' package version required by the d3heatmap package/function is old. See [https://github.com/rstudio/d3heatmap/issues/16 this post]. And when I upgraded the 'scales' package, it was ''locked'' by the package was ''imported'' by the ''ggplot2'' package.

== Unload a package ==
Add '''unload = TRUE''' option to unload the namespace. See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/detach detach()].
<pre>
require(splines)
detach(package:splines, unload=TRUE)
</pre>

== crantastic ==
https://crantastic.org/. A community site for R packages where you can search for, review and tag CRAN packages.

https://github.com/hadley/crantastic

== New R packages as reported by [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/cranberries/ CRANberries] ==
http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/07/mranspackages-spotlight.html

<pre>
#----------------------------
# SCRAPE CRANBERRIES FILES TO COUNT NEW PACKAGES AND PLOT
#
library(ggplot2)
# Build a vextor of the directories of interest
year <- c("2013","2014","2015")
month <- c("01","02","03","04","05","06","07","08","09","10","11","12")
span <-c(rep(month,2),month[1:7])
dir <- "http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/cranberries"

url2013 <- file.path(dir,"2013",month)
url2014 <- file.path(dir,"2014",month)
url2015 <- file.path(dir,"2015",month[1:7])
url <- c(url2013,url2014,url2015)

# Read each directory and count the new packages
new_p <- vector()
for(i in url){
  raw.data <- readLines(i)
  new_p[i] <- length(grep("New package",raw.data,value=TRUE))
}

# Plot
time <- seq(as.Date("2013-01-01"), as.Date("2015-07-01"), by="months")
new_pkgs <- data.frame(time,new_p)

ggplot(new_pkgs, aes(time,y=new_p)) +
  geom_line() + xlab("") + ylab("Number of new packages") + 
  geom_smooth(method='lm') + ggtitle("New R packages as reported by CRANberries") 
</pre>

== Top new packages in 2015 ==
* [http://opiateforthemass.es/articles/R-packages-in-2015/ 2015 R packages roundup] by CHRISTOPH SAFFERLING
* [http://gforge.se/2016/01/r-trends-in-2015/ R trends in 2015] by MAX GORDON

== keep.source.pkgs option ==
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/09/03/keep.source/ State of R packages in your library]. The original code formatting and commenting being removed by default, unless one changes some options for installing packages.

* options(keep.source.pkgs = TRUE)
* install.packages("rhub", INSTALL_opts = "--with-keep.source", type = "source")
* R CMD install --with-keep.source

== Speeding up package installation ==
* http://blog.jumpingrivers.com/posts/2017/speed_package_installation/ 
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2017/11/27/#011_faster_package_installation_one (Much) Faster Package (Re-)Installation via Caching]
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2017/12/13/#013_faster_package_installation_two (Much) Faster Package (Re-)Installation via Caching, part 2]

== An efficient way to install and load R packages ==
[https://www.statsandr.com/blog/an-efficient-way-to-install-and-load-r-packages/ An efficient way to install and load R packages]
{{Pre}}
# Package names
packages <- c("ggplot2", "readxl", "dplyr", "tidyr", "ggfortify", "DT", "reshape2", "knitr", "lubridate", "pwr", "psy", "car", "doBy", "imputeMissings", "RcmdrMisc", "questionr", "vcd", "multcomp", "KappaGUI", "rcompanion", "FactoMineR", "factoextra", "corrplot", "ltm", "goeveg", "corrplot", "FSA", "MASS", "scales", "nlme", "psych", "ordinal", "lmtest", "ggpubr", "dslabs", "stringr", "assist", "ggstatsplot", "forcats", "styler", "remedy", "snakecaser", "addinslist", "esquisse", "here", "summarytools", "magrittr", "tidyverse", "funModeling", "pander", "cluster", "abind")

# Install packages not yet installed
installed_packages <- packages %in% rownames(installed.packages())
if (any(installed_packages == FALSE)) {
  install.packages(packages[!installed_packages])
}

# Packages loading
invisible(lapply(packages, library, character.only = TRUE))
</pre>
Alternatively use the '''pacman''' package.

== library( , '''exclude, include.only''') ==
See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/library ?library]
<pre>
library(tidyverse)
library(MASS, exclude='select')
library(thepackage, include.only="thefunction")
</pre>

== package ‘XXX’ was installed by an R version with different internals ==
it needs to be reinstalled for use with this R version. The problem seems to be specific to R 3.5.1 in Ubuntu 16.04. I got this message when I try to install the '''keras''' and '''tidyverse''' packages. The 'XXX' package includes ''nlme'' for installing "tidyverse" and ''Matrix'' for installing "reticulate". I have already logged in as root. I need to manually install these packages again though it seems I did not see a version change for these packages.

Same error [https://stackoverflow.com/q/50992032 Error: package was installed by an R version with different internals; it needs to be reinstalled for use with this R version].

Today it also happened when I tried to install "pec" which broke when it was installing "Hmisc". The error message is "Error : package ‘rpart’ was installed by an R version with different internals; it needs to be reinstalled for use with this R version". I am using R 3.5.2. rpart version is ‘4.1.13’. The solution is I install rpart again (under my account is enough) though rpart does not have a new version. Then I can install "Hmisc".

= packrat (reproducible search): project specific package managment =
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/packrat/ CRAN] & [https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/ Github]
** [https://github.com/rstudio/packrat/issues?q=bioconductor Bioconductor] related issues
* Videos: 
** https://www.rstudio.com/resources/webinars/managing-package-dependencies-in-r-with-packrat/
** https://www.rstudio.com/resources/webinars/rstudio-essentials-webinar-series-managing-part-3/
* Packrat will not only store all packages, but also all project files. 
* Packrat is integrated in RStudio’s user interface. It allows you to share projects along co-workers easily. See [https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/rstudio.html Using Packrat with RStudio].
* [https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/limitations.html limitations].
** [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/XML/index.html XML] package needs to install some OS library ''libxml2''. So it is not just R package issue.
** [[Install_R#Ubuntu.2FDebian_goodies|Ubuntu goodies]]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36187543/using-r-with-git-and-packrat Git and packrat]. The ''packrat/src'' directory can be very large. ''If you don't want them available in your git-repo, you simply add packrat/src/ to the .gitignore. But, this will mean that anyone accessing the git-repo will not have access to the package source code, and the files will be downloaded from CRAN, or from wherever the source line dictates within the packrat.lock file.''
** [https://www.joelnitta.com/post/packrat/ Using packrat with git for (better) version control] Jun 2018
* A scenario that we need packrat: suppose we are developing a package in the current R-3.5.X. Our package requires the 'doRNG' package. That package depends the 'rngtools' package. A few months later a new R (3.6.0) was released and a new release (1.3.1.1) of 'rngtools' also requires R-3.6.0. So if we want to install 'doRNG' in R-3.5.x, it will fail with an error: ''dependency 'rngtools' is not available for package 'doRNG' ''. 

== Create a snapshot ==
* Do we really need to call packrat::snapshot()? The [https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/walkthrough.html walk through] page says it is not needed but the lock file is not updated from my testing.
* I got an error when it is trying to fetch the source code from bioconductor and local repositories: packrat is trying to fetch the source from CRAN in these two packages. 
** On normal case, the packrat/packrat.lock file contains two entries in 'Repos' field (line 4).
** The cause of the error is I ran snapshot() after I quitted R and entered again. So the solution is to add bioc and local repositories to options(repos).
** So what is important of running snapshot()? 
** Check out the [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/packrat-discuss forum].
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> dir.create("~/projects/babynames", recu=T)
> packrat::init("~/projects/babynames")
Initializing packrat project in directory:
- "~/projects/babynames"

Adding these packages to packrat:
            _
    packrat   0.4.9-3

Fetching sources for packrat (0.4.9-3) ... OK (CRAN current)
Snapshot written to '/home/brb/projects/babynames/packrat/packrat.lock'
Installing packrat (0.4.9-3) ...
	OK (built source)
Initialization complete!
Unloading packages in user library:
- packrat
Packrat mode on. Using library in directory:
- "~/projects/babynames/packrat/lib"

> install.packages("reshape2")
> packrat::snapshot()

> system("tree -L 2 ~/projects/babynames/packrat/")
/home/brb/projects/babynames/packrat/
├── init.R
├── lib
│   └── x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
├── lib-ext
│   └── x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
├── lib-R            # base packages
│   └── x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
├── packrat.lock
├── packrat.opts
└── src
    ├── bitops
    ├── glue
    ├── magrittr
    ├── packrat
    ├── plyr
    ├── Rcpp
    ├── reshape2
    ├── stringi
    └── stringr
</syntaxhighlight>

== Restoring snapshots ==

Suppose a packrat project was created on Ubuntu 16.04 and we now want to repeat the analysis on Ubuntu 18.04. We first copy the whole project directory ('babynames') to Ubuntu 18.04. Then we should delete the library subdirectory ('packrat/lib') which contains binary files (*.so) that do not work on the new OS. After we delete the library subdirectory, start R from the project directory. Now if we run '''packrat::restore()''' command, it will re-install all missing libraries. Bingo! NOTE: Maybe I should use '''packrat::bundle()''' instead of manually copy the whole project folder.

Note: some OS level libraries (e.g. libXXX-dev) need to be installed manually beforehand in order for the magic to work.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
$ rm -rf ~/projects/babynames/packrat/lib
$ cd ~/projects/babynames/
$ R
> 
> packrat::status()
> remove.packages("plyr")
> packrat::status()
> packrat::restore()
</syntaxhighlight>

== Workflow ==
<pre>
setwd("ProjectDir")

packrat::init()

packrat::on()  # packrat::search_path()

install.packages()
# For personal packages stored locally
packrat::set_opts(local.repos = "~/git/R")
packrat::install_local("digest") # dir name of the package
library(YourPackageName) 
  # double check all dependent ones have been installed

packrat::snapshot()

packrat::bundle()
</pre>
A bundle file (*.tar.gz) will be created under ProjectDir/packrat/src directory. '''Note this tar.gz file includes the whole project folder. '''

To unbundle the project in a new R environment/directory:
<pre>
setwd("NewDirectory") # optional
packrat::unbundle(FullPathofBundleTarBall, ".") 
  # this will create 'ProjectDir'
  # CPU is more important than disk speed
  # At the end, it will show the project has been unbundled and restored at ...

setwd("ProjectDir")
packrat::packrat_mode()  # on
.libPaths()   # verify 
library()  # Expect to see packages in our bundle
# packrat::on()
</pre>
Example 1: The above method works for packages from Bioconductor; e.g. S4Vectors which depends on BiocGenerics & BiocVersion only. However, Bioconductor project des not have a snapshot repository like MRAN. So it is difficult to reproduce the environment for an earlier release of Bioconductor.

Example 2: bundle our in-house R package for future reproducibility.

== Set Up a Custom CRAN-like Repository ==

See https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/custom-repos.html. Note the personal repository name ('sushi' in this example) used in "Repository" field of the personal package will be used in <packrat/packrat.lock> file. So as long as we work on the same computer, it is easy to restore a packrat project containing packages coming from personal repository.

'''[https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/commands.html Common functions]''':
* packrat::init()
* packrat::snapshot(), packrat::restore()
* packrat::clean()
* packrat::status()
* packrat::install_local() # http://rstudio.github.io/packrat/limitations.html
* packrat::bundle() # see @28:44 of the [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/webinars/managing-package-dependencies-in-r-with-packrat/ video], packrat::unbundle() # see @29:17 of the same video. This will rebuild all packages
* packrat::on(), packrat::off()
* packrat::get_opts()
* packrat::set_opts() # http://rstudio.github.io/packrat/limitations.html
* packrat::opts$local.repos("~/local-cran")
* packrat::opts$external.packages(c("devtools")) # break the isolation
* packrat::extlib()
* packrat::with_extlib()
* packrat::project_dir(), .libPaths()

== Warning ==
* If we download and modify some function definition from a package in CRAN without changing DESCRIPTION file or the package name, the snapshot created using packrat::snapshot() will contain the package source from CRAN instead of local repository. This is because (I guess) the DESCRIPTION file contains a field 'Repository' with the value 'CRAN'.

== Docker ==
[https://www.joelnitta.com/post/docker-and-packrat/ Docker and Packrat]. 
* This is a minimal example that installs a single package each from CRAN, bioconductor, and github to a Docker image using packrat.
* All operations are done in the container. So the host OS does not need to have R installed.
* The R script will install packrat in the container. It will also initialize packrat in the working directory and install R packages there. But in the [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/packrat/versions/0.5.0/topics/snapshot packrat::snapshot()] it chooses '''snapshot.sources = FALSE'''. The goal is to generate packrat.lock file.
* The first part of generating packrat.lock is not quite right since the file was generated in the container only. We should use '''-v''' in the ''docker run'' command. The github repository at https://github.com/joelnitta/docker-packrat-example has fixed the problem.
{{Pre}}
$ git clone https://github.com/joelnitta/docker-packrat-example.git
$ cd docker-packrat-example

# Step 1: create the 'packrat.lock' file
$ nano install_packages.R     # note: nano is not available in the rstudio container
                              # need to install additional OS level packages like libcurl
                              # in rocker/rstudio. Probably rocker/tidyverse is better than rstudio
                              # 
$ docker run -it -e DISABLE_AUTH=true -v $(pwd):/home/rstudio/project rocker/tidyverse:3.6.0 bash
# Inside the container now
$ cd home/rstudio/project
$ time Rscript install_packages.R  # generate 'packrat/packrat.lock'
$ exit                        # It took 43 minutes.
                              # Question: is there an easier way to generate packrat.lock without
                              # wasting time to install lots of packages?
# Step 2: build the image
# Open another terminal/tab
$ nano Dockerfile             # change rocker image and R version. Make sure these two are the same as 
                              # we have used when we created the 'packrat.lock' file
$ time docker build . -t mycontainer # It took 45 minutes.
$ docker run -it mycontainer R

# Step 3: check the packages defined in 'install_packages.R' are installed
packageVersion("minimal")
packageVersion("biospear")
</pre>
Questions: 
* After running the statement packrat::init(), it will leave a footprint of a hidden file '''.Rprofile''' in the current directory. PS: The [https://rstudio.github.io/packrat/walkthrough.html purpose of .Rprofile file] is to direct R to use the private package library (when it is started from the project directory). <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
#### -- Packrat Autoloader (version 0.5.0) -- ####
source("packrat/init.R")
#### -- End Packrat Autoloader -- ####
</syntaxhighlight>
: If the 'packrat' directory was accidentally deleted, next time when you launch R it will show an error message because it cannot find the file. 
* The ownership of the 'packrat' directory will be root now. See this [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2018/01/18/package-management-for-reproducible-r-code/ Package Management for Reproducible R Code].
* This sophisticated approach does not save the package source code. If a package has been updated and the version we used has been moved to archive in CRAN, what will happen when we try to restore it? So it is probably better to use '''snapshot.sources = TRUE''' and run packrat::bundle().

== renv: successor to the packrat package ==
* https://rstudio.github.io/renv/index.html
* [https://blog.rstudio.com/2019/11/06/renv-project-environments-for-r/ release] 2019-11-6
* [https://rstudio.github.io/renv/articles/renv.html Introduction to renv] 2021-01-09
* The [https://rstudio.github.io/renv/reference/migrate.html renv::migrate()] function makes it possible to migrate projects from '''Packrat''' to '''renv'''.
* [https://blog.rstudio.com/2020/08/20/why-package-environment-management-is-critical-for-serious-data-science/ Why Package & Environment Management is Critical for Serious Data Science] and a [https://garciamikep.github.io/useR-webinar/#41 workflow].
* [https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/deploying-an-r-shiny-app-on-heroku-free-tier-b31003858b68 Deploying an R Shiny app on Heroku free tier]
* [https://github.com/rstudio/renv/issues?q=bioconductor Bioconductor] related questions
* [https://daryavanichkina.com/posts/2021-07-28-renvhpc Installing packages on a PBS-Pro HPC cluster using renv]

Compare to packrat: 
* Many packages are difficult to build from sources. Your system will need to have a compatible compiler toolchain available. In some cases, R packages may depend on C/C++ features that aren't available in an older system toolchain, especially in some older Linux enterprise environments.
* '''renv no longer attempts to explicitly download and track R package source tarballs within your project.''' For packages from local sources, refer [https://rstudio.github.io/renv/articles/local-sources.html this article].
* renv has its discovery machinery to analyze your R code to determine which R packages will be included in the lock file. We can however instead prefer to capture ''all'' packages installed into your project library by using '''renv::settings$snapshot.type("all") '''

renv package does not have bundle() nor unbundle() function.

<pre>
# mkdir renvdeseq2
setwd("renvdeseq2")
renv::init() # attempts to copy and reuse packages
             # already installed in your R libraries
             # We'll be asked to restart the R session if we
             # are not doing this in RStudio.
renv::install("BiocManager")
options(repos = BiocManager::repositories())
renv::install("DESeq2") # OR BiocManager::install("DESeq2")
renv::snapshot() # create renv.lock
  # it seems the lock file "renvdeseq2/renv.lock" does not
  # save any package info I just installed from Bioconductor
  # except the renv package.
  # Read https://rstudio.github.io/renv/articles/faq.html
renv::dependencies()

renv::settings$snapshot.type("all") 
renv::snapshot()  # now all packages are saved in
                  # "rendeseq2/renv.lock"
</pre>

Pass renv.lock to other people and/or clone the project repository 
<pre>
# Make sure the 'renv' package has been installed on the remote computer
install.packages("renv")
renv::init()  # install the packages declared in renv.lock
</pre>


Use '''[https://rstudio.github.io/renv/reference/migrate.html renv::migrate()]''' to port a Packrat project to renv.

=== renv::dependencies() ===
[https://rstudio.github.io/renv/reference/dependencies.html ?dependencies]. Find R packages used within a project. dependencies() will crawl files within your project, looking for R files and the packages used within those R files. 
<pre>
df <- renv::dependencies("Some_Dir")
</pre>
It also search Rmd files from my testing.

=== Cache ===
[https://rstudio.github.io/renv/reference/paths.html ?path] (lined from [https://rstudio.github.io/renv/articles/local-sources.html Installing from Local Sources])

On my Linux system, I see the source packages (*.tar.gz) are stored at
* ~/.local/share/renv/source/bioconductor/ # Store bioconductor packages
* ~/.local/share/renv/source/repository/   # Store CRAN packages

and the binary packages are stored at
* ~/.local/share/renv/cache/ (~/.local/share/renv/cache/v5/R-4.0/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/)

Note that once I have used renv::init() to restore a project, the related R packages (binary and/or source) will be cached. So next time when we do renv::init(), local R packages can be found. 

So how do we manage the packages in cache? For example if we are developing an R package and we made a change but did not change the version number. See [https://rstudio.github.io/renv/reference/index.html Reference].
* renv::purge("MyPackage")  # remove binary and source

{{Pre}}
> root <- renv::paths$root()

Welcome to renv!

It looks like this is your first time using renv. This is a one-time message,
briefly describing some of renv's functionality.

renv maintains a local cache of data on the filesystem, located at:

  - '~/.local/share/renv'

This path can be customized: please see the documentation in `?renv::paths`.

renv will also write to files within the active project folder, including:

  - A folder 'renv' in the project directory, and
  - A lockfile called 'renv.lock' in the project directory.

In particular, projects using renv will normally use a private, per-project
R library, in which new packages will be installed. This project library is
isolated from other R libraries on your system.

In addition, renv will update files within your project directory, including:

  - .gitignore
  - .Rbuildignore
  - .Rprofile

Please read the introduction vignette with `vignette("renv")` for more information.
You can browse the package documentation online at https://rstudio.github.io/renv/.
Do you want to proceed? [y/N]: 
</pre>

=== Local R packages ===
* https://rstudio.github.io/renv/articles/local-sources.html
* Since local R packages (no matter it is source or binary) are not part of '''renv.lock''', the original location of these packages are not important when we first install these packages.
* When we try to restore local R packages, we can put these packages' source files into '''renv/local''' directory.

<pre>
# mkdir renvbiotrip
setwd("renvbiotrip")
renv::init() # we shall restart R according to the instruction
# * Initializing project ...
# * Discovering package dependencies ... Done!
# * Copying packages into the cache ... Done!
# The following package(s) will be updated in the lockfile:
# CRAN ===============================
# - renv   [* -> 0.10.0]
# * Lockfile written to '/tmp/renvbiotrip/renv.lock'.
# * Project '/tmp/renvbiotrip' loaded. [renv 0.10.0]
# * renv activated -- please restart the R session.

renv::install("~/Downloads/MyPackage_0.1.1.tar.gz")
# 1. The above command will take care of the dependence. Cool !
#    That is, we don't need to use the remotes package.
# 2. The output will show if packages are installed from 
#    'linked cache' or from source
renv::settings$snapshot.type("all") 
renv::snapshot()
# It will give a message some package(s) were installed from an unknown source
# renv may be unable to restore these packages in the future.
</pre>
Since the dependence package versions change from time to time, if we compare the renv.lock file created yesterday it will likely be different from what we created today (package version and hash tag).

Now we are ready to test the restoration.
<ul>
<li>
Pass renv.lock and MyPackage_0.1.1.tar.gz to other people (different instruction if we pass the project repository?). Suppose we have copied renv.lock to renvbiotrip/ directory on a new computer.
<pre>
# mkdir renvbiotrip
## Copy renv.lock to renvbiotrip/
# mkdir renvbiotrip/renv/local
## Copy MyPackage_0.1.1.tar.gz (private packages) to renvbiotrip/renv/local
install.packages("renv")
renv::restore()  # install the packages declared in renv.lock
             
# The output will show if packages are installed from 
# 'linked cache' or from source       
library(MyPackage) # verify  
MyPackage::foo()   # test    
</pre>
</li>
<li>We can test renv.lock in a Docker container from another directory to mimic the way of passing the file to other people. For example, 
<pre>
docker run --rm -it -v $(pwd):/home/docker -w /home/docker r-base:4.0.0
</pre>
</li>
<li>We can create a docker image based on the renv.lock and MyPackage.tar.gz files. See the '''renvbiotrip''' repository.</li>
</ul>

Note that 
* If we issue renv::restore() instead of renv::init() on the destination machine, the packages will be installed into the global environment. 
* It seems '''renv::init()''' is equivalent to '''renv::activate()''' AND '''renv::restore()''' on the destination machine.

=== Docker ===
* https://environments.rstudio.com/docker.html
* [https://biolitika.si/pin-r-package-versions-using-docker-and-renv.html Pin package versions in your production Docker image]
<ul>
<li>[https://rstudio.github.io/renv/articles/docker.html Using renv with Docker]. Note that there are two ways for the Docker approach. One way is to include package installation in the Docker file which embeds the packages into the image. A second approach is to add appropriate R packages when the container is run.
  <ol>
  <li>Creating Docker Images with renv (see [https://environments.rstudio.com/docker.html here] for 3 example Registries: Rocker Project/R-Hub/RStudio). Make sure <renv.lock> file and the local R package <MyPackage_0.1.0.tar.gz> are in the current directory.
    <pre>
FROM r-base:4.0.0
RUN R -e 'install.packages("renv")'
COPY renv.lock /home/docker
RUN mkdir -p /home/docker/renv/local
COPY MyPackage_0.1.0.tar.gz /home/renv/local
WORKDIR /home/docker
RUN R -e 'renv::restore()'
CMD ["R"]
</pre>
  </li>
  <li>Running Docker Containers with renv
    <pre>
docker build -t renvMyPackage .
docker run --rm -it renvMyPackage # OR
docker run --rm -it -v $(pwd):/home/docker renvbiotrip
</pre>
Question: how to update a package within a container? 1. start the container with root and update packages in the container 2. system("su docker") to switch to the user 'docker'. 3. when we run system("su docker"), it will exit R and go to the shell. Run "whoami" to double check the current user and type "R" to enter R again. 

Another simple but inferior way to test the docker method is the following: assuming <renv.lock> is saved in the ProjectDir directory and the ProjectDir directory does not have ''renv'' nor ''.Rprofile''. The big drawback of this approach is the created renv directory and <.Rprofile> belongs to the user ''root''.
    <pre>
docker run --rm -it -v ProjectDir:/home r-base:4.0.0
install.packages("renv")
setwd("/home")
renv::init()
</pre>   
  </li>
  </ol>
</li>
</ul>
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2021/08/setting-up-a-transparent-reproducible-r-environment-with-docker-renv/ Setting up a transparent reproducible R environment with Docker + renv]

== Github actions ==
[https://orchid00.github.io/actions_sandbox/testing-with-renev.html Chapter 5 Testing with a reproducible environment]

= R package dependencies =

== Depends, Imports, Suggests, Enhances, LinkingTo ==
See [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html#Package-Dependencies Writing R Extensions] and [[#install.packages.28.29|install.packages()]].

* Depends: list of package names which this package depends on. Those packages will be attached (so it is better to use ''Imports'' instead of ''Depends'' as much as you can) before the current package when library or require is called. The ‘Depends’ field can also specify a dependence on a certain version of R.
* Imports: lists packages whose '''namespaces''' are imported from (as specified in the NAMESPACE file) but which do not need to be attached.
* Suggests: lists packages that are not necessarily needed. This includes packages used only in examples, tests or vignettes, and packages loaded in the body of functions.
* Enhances: lists packages “enhanced” by the package at hand, e.g., by providing methods for classes from these packages, or ways to handle objects from these packages.
* LinkingTo: A package that wishes to make use of '''header''' files in other packages needs to declare them as a comma-separated list in the field ‘LinkingTo’ in the DESCRIPTION file.
** An example is [https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/SingleR.html SingleR] that links to the ''beachmat'' package in its [https://github.com/LTLA/SingleR/blob/master/src/recompute_scores.cpp cpp source code].

== Package related functions from package 'utils' ==
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/available.packages.html available.packages()]; see packageStatus().
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/download.packages.html download.packages()]
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/packageStatus.html packageStatus(), update(), upgrade()]. packageStatus() will return a list with two components:
# inst	- a data frame with columns as the matrix returned by '''installed.packages''' plus "Status", a factor with levels c("ok", "upgrade"). Note: the manual does not mention "unavailable" case (but I do get it) in R 3.2.0?
# avail - a data frame with columns as the matrix returned by '''available.packages''' plus "Status", a factor with levels c("installed", "not installed", "unavailable"). Note: I don't get the "unavailable" case in R 3.2.0?
{{Pre}}
> x <- packageStatus()
> names(x)
[1] "inst"  "avail"
> dim(x[['inst']])
[1] 225  17
> x[['inst']][1:3, ]
              Package                            LibPath Version Priority               Depends Imports
acepack       acepack C:/Program Files/R/R-3.1.2/library 1.3-3.3     <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>
adabag         adabag C:/Program Files/R/R-3.1.2/library     4.0     <NA> rpart, mlbench, caret    <NA>
affxparser affxparser C:/Program Files/R/R-3.1.2/library  1.38.0     <NA>          R (>= 2.6.0)    <NA>
           LinkingTo                                                        Suggests Enhances
acepack         <NA>                                                            <NA>     <NA>
adabag          <NA>                                                            <NA>     <NA>
affxparser      <NA> R.oo (>= 1.18.0), R.utils (>= 1.32.4),\nAffymetrixDataTestFiles     <NA>
                      License License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type MD5sum NeedsCompilation Built
acepack    MIT + file LICENSE            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>   <NA>              yes 3.1.2
adabag             GPL (>= 2)            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>   <NA>               no 3.1.2
affxparser        LGPL (>= 2)            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>   <NA>             <NA> 3.1.1
                Status
acepack             ok
adabag              ok
affxparser unavailable
> dim(x[['avail']])
[1] 6538   18
> x[['avail']][1:3, ]
                Package Version Priority                        Depends        Imports LinkingTo
A3                   A3   0.9.2     <NA> R (>= 2.15.0), xtable, pbapply           <NA>      <NA>
ABCExtremes ABCExtremes     1.0     <NA>      SpatialExtremes, combinat           <NA>      <NA>
ABCanalysis ABCanalysis   1.0.1     <NA>                    R (>= 2.10) Hmisc, plotrix      <NA>
                       Suggests Enhances    License License_is_FOSS License_restricts_use OS_type Archs
A3          randomForest, e1071     <NA> GPL (>= 2)            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>  <NA>
ABCExtremes                <NA>     <NA>      GPL-2            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>  <NA>
ABCanalysis                <NA>     <NA>      GPL-3            <NA>                  <NA>    <NA>  <NA>
            MD5sum NeedsCompilation File                                      Repository        Status
A3            <NA>             <NA> <NA> http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.1 not installed
ABCExtremes   <NA>             <NA> <NA> http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.1 not installed
ABCanalysis   <NA>             <NA> <NA> http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/windows/contrib/3.1 not installed
</pre>
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/packageDescription.html packageVersion(), packageDescription()]
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/install.packages.html install.packages()], [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/remove.packages.html remove.packages()].
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/installed.packages.html installed.packages()]; see packageStatus().
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/update.packages.html update.packages(), old.packages(), new.packages()]
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/setRepositories.html setRepositories()]
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/contrib.url.html contrib.url()]
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/chooseCRANmirror.html chooseCRANmirror()], [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/chooseBioCmirror.html chooseBioCmirror()]
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/globalVariables.html suppressForeignCheck()]

== tools package ==
* https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tools/versions/3.6.1
* CRAN_package_db() from [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tools/versions/3.6.1/topics/CRANtools ?CRANtools]. Especially, it gives the Description and Maintainer information not provided by utils::available.packages()
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tools/versions/3.6.1/topics/dependsOnPkgs dependsOnPkgs()]
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
db <- tools::CRAN_package_db()
nRcpp <- length(tools::dependsOnPkgs("Rcpp", recursive=FALSE, installed=db) )
nCompiled <- table(db[, "NeedsCompilation"])[["yes"]]
propRcpp <- nRcpp / nCompiled * 100
</syntaxhighlight>
* package.dependencies(), pkgDepends(), etc are deprecated now, mostly in favor of [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tools/versions/3.6.2/topics/package_dependencies package_dependencies()] which is both more flexible and efficient. See [https://cran.rstudio.com/doc/manuals/r-release/NEWS.html R 3.3.0 News]. For example, tools::package_dependencies(c("remotes", "devtools"), recursive=TRUE) shows ''remotes'' has only a few dependencies while ''devtools'' has a lot.

== crandep package ==
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/crandep/index.html. Useful to find reverse dependencies. [https://rdrr.io/cran/crandep/man/get_dep.html ?get_dep]. Consider the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/abc/index.html abc] package:
<pre>
get_dep("abc", "depends") # abc depends on these packages
                          # note my computer does not have 'abc' installed 
#   from       to    type reverse
# 1  abc abc.data depends   FALSE
# 2  abc     nnet depends   FALSE
# 3  abc quantreg depends   FALSE
# 4  abc     MASS depends   FALSE
# 5  abc   locfit depends   FALSE

get_dep("abc", "reverse_depends")
#    from       to    type reverse
# 1  abc abctools depends    TRUE
# 2  abc  EasyABC depends    TRUE

x <- get_dep("RcppEigen", c("reverse linking to")) 
dim(x)
# [1] 331   4
head(x, 3)
#        from      to       type reverse
# 1 RcppEigen   abess linking to    TRUE
# 2 RcppEigen    acrt linking to    TRUE
# 3 RcppEigen ADMMnet linking to    TRUE
</pre>

== remotes ==
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/remotes/versions/2.2.0/topics/package_deps  remotes::local_package_deps(dependencies=TRUE)] will find and return all dependent packages based on the "DESCRIPTION" file. See an example [https://github.com/Bioconductor/OrchestratingSingleCellAnalysis here].

== Bioconductor's [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/pkgDepTools.html pkgDepTools] package ==
The is an example of querying the dependencies of the notorious 'lumi' package which often broke the installation script. I am using R 3.2.0 and Bioconductor 3.1. 

The '''getInstallOrder''' function is useful to get a list of all (recursive) dependency packages. 
{{Pre}}
source("http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
if (!require(pkgDepTools)) {
  biocLite("pkgDepTools", ask = FALSE)
  library(pkgDepTools)
}
MkPlot <- FALSE

library(BiocInstaller)
biocUrl <- biocinstallRepos()["BioCsoft"]
biocDeps <- makeDepGraph(biocUrl, type="source", dosize=FALSE) # pkgDepTools defines its makeDepGraph()

PKG <- "lumi"
if (MkPlot) {
  if (!require(Biobase))  {
    biocLite("Biobase", ask = FALSE)
    library(Biobase)
  }
  if (!require(Rgraphviz))  {
    biocLite("Rgraphviz", ask = FALSE) 
    library(Rgraphviz)
  }
  categoryNodes <- c(PKG, names(acc(biocDeps, PKG)[[1]]))  
  categoryGraph <- subGraph(categoryNodes, biocDeps) 
  nn <- makeNodeAttrs(categoryGraph, shape="ellipse") 
  plot(categoryGraph, nodeAttrs=nn)   # Complete but plot is too complicated & font is too small.
}

system.time(allDeps <- makeDepGraph(biocinstallRepos(), type="source",
                           keep.builtin=TRUE, dosize=FALSE)) # takes a little while
#    user  system elapsed 
# 175.737  10.994 186.875 
# Warning messages:
# 1: In .local(from, to, graph) : edges replaced: ‘SNPRelate|gdsfmt’
# 2: In .local(from, to, graph) :
#   edges replaced: ‘RCurl|methods’, ‘NA|bitops’

# When needed.only=TRUE, only those dependencies not currently installed are included in the list.
x1 <- sort(getInstallOrder(PKG, allDeps, needed.only=TRUE)$packages); x1
 [1] "affy"                              "affyio"                           
 [3] "annotate"                          "AnnotationDbi"                    
 [5] "base64"                            "beanplot"                         
 [7] "Biobase"                           "BiocParallel"                     
 [9] "biomaRt"                           "Biostrings"                       
[11] "bitops"                            "bumphunter"                       
[13] "colorspace"                        "DBI"                              
[15] "dichromat"                         "digest"                           
[17] "doRNG"                             "FDb.InfiniumMethylation.hg19"     
[19] "foreach"                           "futile.logger"                    
[21] "futile.options"                    "genefilter"                       
[23] "GenomeInfoDb"                      "GenomicAlignments"                
[25] "GenomicFeatures"                   "GenomicRanges"                    
[27] "GEOquery"                          "ggplot2"                          
[29] "gtable"                            "illuminaio"                       
[31] "IRanges"                           "iterators"                        
[33] "labeling"                          "lambda.r"                         
[35] "limma"                             "locfit"                           
[37] "lumi"                              "magrittr"                         
[39] "matrixStats"                       "mclust"                           
[41] "methylumi"                         "minfi"                            
[43] "multtest"                          "munsell"                          
[45] "nleqslv"                           "nor1mix"                          
[47] "org.Hs.eg.db"                      "pkgmaker"                         
[49] "plyr"                              "preprocessCore"                   
[51] "proto"                             "quadprog"                         
[53] "RColorBrewer"                      "Rcpp"                             
[55] "RCurl"                             "registry"                         
[57] "reshape"                           "reshape2"                         
[59] "rngtools"                          "Rsamtools"                        
[61] "RSQLite"                           "rtracklayer"                      
[63] "S4Vectors"                         "scales"                           
[65] "siggenes"                          "snow"                             
[67] "stringi"                           "stringr"                          
[69] "TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19.knownGene" "XML"                              
[71] "xtable"                            "XVector"                          
[73] "zlibbioc"                         

# When needed.only=FALSE the complete list of dependencies is given regardless of the set of currently installed packages.
x2 <- sort(getInstallOrder(PKG, allDeps, needed.only=FALSE)$packages); x2
 [1] "affy"                              "affyio"                            "annotate"                         
 [4] "AnnotationDbi"                     "base64"                            "beanplot"                         
 [7] "Biobase"                           "BiocGenerics"                      "BiocInstaller"                    
[10] "BiocParallel"                      "biomaRt"                           "Biostrings"                       
[13] "bitops"                            "bumphunter"                        "codetools"                        
[16] "colorspace"                        "DBI"                               "dichromat"                        
[19] "digest"                            "doRNG"                             "FDb.InfiniumMethylation.hg19"     
[22] "foreach"                           "futile.logger"                     "futile.options"                   
[25] "genefilter"                        "GenomeInfoDb"                      "GenomicAlignments"                
[28] "GenomicFeatures"                   "GenomicRanges"                     "GEOquery"                         
[31] "ggplot2"                           "graphics"                          "grDevices"                        
[34] "grid"                              "gtable"                            "illuminaio"                       
[37] "IRanges"                           "iterators"                         "KernSmooth"                       
[40] "labeling"                          "lambda.r"                          "lattice"                          
[43] "limma"                             "locfit"                            "lumi"                             
[46] "magrittr"                          "MASS"                              "Matrix"                           
[49] "matrixStats"                       "mclust"                            "methods"                          
[52] "methylumi"                         "mgcv"                              "minfi"                            
[55] "multtest"                          "munsell"                           "nleqslv"                          
[58] "nlme"                              "nor1mix"                           "org.Hs.eg.db"                     
[61] "parallel"                          "pkgmaker"                          "plyr"                             
[64] "preprocessCore"                    "proto"                             "quadprog"                         
[67] "RColorBrewer"                      "Rcpp"                              "RCurl"                            
[70] "registry"                          "reshape"                           "reshape2"                         
[73] "rngtools"                          "Rsamtools"                         "RSQLite"                          
[76] "rtracklayer"                       "S4Vectors"                         "scales"                           
[79] "siggenes"                          "snow"                              "splines"                          
[82] "stats"                             "stats4"                            "stringi"                          
[85] "stringr"                           "survival"                          "tools"                            
[88] "TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19.knownGene" "utils"                             "XML"                              
[91] "xtable"                            "XVector"                           "zlibbioc" 

> sort(setdiff(x2, x1)) # Not all R's base packages are included; e.g. 'base', 'boot', ...
 [1] "BiocGenerics"  "BiocInstaller" "codetools"     "graphics"      "grDevices"    
 [6] "grid"          "KernSmooth"    "lattice"       "MASS"          "Matrix"       
[11] "methods"       "mgcv"          "nlme"          "parallel"      "splines"      
[16] "stats"         "stats4"        "survival"      "tools"         "utils"  
</pre>
[[File:Lumi rgraphviz.svg|200px]]

== Bioconductor [https://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/BiocPkgTools.html BiocPkgTools] ==
Collection of simple tools for learning about Bioc Packages. Functionality includes access to :
* Download statistics
* General package listing
* Build reports
* Package dependency graphs
* Vignettes

[https://seandavi.github.io/BiocPkgTools/articles/BiocPkgTools.html#dependency-graphs Overview of BiocPkgTools & Dependency graphs]

[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/642132v1 BiocPkgTools: Toolkit for Mining the Bioconductor Package Ecosystem] in biorxiv.org.

== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/miniCRAN/ miniCRAN package]  ==
'''miniCRAN''' package can be used to identify package dependencies or create a local CRAN repository. It can be used on repositories other than CRAN, such as Bioconductor.

* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2014/07/dependencies-of-popular-r-packages.html
* http://www.r-bloggers.com/introducing-minicran-an-r-package-to-create-a-private-cran-repository/
* http://www.magesblog.com/2014/09/managing-r-package-dependencies.html
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/10/using-minicran-in-azure-ml.html Using miniCRAN in Azure ML]
* [http://www.mango-solutions.com/wp/2016/01/minicran-developing-internal-cran-repositories/ developing internal CRAN Repositories]

Before we go into R, we need to install some packages from Ubuntu terminal. See [[R#Ubuntu.2FDebian_2|here]].
{{Pre}}
# Consider glmnet package (today is 4/29/2015)
# Version:	2.0-2
# Depends:	Matrix (≥ 1.0-6), utils, foreach
# Suggests:	survival, knitr, lars
if (!require("miniCRAN"))  {
  install.packages("miniCRAN", dependencies = TRUE, repos="http://cran.rstudio.com") # include 'igraph' in Suggests.
  library(miniCRAN)
}
if (!"igraph" %in% installed.packages()[,1]) install.packages("igraph")

tags <- "glmnet"
pkgDep(tags, suggests=TRUE, enhances=TRUE) # same as pkgDep(tags)
#  [1] "glmnet"    "Matrix"    "foreach"   "codetools" "iterators" "lattice"   "evaluate"  "digest"   
#  [9] "formatR"   "highr"     "markdown"  "stringr"   "yaml"      "mime"      "survival"  "knitr"    
# [17] "lars"   

dg <- makeDepGraph(tags, suggests=TRUE, enhances=TRUE) # miniCRAN defines its makeDepGraph()
plot(dg, legendPosition = c(-1, 1), vertex.size=20)
</pre>

[[File:MiniCRAN dep.svg|300px]] [[File:pkgDepTools dep.svg|300px]]
[[File:Glmnet dep.svg|300px]]

We can also display the dependence for a package from the [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/miniCRAN/vignettes/miniCRAN-non-CRAN-repos.html Bioconductor] repository.
{{Pre}}
tags <- "DESeq2"
# Depends	S4Vectors, IRanges, GenomicRanges, Rcpp (>= 0.10.1), RcppArmadillo (>= 0.3.4.4)
# Imports	BiocGenerics(>= 0.7.5), Biobase, BiocParallel, genefilter, methods, locfit, geneplotter, ggplot2, Hmisc
# Suggests	RUnit, gplots, knitr, RColorBrewer, BiocStyle, airway,\npasilla (>= 0.2.10), DESeq, vsn
# LinkingTo     Rcpp, RcppArmadillo
index <- function(url, type="source", filters=NULL, head=5, cols=c("Package", "Version")){
  contribUrl <- contrib.url(url, type=type)
  available.packages(contribUrl, type=type, filters=filters)
}

bioc <- local({
  env <- new.env()
  on.exit(rm(env))
  evalq(source("http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R", local=TRUE), env)
  biocinstallRepos() # return URLs
})

bioc
#                                               BioCsoft 
#            "http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.0/bioc" 
#                                                BioCann 
# "http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.0/data/annotation" 
#                                                BioCexp 
# "http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.0/data/experiment" 
#                                              BioCextra 
#           "http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.0/extra" 
#                                                   CRAN 
#                                "http://cran.fhcrc.org" 
#                                              CRANextra 
#                   "http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/RWin" 
str(index(bioc["BioCsoft"])) # similar to cranJuly2014 object 

system.time(dg <- makeDepGraph(tags, suggests=TRUE, enhances=TRUE, availPkgs = index(bioc["BioCsoft"]))) # Very quick!
plot(dg, legendPosition = c(-1, 1), vertex.size=20)
</pre>
[[File:deseq2 dep.svg|300px]] [[File:Lumi dep.svg|300px]]

The dependencies of [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomicFeatures.html GenomicFeature] and [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GenomicAlignments.html GenomicAlignments] are more complicated. So we turn the 'suggests' option to FALSE.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
tags <- "GenomicAlignments"
dg <- makeDepGraph(tags, suggests=FALSE, enhances=FALSE, availPkgs = index(bioc["BioCsoft"]))
plot(dg, legendPosition = c(-1, 1), vertex.size=20)
</syntaxhighlight>
[[File:Genomicfeature dep dep.svg|300px]] [[File:Genomicalignments dep.svg|300px]]

=== Github repository ===
[https://thierrymoudiki.github.io/blog/2020/10/16/r/esgtoolkit-new-cran Submitting R package to CRAN]

== cranlike ==
https://github.com/r-hub/cranlike

cranlike keeps the package data in a SQLite database, in addition to the PACKAGES* files. This database is the canonical source of the package data. It can be updated quickly, to add and remove packages. The PACKAGES* files are generated from the database.

== [http://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/ MRAN] (CRAN only) ==
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2014/10/explore-r-package-connections-at-mran.html
* [https://rsangole.netlify.app/post/2020/10/10/reproducible-work-in-r/?s=09 Reproducible Work in R]

According to the snapsot list [https://cran.microsoft.com/snapshot/ here], the oldest version is 2014-08-18 which corresponds to R 3.1.0.

[https://mran.revolutionanalytics.com/documents/rro/reproducibility#timemachine checkpoint] package
<pre>
library(checkpoint)
checkpoint("2015-03-31")
</pre>

'''Note the Bioconductor packages have no similar solution.'''

== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cranly/ cranly] ==
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cranly/vignettes/dependence_trees.html R package dependence trees]

== sessioninfo ==
<pre>
tmp = session_info("sessioninfo")
dim(tmp$packages) # [1]  7 11

tmp = session_info("tidyverse")
dim(tmp$packages) # [1] 95 11
</pre>

== Reverse dependence ==
* http://romainfrancois.blog.free.fr/index.php?post/2011/10/30/Rcpp-reverse-dependency-graph
* [http://www.markvanderloo.eu/yaRb/2019/04/26/checking-reverse-dependencies-the-tiny-way/ Checking reverse dependencies: the tiny way]

== Install packages offline ==
http://www.mango-solutions.com/wp/2017/05/installing-packages-without-internet/

== Install a packages locally and its dependencies ==
It's impossible to install the dependencies if you want to install a package locally. See [http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Windows-GUI-quot-Install-Packages-from-local-zip-files-quot-and-dependencies-td848173.html Windows-GUI: "Install Packages from local zip files" and dependencies]

== A minimal R package (for testing purpose) ==
https://github.com/joelnitta/minimal. Question: is there a one from CRAN?

== An R package that does not require others during install.packages() ==
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/crayon/index.html crayon]
* [https://cran.rstudio.com/web/packages/testit/index.html testit]
* [https://cran.rstudio.com/web/packages/docopt/index.html docopt] and [https://cran.rstudio.com/web/packages/littler/index.html littler]. See also [https://hadley.shinyapps.io/cran-downloads/ cran-downloads] shiny.
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/index.html Rcpp]

= Create a new R package, namespace, documentation =
* http://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Leisch-CreatingPackages.pdf (highly recommend)
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-July/066975.html
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7283134/what-is-the-benefit-of-import-in-a-namespace-in-r/7283511#7283511 Benefit of import in a namespace]
* This youtube [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGeCCxdZsDQ video] from Tyler Rinker teaches how to use RStudio to develop an R package and also use Git to do version control. Very useful!
* [https://github.com/jtleek/rpackages Developing R packages] by Jeff Leek in Johns Hopkins University.
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/ R packages] book by Hadley Wickham.
* [http://kbroman.org/pkg_primer/ R package primer] a minimal tutorial from Karl Broman.
* [https://datascienceplus.com/how-to-make-and-share-an-r-package-in-3-steps/ How to make and share an R package in 3 steps] (6/14/2017)
* [https://github.com/jennybc/pkg-dev-tutorial Package Development tutorial for useR! 2019 Toulouse]
* [https://devguide.ropensci.org/ rOpenSci Packages: Development, Maintenance, and Peer Review]
* [https://b-rodrigues.github.io/modern_R/package-development.html Package development] from "Modern R with the tidyverse"
* [https://youtu.be/qxRSzDejea4 How to write your own R package] (video, 10 minutes)

== Package structure ==
http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/package.html. On Linux/macOS, use '''tree -d DIRNAME''' to show the directories only. At a minimum, we will have '''R''' and '''man''' directories.

* ChangeLog
* DESCRIPTION
* MD5
* NAMESPACE
* R/
** zzz.R
* build/
** Package.pdf (eg [https://github.com/cran/dplyr/tree/master/build dplyr])
** vignette.rds
* data/
* demo/
* inst/
** extdata/
** doc/
*** FileName.R
*** FileName.Rmd
*** FileName.html
** include/
** othersYouInclude/
** tinytest/
** CITATION
* man/
** figures/
* src/
* tests/
** testthat
* vignettes/

=== NAMESPACE and DESCRIPTION ===
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/13261139 Namespace dependencies not required]. ''If you use import or importFrom in your NAMESPACE file, you should have an entry for that package in the Imports section of your DESCRIPTION file (unless there is a reason that you need to use Depends in which case the package should have an entry in Depends, and not Imports).''

=== license ===
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/38549043 What kind of license is the best license for an R package?]
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/licenses/
* https://r-pkgs.org/description.html#description-license
* [https://win-vector.com/2019/07/30/some-notes-on-gnu-licenses-in-r-packages/ Some Notes on GNU Licenses in R Packages]

== Install software for PDF output ==
* Windows: [http://miktex.org/download Miktex] and [https://pandoc.org/installing.html pandoc] ([http://rprogramming.net/create-html-or-pdf-files-with-r-knitr-miktex-and-pandoc/ Create HTML or PDF Files with R, Knitr, MiKTeX, and Pandoc])
* Unix: [https://tug.org/texlive/ TeX Live] ('''sudo apt-get install texlive-full''') and [https://pandoc.org/installing.html pandoc]
* Mac: [https://tug.org/mactex/ MacTex]

== Windows: Rtools ==
[https://thecoatlessprofessor.com/programming/installing-rtools-for-compiled-code-via-rcpp/ Installing RTools for Compiled Code via Rcpp]. Just remember to check the option to include some paths in the '''PATH''' environment variable.

== R CMD ==
[https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html R Installation and Administration]

* R CMD build XXX. Note this will not create pdf files for vignettes. The output is a tarball.
* R CMD INSTALL
* R CMD REMOVE
* R CMD SHLIB files. For example, "Rcmd shlib *.f *.c -o surv.dll" on Windows.
* R CMD make
* R CMD check XXX. Useful if we want to create reference manual (PDF file). See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/16987795 R create reference manual with R CMD check].
* R CMD javareconf

== usethis package ==
* https://usethis.r-lib.org/. '''usethis''' is a workflow package: it automates repetitive tasks that arise during project setup and development, both for R packages and non-package projects.
** [https://youtu.be/79s3z0gIuFU?t=705 R Package Development 1: Where to Start] by John Muschelli. [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk3B5c8iCV-T4LM0mwEyWIunIunLyEjqM R Package Development playlist].
** [https://usethis.r-lib.org/reference/create_package.html create_package(path)] with the package name of your choice.
** [https://javirudolph.github.io/RLadies-Gainesville-FL/20190429-Rudolph-packages/apr29presentation.html#1 Sharing with others and helping yourself] (slides, use right click menu to save as an HTML file)
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2019/04/usethis-1.5.0/ usethis 1.5.0]
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2020/04/usethis-1-6-0/ usethis 1.6.0]
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2020/12/usethis-2-0-0/ usethis 2.0.0]

=== Github Actions ===
To use the '''Github Actions''' for continuous integration/CI checks, 
* I first follow [https://ropenscilabs.github.io/actions_sandbox/packageci.html this] to run ''usethis::use_github_action_check_release()''. Once I commit and push the files to Github, Github Actions are kicked off. The R console also tell me to copy and paste a line to add a workflow's badge to README.md.
* Then I modify the yaml file to become [https://github.com/r-lib/actions/blob/master/examples/check-standard.yaml this] to run a standard check. This took 3m24s to run. 
* Then I further delete the 'devel' line (line 23) to reduce one more platform to check. This took 3m to check. My example is on [https://github.com/arraytools/rtoy/actions Github] (rtoy).

I also try to follow [https://ropenscilabs.github.io/actions_sandbox/websites-using-pkgdown-bookdown-and-blogdown.html Github Actions with R] and create a [https://github.com/r-lib/pkgdown pkgdown]/package documentation web page.
* '''usethis::use_github_actions("pkgdown")''' Now go to Github repo's Settings -> Options and scroll down until you see ''Github Pages''. For ''Source'', the page site should be set to being built from the root folder of the ''gh-pages''.
* I have used Jekyll to create a gh-page. I don't need to delete anything for this new gh-pages. I just need to go to the repository setting and (scroll down until we see Github Pages) change the Source of Github Pages to 'gh-pages branch' from 'master branch'. 
* The files on the gh-pages branch are generated by Github Actions; these files are not available on my local machine. My location machine only has '''.github/workflows/pkgdown.yaml''' file.

Question:
* The workflow file specifies R version and OS platform. 
* Right now the workflow file (like pkgdown) is using "r-lib/actions/setup-r@master"  that has an "action.yml" file. The r-version is '3.x' only. What about if R 4.0.0 is released?

=== Packages, webpages and Github ===
[https://debruine.github.io/tutorials/index.html Tutorials] by Lisa DeBruine

== biocthis ==
[https://lcolladotor.github.io/biocthis/ biocthis], [https://speakerdeck.com/lcolladotor/biocthis-tab slides]

== R package depends vs imports ==
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/8637993/better-explanation-of-when-to-use-imports-depends
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9893791/imports-and-depends
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-August/067082.html

In the namespace era Depends is never really needed. All modern packages have no technical need for Depends anymore. Loosely speaking the only purpose of Depends today is to expose other package's functions to the user without re-exporting them.

load = functions exported in myPkg are available to interested parties as myPkg::foo or via direct imports - essentially this means the package can now be used

attach = the namespace (and thus all exported functions) is attached to the search path - the only effect is that you have now added the exported functions to the global pool of functions - sort of like dumping them in the workspace (for all practical purposes, not technically)

import a function into a package = make sure that this function works in my package regardless of the search path (so I can write fn1 instead of pkg1::fn1 and still know it will come from pkg1 and not someone's workspace or other package that chose the same name)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-September/067451.html

The distinction is between "loading" and "attaching" a package. Loading 
it (which would be done if you had MASS::loglm, or imported it) 
guarantees that the package is initialized and in memory, but doesn't 
make it visible to the user without the explicit MASS:: prefix.  
Attaching it first loads it, then modifies the user's search list so the 
user can see it.

Loading is less intrusive, so it's preferred over attaching.  Both 
library() and require() would attach it.

=== import() and importFrom() ===
If our package depends on a package, we need to made some changes. Below we assume the package ''glmnet'' in our new package.

* DESCRIPTION: '''Imports: glmnet '''
* NAMESPACE: either '''import(glmnet)''' to import all functions from glmnet or '''importFrom(glmnet, cv.glmnet)''' to import 'cv.glmnet' only
* hello.R: nothing needs to be added

For more resource, see
* https://r-pkgs.org/namespace.html
* http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/namespace.html

== R package suggests ==
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/stringr/index.html stringr] has suggested '''htmlwidgets'''. An error will come out if the suggested packages are not available.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> library(stringr)
> str_view(c("abc", "a.c", "bef"), "a\\.c")
Error in loadNamespace(name) : there is no package called ‘htmlwidgets’
</syntaxhighlight>

== Useful functions for accessing files in packages ==
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/system.file.html system.file()]
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/find.package.html path.package() & find.package()]. Note that path.package() requires the package to be loaded. 
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/file.path file.path()]. This is not related to packages.
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/normalizePath normalizePath()]. This is not related to packages.
{{Pre}}
> system.file(package = "batr")
[1] "f:/batr"
> system.file("extdata", "logo.png", package = "cowplot") # Mac
[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library/cowplot/extdata/logo.png"

> path.package("batr")
[1] "f:\\batr"
> path.package("ggplot2") # Mac
[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library/ggplot2"

# sometimes it returns the forward slash format for some reason; C:/Program Files/R/R-3.4.0/library/batr
# so it is best to add normalizePath().
> normalizePath(path.package("batr"))

> file.path("f:", "git", "surveyor")
[1] "f:/git/surveyor"
</pre>

== Internal functions ==
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/12/12/internal-functions/ Internal functions in R packages]
* [https://statisticaloddsandends.wordpress.com/2021/06/10/documentation-for-internal-functions/ Documentation for internal functions]

== RStudio shortcuts ==
[[File:RStudio Build.png|200px]]

== available package ==
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/available/index.html available]. Check if a given package name is available to use. It checks the name's validity. Checks if it is used on 'GitHub', 'CRAN' and 'Bioconductor'.

== Create an R package ==
[https://www.pipinghotdata.com/posts/2020-10-25-your-first-r-package-in-1-hour/?s=09 Your first R package in 1 hour]

=== Using usethis ===
[https://trinostics.blogspot.com/2020/04/new-r-package-foo-updated.html New R Package 'foo' -- Updated]
# setwd()
# usethis::create_package("foo")
# usethis::use_git(); usethis_github()
# usethis::use_mit_license("Your name")
# usethis::use_r("foo_function")
# usethis::use_package("dplyr")  # specify import dependency, e.g. dplyr package
# usethis::use_testthat()
# usethis::use_test("firsttest")
# setwd("..")
# roxygen2::roxygenise()

=== Using [https://github.com/hadley/devtools devtools] and [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/roxygen2/index.html roxygen2] ===

* https://www.r-project.org/nosvn/pandoc/devtools.html
* A useful [http://thepoliticalmethodologist.com/2014/08/14/building-and-maintaining-r-packages-with-devtools-and-roxygen2/ post] by Jacob Montgomery. Watch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PyQlbAEujY#t=19 youtube video] there. The process requires 3 components: RStudio software, devtools and roxygen2 (creating documentation from R code) packages.
* [https://uoftcoders.github.io/studyGroup/lessons/r/packages/lesson/ MAKING PACKAGES IN R USING DEVTOOLS]
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/r.html R code workflow] from Hadley Wickham.
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/04/29/maintenance/ Workflow automation tools for package developers]
* [https://jozefhajnala.gitlab.io/r/r102-addin-roxytags/ RStudio:addins part 2 - roxygen documentation formatting made easy] 
** Inserting a skeleton - Do this by placing your cursor anywhere in the function you want to document and click Code Tools -> Insert Roxygen Skeleton
* [http://web.mit.edu/insong/www/pdf/rpackage_instructions.pdf Instructions for Creating Your Own R Package]. It includes creating a R package with functions written in C++ via Rcpp helper function.
* [https://www.rstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/devtools-cheatsheet.pdf devtools cheatsheet] (2 pages)
* My first R package [https://qualityandinnovation.com/2019/10/13/my-first-r-package-part-1/ Part 1], [https://qualityandinnovation.com/2019/10/13/my-first-r-package-part-2/ Part 2], [https://qualityandinnovation.com/2019/10/13/my-first-r-package-part-3/ Part 3]. It uses 3 packages: usethis, roxygen2 and devtools.
* [https://twitter.com/JennyBryan/status/1364288709265215489?s=20 If you love devtools::load_all(), pkgload is where the magic actually happens]. [https://r-lib.github.io/pkgload/news/index.html pkgload] package.

How to use [http://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/2556_4e9f1c2af93b4683a19e2303a52bb2d5.html devtools::load_all("FolderName")]. load_all() loads any modified R files, and recompile and reload any modified C or Fortran files.
{{Pre}}
# Step 1
library(devtools)

# Step 2
dir.create(file.path("MyCode", "R"), recursive = TRUE)
cat("foo=function(x){x*2}", file = file.path("MyCode", "R", "foo.R"))
write.dcf(list(Package = "MyCode", Title = "My Code for this project", Description = "To tackle this problem", 
    Version = "0.0", License = "For my eyes only", Author = "First Last <noname@example.com>", 
    Maintainer = "First Last <noname@example.com>"), file = file.path("MyCode", "DESCRIPTION"))
# OR
# create("path/to/package/pkgname")
# create() will create R/ directory, DESCRIPTION and NAMESPACE files.

# Step 3 (C/Fortran code, optional)
dir.create(file.path("MyCode", "src"))
cat("void cfoo(double *a, double *b, double *c){*c=*a+*b;}\n", file = file.path("MyCode", 
    "src", "cfoo.c"))
cat("useDynLib(MyCode)\n", file = file.path("MyCode", "NAMESPACE"))

# Step 4 
load_all("MyCode")

# Step 5
# Modify R/C/Fortran code and run load_all("MyCode")

# Step 6 (Automatically generate the documentation from R source code, 
#         in the man/ folder and export the function in NAMESPACE file.
#         optional, repeat if any function's help has changed)
document("MyCode")

# Step 7 (check the package, optional)
check("MyCode")

# Step 8 (Deployment, create a tarball, 
#         optional, repeat if necessary)
build("MyCode")

# Step 9 (Install the package, optional)
install("MyCode")
</pre>

'''Note''': 
# '''load_all("FolderName")''' will make the FolderName to become ''like'' a package to be loaded into the current R session so the 2nd item returned from '''search()''' will be '''"package:FolderName"'''. However, the ''FolderName'' does not exist under Program Files/R/R-X.Y.Z/library nor Documents/R/win-library/X.Y/ (Windows OS).
# '''build("FolderName")''' will create a tarball in the current directory. User can install the new package for example using Packages -> Install packages from local files on Windows OS. This will build/run vignettes so it may take some time. The tarball will contain a '''build''' folder containing 'vignette.rds' file. It'll also create a new folder '''inst/doc''' containing 3 files (MyPkg.html, MyPkg.Rmd and MyPkg.R). The vignettes may contain a new folder '''MyPkg_cache''' if we use chunk = TRUE option in Rmd file. Note install.packages() will not run the R code in vignettes.
# For the simplest R package, the source code only contains a file <DESCRIPTION> and a folder <R> with individual R files in the text format.

=== Using RStudio ===
<ul>
<li>[https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/200486508-Building-Testing-and-Distributing-Packages Building, Testing, and Distributing Packages] from RStudio. <BR>
[[File:RstudioBuild.png|100px]]
</li>
</ul>
* Youtube
** [https://youtu.be/qxRSzDejea4 How to write your own R package] from IDG TECHtalk
** [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk3B5c8iCV-T4LM0mwEyWIunIunLyEjqM R Package Development playlist] by John Muschelli.
** https://youtu.be/Mwe64ziVQXA which does not use RStudio to create a new package
* [https://medium.com/@shiansu/how-to-create-and-distribute-an-r-package-a296217435dc How to Create and Distribute an R Package]. 
** The goal of the article to set up an easily installable R package on Github for others to use via remotes::install_github().
** The main tools required are RStudio along with the packages roxygen2 and usethis.
** How to take care of Bioconductor and Github Dependencies
** How to publish your package to Github
* [https://technistema.com/posts/building-a-corporate-r-package-for-pleasure-and-profit/ Building a Corporate R Package for Pleasure and Profit]
* Toy example*
*# In RStudio, click "File" - "New Project" - "New Directory" - "R package". Package name = "a1" (this naming will guarantee this package will be shown on top of all R packages in RStudio). Press 'Create Project'. This new project folder will have necessary files for an R package including DESCRIPTION, NAMESPACE, R/hello.R, man/hello.Rd. The "hello.R" file will be opened in RStudio automatically.
*# Create a new R file under a1/R folder. An example of this R file <add.R> containing roxygen comments can be found under [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/man.html here]. Pressing Ctrl/Cmd + Shift + D (or running '''devtools::document()''') will generate a man/add.Rd. 
*# In R, type '''usethis::use_vignette("my-vignette") ''' to create a new vignette. The new vignette "my-vignette.Rmd" will be saved under "a1/vignettes" subfolder. We can modify the Rmd file as we need.
*# In RStudio, click "Build" - "Build Source Package". You will see some messages on the "Build" tab of the top-right panel. Eventually, a tarball "/home/$USERNAME/a1_0.1.0.tar.gz" is created (I create the project under /home/$USERNAME directory).
*# We can install the package in R '''install.packages("~/a1_0.1.0.tar.gz", repos= NULL, type = "source")''' if we have already created the tarball. Another method is to use RStudio "Build" - "Install and Restart" (Ctrl + Shift + B). 
*# In RStudio, type '''help(package = "a1") ''' or click "Packages" tab on the bottom-right panel and click "a1" package. It will show a line "User guides, package vignettes and other documentation". The vignette we just created will be available in HTML, source and R code format.

=== Using RStudio.cloud ===
There is a problem. We can use devtools::create("/cloud/project") to create a new package. When it builds the source package, the package file will be located in the root directory of the package. However, if we use a local RStudio to create a source package, the source package will be located in the upper directory.

== Binary packages ==
* No .R files in the ''R/'' directory. There are 3 files that store the parsed functions in an efficient file format. This is the result of loading all the R code and then saving the functions with ''save()''.
* A ''Meta/'' directory contains a number of Rds files. These files contain cached metadata about the package, like what topics the help files cover and parsed version of the ''DESCRIPTION'' file.
* An ''html/'' directory.
* ''libs/'' directory if you have any code in the ''src/' directory
* The contents of ''inst/'' are moved to the top-level directory.

=== Building the tarball ===
* No matter we uses '''devtools::build()''' or the terminal '''R CMD build MyPkg''' it will uses run the R code in vignette. Be cautious on the extra time and storage the process incurred.
* If 'cache = TRUE' is used in vignettes, it will create a new subfolder called MyuPkg_cache under the vignettes folder. This takes a lot of space (eg 1GB in some case).

=== Building the binary ===
<pre>
R CMD INSTALL --build MyPkg.tar.gz
# OR
R CMD INSTALL --build Full_Path_Of_MyPkg 
</pre>
The binary (on Windows) can be installed by '''install.packages("Mypkg.zip",repos=NULL)'''

If the installation is successful, it will overwrite any existing installation of the same package. To prevent changes to the present working installation or to provide an install location with write access, create a suitably located directory with write access and use the -l option to build the package in the chosen location. 
<pre>
R CMD INSTALL -l location --build pkg
</pre>

== R folder ==
* https://r-pkgs.org/r.html
* zzz.R. .onLoad() function. 
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/20223846 R: How to run some code on load of package?]

See an example from DuoClustering2018.
<pre>
#' @importFrom utils read.csv
.onLoad <- function(libname, pkgname) {
  fl <- system.file("extdata", "metadata.csv", package = "DuoClustering2018")
  titles <- utils::read.csv(fl, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)$Title
  ExperimentHub::createHubAccessors(pkgname, titles)
}
</pre>
Note that the environment of a function from the DuoClustering2018 package is not the package name.
<pre>
environment(clustering_summary_filteredExpr10_TrapnellTCC_v2)
<environment: 0x7fe01dbe7dd0>
</pre>
Q: where is the definition of DuoClustering2018::clustering_summary_filteredExpr10_TrapnellTCC_v2()? A: [https://master.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/AnnotationHub/inst/doc/CreateAHubPackage.html#building-the-package createHubAccessors() - Creating A Hub Package: ExperimentHub or AnnotationHub].

== data ==
http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/data.html

Three ways to include data in your package.
* If you want to store binary data and make it available to the user, put it in '''data/'''. This is the best place to put example datasets.
* If you want to store parsed data, but not make it available to the user, put it in '''R/sysdata.rda'''. This is the best place to put data that your functions need.
<ul>
<li>If you want to store raw data, put it in '''inst/extdata'''. See [https://r-pkgs.org/data.html#data-extdata External data]. An [https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/data/experiment/vignettes/tximportData/inst/doc/tximportData.html example] from tximportData package.
<pre>
# grep -r extdata /home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.0
logo_file <- system.file("extdata", "logo.png", package = "cowplot")
orgDBLoc = system.file("extdata", "org.Hs.eg.sqlite", package="org.Hs.eg.db")

# grep -r readRDS /home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.0
patient.data  <- readRDS("assets/coxnet.RDS")
</pre>
</li>
</ul>

[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/05/29/distribute-data/ How to distribute data with your R package]

== Rd file ==
[https://github.com/wviechtb/mathjaxr Using Mathjax in Rd Files]

== Vignette ==
* [https://lifehacker.com/how-to-create-vignettes-that-really-pull-a-room-togethe-1846703615 How to Create Vignettes That Really Pull a Room Together]
* See examples from packages like [https://github.com/cran/magrittr magrittr] (Rmd, jpg) or [https://github.com/cran/tidyr tidyr] (Rmd, csv) or [https://github.com/cran/rvest rvest] (Rmd, png) or [https://github.com/mikelove/DESeq2/blob/master/vignettes/DESeq2.Rmd DESeq2].
* Many vignette uses '''output: rmarkdown::html_vignette''' which will expand the width to the page. [https://github.com/mikelove/rnaseqGene/blob/master/vignettes/rnaseqGene.Rmd This one] uses '''output: BiocStyle::html_document''' which will have a [https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/workflows/vignettes/rnaseqGene/inst/doc/rnaseqGene.html narrow width].
* [http://www.markvanderloo.eu/yaRb/2019/01/11/add-a-static-pdf-vignette-to-an-r-package/ Add a static pdf vignette to an R package]
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/devtools/versions/2.2.0/topics/build_vignettes devtools::build_vignettes()].  The files are copied in the 'doc' directory and an vignette index is created in 'Meta/vignette.rds', as they would be in a built package.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/37692810 build_vignette can't find functions]

Long execution for R code in vignette
* [https://community.rstudio.com/t/caching-chunks-in-rstudio-does-not-work/9040/7 Caching chunks in RStudio does not work]
* [https://rmflight.github.io/posts/2014/07/vignetteAnalysis.html caching doesn't seem to work here (i.e. when used in a document that is a vignette)]
* [https://trinostics.blogspot.com/2020/05/how-to-add-vignette-to-package-in.html How to Add a Vignette to a Package in RStudio]
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/06/03/vignettes/ Optimal workflows for package vignettes]

== NEWS ==
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/05/08/pkg-news/ Why and how maintain a NEWS file for your R package?]

== README.Rmd & README.md files ==
See [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/release.html Releasing a package] from R packages by Hadley Wickham.

[https://stackoverflow.com/a/31914830 How to convert .Rmd into .md in R studio?]

Example: [https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2 ggplot2] repository at Github

It seems RStudio cannot create TOC for *.md files. [https://github.com/cran/glmnet/blob/master/vignettes/glmnet_beta.Rmd glmnet] package creates [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/glmnet/vignettes/glmnet_beta.pdf TOC] of its vignette by itself. [[Text_editor#Markdown_TOC_.28table_of_contents.29_extension|Visual Studio Code]] has an extension to do that.

=== badge ===
[https://github.com/guangchuangyu/badger badger]: Badge for R Package

== tests folder and testthat package==
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/tests.html testthat] package. 
** [https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2011/RJ-2011-002/RJ-2011-002.pdf testthat: Get Started with Testing] 2011
** [https://codingclubuc3m.rbind.io/post/2019-11-26/ Automated testing with 'testthat' in practice]
** Lots of packages suggest testthat; for example [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/princurve/index.html princurve], [https://github.com/cran/glmnetUtils/blob/master/tests/testthat/test1_glmnet.R glmnetUtils].
** [https://stackoverflow.com/a/52175513 How to run a package's testthat tests]
** [https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/200486508-Building-Testing-and-Distributing-Packages Building, Testing, and Distributing Packages] from RStudio
** '''Run Tests''' button. See [https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio/release-notes/ RStudio release notes] from RStudio v1.2 - April 8, 2019.
** [https://ugoproto.github.io/ugo_r_doc/working_with_rstudio_ide/ Working with the RStudio IDE]
** [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2019/03/unit-tests-in-r/ Unit Tests in R] 2019
** The result of '''dput''' can be used in expect_equal().
** [https://statisticaloddsandends.wordpress.com/2020/05/11/a-small-gotcha-when-comparing-lists-using-testthat/ A small gotcha when comparing lists using testthat]

== .Rbuildignore ==
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/05/20/rbuildignore/ Non-standard files/directories, Rbuildignore and inst]

== URL checker ==
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/12/01/url-checks/ A NOTE on URL checks of your R package]
* [https://github.com/r-lib/urlchecker urlchecker] package

== What is a library? ==
A library is simply a directory containing installed packages.

You can use ''.libPaths()'' to see which libraries are currently active.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
.libPaths()

lapply(.libPaths(), dir)
</syntaxhighlight>

== Object names ==
* Variable and function names should be lower case.
* Use an underscore (_) to separate words within a name (reserve . for S3 methods). 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_case Camel case] is a legitimate alternative, but be consistent! For example, preProcess(), twoClassData, createDataPartition(), trainingRows, trainPredictors, testPredictors, trainClasses, testClasses have been used in [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/AppliedPredictiveModeling/index.html Applied Predictive Modeling] by [http://appliedpredictivemodeling.com/ Kuhn & Johnson]. 
* Generally, variable names should be nouns and function names should be verb.

== Spacing ==
* Add a space around the operators +, -, \ and *. 
* Include a space around the assignment operators, <- and =. 
* Add a space around any comparison operators such as == and <.

== Indentation ==
* Use two spaces to indent code. 
* Never mix tabs and spaces. 
* RStudio can automatically convert the tab character to spaces (see Tools -> Global options -> Code).

== \dontrun{} ==
* [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html Writing R Extensions > Documenting functions] and search for '''dontrun'''
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12038160/how-to-not-run-an-example-using-roxygen2 How to not run an example using roxygen2?]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1454211/what-does-not-run-mean-in-r-help-pages What does "not run" mean in R help pages?] See ?example .

== formatR and lintr package ==
Use formatR package to clean up poorly formatted code
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
install.packages("formatR")
formatR::tidy_dir("R")
</syntaxhighlight>

Another way is to use the [https://github.com/jimhester/lintr lintr] package ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_(software) lint]).
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
install.packages("lintr")
lintr:::lin_package()
</syntaxhighlight>

== Rcpp ==
[https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06416 Thirteen Simple Steps for Creating An R Package with an External C++ Library]

== C library ==
[https://working-with-data.mazamascience.com/2021/07/16/using-r-packaging-a-c-library-in-15-minutes/ Using R — Packaging a C library in 15 minutes]

== Data package ==
[https://rstudio4edu.github.io/rstudio4edu-book/data-pkg.html Chapter 12 Create a data package] from rstudio4edu

== Minimal R package for submission ==
https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-August/067257.html and [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/policies.html CRAN Repository Policy].

== Create R Windows Binary on non-Windows OS ==
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/16745596 Create R Windows Binary from .tar.gz linux]
* [http://win-builder.r-project.org/ win-builder] from r-project.org

== r-hub/rhub package: the R package builder service ==
https://github.com/r-hub/proposal

* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/04/08/rhub-1.1.1/ rhub 1.1.1 is on CRAN!] 2019/4/8
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/03/26/why-care/ R package developers, why should you care about R-hub?] 2019/3/26
* [https://r-hub.github.io/rhub/articles/local-debugging.html Local Linux checks with Docker]
* https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/r-hub-overview/
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2016/10/r-hub-public-beta.html
* [https://jozef.io/r107-multiplatform-gitlabci-rhub/ Setting up continuous multi-platform R package building, checking and testing with R-Hub, Docker and GitLab CI/CD for free, with a working example] 2019/4/27
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/05/29/keep-up-with-cran/ How to keep up with CRAN policies and processes?] 2019/5/29
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/12/19/r-hub-usage/ R-hub usage in a few figures]

{{Pre}}
# Today 1/1/2020
$ git clone https://github.com/arraytools/rtoy.git
$ rm -rf rtoy/.git
$ rm rtoy/.gitignore rtoy/_config.yml
$ R
> install.packages("devtools", repos = "https://cran.rstudio.com")
> install.packages("rhub")
> devtools::install_github("r-hub/sysreqs") #needed before calling local_check_linux()

> pkg_path <- "~/Downloads/rtoy"
> chk <- local_check_linux(pkg_path, image = "rhub/debian-gcc-release")

─  Building package

Container name: 6dca434d-84f9-42e2-ab83-b8c364594476-2
It will _not_ be removed after the check.

R-hub Linux builder script v0.10.0 (c) R Consortium, 2018-2019

Package: /tmp/RtmpviOCT1/file470972a3c4ab/rtoy_0.1.0.tar.gz
Docker image: rhub/debian-gcc-release
Env vars:
R CMD check arguments:
Unable to find image 'rhub/debian-gcc-release:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from rhub/debian-gcc-release
Digest: sha256:a9e01ca57bfd44f20eb6719f0bfecdd8cf0f59610984342598a53f11555b515d
Status: Downloaded newer image for rhub/debian-gcc-release:latest
Sysreqs platform: linux-x86_64-debian-gcc
No system requirements

>>>>>==================== Installing system requirements
8fa4f66e41954b4ed1112eb72e76683c28345863fcc7e260edac6a9a30387fed

>>>>>==================== Starting Docker container
2dfae75c9de95b598ff8d9cd19d3cfc7ffe7f16edbc3d4f81c896e4e6b956ebd
ls: cannot access '/opt/R-*': No such file or directory
> source('https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R')
Error: With R version 3.5 or greater, install Bioconductor packages using BiocManager; see https://bioconductor.org/install
Execution halted
Error in run(bash, c(file.path(wd, "rhub-linux.sh"), args), echo = TRUE,  :
  System command error
</pre>
Moreover, it create a new Docker image and a new Docker container. We need to manually clean them:-(

Running a check on its own (remote) server works
{{Pre}}
> check_on_linux("rtoy") # will run remotely. 
     # We need to verify the email and enter a token.
     # We will get a report and a full build log.
     # The report includes both the linux command and the log from the server.
</pre>

Now I go back to the original method.
{{Pre}}
$ R
> install.packages("tinytex")
> tinytex::install_tinytex()
> q()
$ exit

$ sudo apt-get install texinfo
$ R CMD build rtoy
$ R CMD check rtoy_0.1.0.tar.gz

# Install pandoc
$ wget https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/releases/download/2.9.1/pandoc-2.9.1-1-amd64.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i pandoc-2.9.1-1-amd64.deb
$ R CMD check --as-cran rtoy_0.1.0.tar.gz
# Ignore a 'Note' https://stackoverflow.com/a/23831508
</pre>

== rcmdcheck ==
Run R CMD check from R and Capture Results

The [https://github.com/r-lib/rcmdcheck rcmdcheck] package was used by [https://github.com/r-lib/actions/tree/master/examples Github Actions for R language] from r-lib/R infrastructure.

== CRAN check API ==
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/06/10/cran-checks-api/ Overview of the CRAN checks API] 2019/6/10
* [https://ropensci.org/technotes/2019/10/09/cran-checks-api-update/ update] 2019/10/9

== Continuous Integration ==
=== [https://travis-ci.org/ Travis-CI] (Linux, Mac) ===
* [http://juliasilge.com/blog/Beginners-Guide-to-Travis/  A Beginner's Guide to Travis-CI]
* http://johnmuschelli.com/neuroc/getting_ready_for_submission/index.html#61_travis

=== Continuous Integration: [https://www.appveyor.com/ Appveyor] (Windows) ===
* Appveyor is a continuous integration service that builds projects on Windows machines. 
* http://johnmuschelli.com/neuroc/getting_ready_for_submission/index.html#62_appveyor

=== Github Actions ===
* See [[#usethis_package|usethis]] package.
* [https://jozef.io/r922-github-actions-r-packages/ Automating R package checks across platforms with GitHub Actions and Docker in a portable way]. No need to use "usethis" package.

=== precommit ===
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/precommit/index.html
* [https://lorenzwalthert.netlify.app/post/pre-commit-hooks-for-r/ precommit initial CRAN release]

== Submit packages to cran ==
* https://cran.r-project.org/submit.html
* http://f.briatte.org/r/submitting-packages-to-cran
* [https://rmhogervorst.nl/cleancode/blog/2016/07/09/content/post/2016-07-09-submtting-to-cran-first-experience/ Submitting your first package to CRAN, my experience]
* [https://jef.works/blog/2018/06/18/get-your-package-on-cran-in-10-steps/ Get your R package on CRAN in 10 steps] June 2018
* [http://johnmuschelli.com/neuroc/getting_ready_for_submission/index.html Preparing Your Package for for Submission] by John Muschelli
* https://builder.r-hub.io/. See [[R#Introducing_R-hub_.28rhub_package.29.2C_the_R_package_builder_service|here]].
* [https://neonira.github.io/op2 The most annoying warning for CRAN submission]
* [https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/socialsciencedatalab/article/r-package/ How to write your own R package and publish it on CRAN] '''devtools::release()''', July 2020
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/12/01/url-checks/?s=09 A NOTE on URL checks of your R package]
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/release.html Releasing a package] from the book "R packages" by Hadley Wickham.

=== Windows ===
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/04/01/win-builder/ Everything you should know about WinBuilder]

== Other tips ==
[https://martinctc.github.io/blog/make-package-even-more-awesome/ Top 10 tips to make your R package even more awesome]

= C/Fortran =
== Rmath.h ==
For example pnorm5() was used by [https://github.com/cran/survival/commit/3f7bbd52fc24f3fb744c5ca82946291e0735811e#diff-c5e184f4d68df5830324d0d15600667cR6 survS.h] by survival package (old version) .

== Packages includes Fortran ==
* [https://github.com/cran/survC1/tree/master/src survC1]
* [https://github.com/cran/nlme/tree/master/src nlme]
* [https://github.com/cran/glmnet/tree/master/src glmnet]
* [https://github.com/cran/bsamGP/tree/master/src bsamGP] (FORTRAN 90). This is searched by using https://www.r-pkg.org/. I am not able to get what I need using the website.

On mac, gfortran (6.1) can be downloaded from [https://cran.rstudio.com/bin/macosx/tools CRAN]. It will be installed onto /usr/local/gfortran. Note that the binary will not be present in PATH. So we need to run the following command to make gfortran avaiialbe.
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
sudo ln -s /usr/local/gfortran/bin/gfortran /usr/local/bin/gfortran
</syntaxhighlight>

A useful tool to find R packages containing Fortran code is [https://github.com/r-hub/pkgsearch pkgsearch] package. Note
* The result is not a comprehensive list of packages containing Fortran code. 
* It seems the result is the same as I got from https://www.r-pkg.org
<pre>
> pkg_search("Fortran")
- "Fortran" ------------------------------------ 69 packages in 0.009 seconds -
  #     package      version by                    @ title
  1 100 covr         3.3.2   Jim Hester          12d Test Coverage for Packages
  2  91 inline       0.3.15  Dirk Eddelbuettel    1y Functions to Inline C, ...
  3  43 randomForest 4.6.14  Andy Liaw            2y Breiman and Cutler's Ra...
  4  39 deSolve      1.24    Thomas Petzoldt      4M Solvers for Initial Val...
  5  27 mnormt       1.5.5   Adelchi Azzalini     3y The Multivariate Normal...
  6  26 minqa        1.2.4   Katharine M. Mullen  5y Derivative-free optimiz...
  7  24 rgcvpack     0.1.4   Xianhong Xie         6y R Interface for GCVPACK...
  8  22 leaps        3.0     Thomas Lumley        3y Regression Subset Selec...
  9  21 akima        0.6.2   Albrecht Gebhardt    3y Interpolation of Irregu...
 10  20 rootSolve    1.7     Karline Soetaert     3y Nonlinear Root Finding,...

> more()
- "Fortran" ------------------------------------ 69 packages in 0.009 seconds -
  #    package    version   by                    @ title
 11 15 BB         2019.10.1 Paul Gilbert        11d Solving and Optimizing L...
 12 15 limSolve   1.5.5.3   Karline Soetaert     2y Solving Linear Inverse M...
 13 14 insideRODE 2.0       YUZHUO PAN           7y insideRODE includes buil...
 14 13 earth      5.1.1     Stephen Milborrow    7M Multivariate Adaptive Re...
 15 13 cluster    2.1.0     Martin Maechler      4M "Finding Groups in Data"...
 16 13 spam       2.3.0.2   ORPHANED            11h SPArse Matrix
 17 12 diptest    0.75.7    Martin Maechler      4y Hartigan's Dip Test Stat...
 18 10 pbivnorm   0.6.0     Brenton Kenkel       5y Vectorized Bivariate Nor...
 19  7 optmatch   0.9.12    Mark M. Fredrickson 17d Functions for Optimal Ma...
 20  7 lsei       1.2.0     Yong Wang            2y Solving Least Squares or...
</pre>

Another way is to run rsync to download src/contrib directory from CRAN and then use grep to find these packages. Note: the source packages takes about 8GB space (2019-10-28).
<pre>
mkdir ~/Downloads/cran
rsync -avz --delete cran.r-project.org::CRAN/src/contrib/*.tar.gz ~/Downloads/cran/
rsync -avz --delete cran.r-project.org::CRAN/src/contrib/PACKAGES ~/Downloads/cran/
rsync -avz --delete cran.r-project.org::CRAN/src/contrib/PACKAGES.gz ~/Downloads/cran/
cd ~/Downloads/cran
find . -xtype l -delete # remove broken symbolic links

touch tmp
for f in *.gz;
do
  tar -tzvf $f | grep -E "(\.f|\.f90|\.f95)$"  |& tee -a tmp
done
</pre> 
to check if the tarball contains Fortran 77/90 code.

Now to see all packages names we can process it in R
{{Pre}}
library(magrittr)
library(stringr)
x <- read.table("~/Downloads/tmp", stringsAsFactors = F)
strsplit(x$V6, "/") %>% sapply(function(x) x[1]) %>% unique() # 415 packages
strsplit(x$V6, "/") %>% sapply(function(x) x[1]) %>% table() %>% sort() # how many Fortran files in each package

str_subset(x$V6, "\\.f90$") %>% strsplit("/") %>% sapply(function(x) x[1]) %>% unique() # Fortran 90 only packages
str_subset(x$V6, "\\.f95$") %>% strsplit("/") %>% sapply(function(x) x[1]) %>% unique() # Fortran 95 only packages

str_subset(x$V6, "BayesFM") # f95 
</pre>

= Misc =
== Datasets in R packages ==
https://vincentarelbundock.github.io/Rdatasets/datasets.html

== Build R package faster using multicore ==
http://www.rexamine.com/2015/07/speeding-up-r-package-installation-process/

The idea is edit the '''/lib64/R/etc/Renviron''' file (where /lib64/R/etc/ is the result to a call to the R.home() function in R) and set:
<pre>
MAKE='make -j 8' # submit 8 jobs at once
</pre>
Then build R package as regular, for example,
<pre>
$ time R CMD INSTALL ~/R/stringi --preclean --configure-args='--disable-pkg-config'
</pre>

== suppressPackageStartupMessages() and .onAttach() ==
[https://github.com/cran/KernSmooth/blob/master/R/all.R KernSmooth] package example.

[http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2019/08/it-is-time-for-cran-to-ban-package-ads/ It is Time for CRAN to Ban Package Ads]

<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("dplyr"))
</syntaxhighlight>

== fusen package ==
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2021/08/fusen-is-now-available-on-cran/ {fusen} is now available on CRAN!]
* [https://youtu.be/febuOcS70t4?t=1742 How To Build A Package With The "Rmd First" Method], [https://youtu.be/febuOcS70t4?t=2788 fusen::inflate()]

== CRANalerts ==
* https://cranalerts.com/ 
* [https://deanattali.com/blog/cranalerts/ CRANalerts: Get email alerts when a CRAN package gets updated]

== R-universe ==
[https://ropensci.org/blog/2021/06/22/setup-runiverse/ How to create your personal CRAN-like repository on R-universe]