Ubuntu: Difference between revisions
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* [http://linrunner.de/en/tlp/tlp.html TLP] – Linux Advanced Power Management | * [http://linrunner.de/en/tlp/tlp.html TLP] – Linux Advanced Power Management | ||
* [https://www.linuxbabe.com/ubuntu/tlp-linux-laptop-battery-life Use TLP to Extend Linux Laptop Battery Life on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS] | * [https://www.linuxbabe.com/ubuntu/tlp-linux-laptop-battery-life Use TLP to Extend Linux Laptop Battery Life on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS] | ||
* https://www.tecmint.com/tlp-increase-and-optimize-linux-battery-life/ | |||
=== Power Manager for GNOME === | === Power Manager for GNOME === |
Revision as of 10:31, 15 February 2018
Debian
Download Debian
Go to http://www.debian.org/distrib/ and download "Small CDs or USB sticks", for example debian-8.1.0-amd64-netinst.iso (Jessie, released June 2015). It is about 280 MB.
Screenshots of step-by-step installation can be found in here.
At the end of installation, it will offer a collection of software to install. Below 'Debian desktop environment', it has a selection of GNOME, Xface, KDE, Cinnamon, MATE and LXDE (new in Jessie/8.0). Note that the cd images download page only provides a selection of kde, lxde and xfce desktop. The default is 'GNOME' in Jessie.
After installation, you got a desktop environment of Debian based on GNOME 3 (Virtual machine will use recovery mode, but still works. Some people suggest to install the guest additions (in the guest) and make sure that you enable the 3D acceleration in the guest settings.). Also 'free -m' command shows it uses 202 MB memory and the whole system takes up 3.3 GB. I am testing on a Chinese desktop environment.
When Debian is in recovery mode, the desktop interface is like old fashion. Application and Place on top of the screen. When GNOME 3 is working (in my test of Debian 7.1.0, I cannot run VBoxLinux.run, but it still works after I did other steps), the interface is sort of Ubuntu with application launched from the left hand side. It differs from Ubuntu because the side bar appears by clicking a 'preview' button on top left corner.
The default browser in Debian is Iceweasel with AdBlock Plus preinstalled.
I don't know why the default user does not have root privilege.
When I installed the Chinese version, the keyboard switch icon (SCIM) is automatically available. However once the desktop is in regular GNOME 3, the switch icon disappeared. Fortunately, we can use Ctrl + Space to switch languages. Thanks to the hint there.
How hard it is to install Debian
Tested on Lenovo thinkpad t420s. When it is about to detect network hardware, it popped up a message:
Some of your hardware needs non-free firmware files to operate. The firmware can be loaded from removable media, such as a USB stick or floppy.
The missing firmware files are: iwlwifi-6000g2a-6.ucode iwlwifi-6000g2a-5.ucode.
See
- https://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/debian-26/how-to-provide-non-free-firmware-files-to-the-debian-jessie-installer-4175542680/
- https://wiki.debian.org/Firmware
- https://www.debian.org/releases/jessie/i386/ch06s04.html.en
Server version
There is no a server version of iso to download. At the end of installation, it will ask what software to install: Debian desktop environment, Web server, SSH server, Laptop, SQL database, ... We can uncheck 'Debian desktop environment' item.
Compared to Desktop version, the server version takes 1.3GB space and 33MB memory.
The server version does not have 'sudo' command. Use 'su' to switch to 'root' user.
Note that even we installed 'sudo', we can not use 'sudo' from the default user. It will complain xxx is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported..
Virtualbox guest addition installation
See Virtualbox -> Debian.
Browse iso files
Note that if we want to download the iso image, we should consider using the torrent method. The can see a variety of download options from
http://www.debian.org/CD/ > Downloading Debian CD/DVD images via HTTP/FTP
- (Official) http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/8.0.0/amd64/iso-cd/
- (One of mirrors in US) http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian-cd/8.0.0/amd64/iso-cd/
Permission denied
http://roger.steneteg.org/blog/virtualbox-guest-additions-on-debian/
The script uses /bin/sh as shell and on Debian Wheezy/Jessie /bin/sh is symlinked to /bin/dash. Dash is a more light-weight replacement for Bash, and it turns out that the VirtualBox script does not work as it should when run with "dash".
An easy workaround is to explicitly run the script with "bash" with the following command:
sudo bash ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
Browse source code
- http://archive.ubuntu.com/
- https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/SourceCode
- Find a command's package name
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4767821/how-do-i-get-the-ubuntu-source-code
Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Lubuntu/Xubuntu
Download links for all versions from wiki.ubuntu.com > releases.ubuntu.com.
Ubuntu flavors and derivatives
For some reason, when I try the Ubuntu (13.04) live CD, the screen resolution looks perfect. But when I installed the OS, the screen resolution is always too low. The propriety graphics driver cannot be installed successfully. Fortunately, when I try the Kubuntu (13.04), the display resolution problem automatically works!
Update: Kubuntu failed to respond after I install SCIM related programs. A freshly installed linuxmint OS also has a similar problem that the desktop does not respond to mouse or keyboard. Luckily, the Xubuntu works fine and the Chinese input works out of box if I choose Chinese as desktop environment (339MB was used).
Download mirror
https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+cdmirrors
For me, mirrors.acm.jhu.edu (only visible from Ubuntu's Software & Updates -> Download from, Ubuntu 16.04) or mirror.umd.edu are closest.
Installation
Installing Ubuntu (or xubuntu, Mint) still requires an internet connection for downloading language packs. This could be very time consuming. However, in the installation process I can click the 'skip' button to skip downloading language packs. This saves a lot of time when the internet connection is slow. After ubuntu desktop appears, it still pops up a message to give an instruction to install language packs.
The installation takes about 10 minutes when I installed ubuntu 14.04 (unity) on virtualBox.
How to upgrade
Install via PXE Network Boot Server
Install Debian 9 (Stretch) via PXE Network Boot Server
Original GA (General Availability) stack & HWE (Hardware Enablement) stack
The HWE stack provides a newer kernel and X support for existing Ubuntu LTS releases.
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/SpectreAndMeltdown#Kernel_Mitigations
End of life date of Ubuntu release
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases
Each time I log into my Ubuntu 12.04.5 LTE, I'll receive a message
New release '14.04.2 LTS' available. Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it. Your current Hardware Enablement Stack (HWE) is no longer supported since 2014-08-07. Security updates for critical parts (kernel and graphics stack) of your system are no longer available. For more information, please see: http://wiki.ubuntu.com/1204_HWE_EOL There is a graphics stack installed on this system. An upgrade to a supported (or longer supported) configuration will become available on 2014-07-16 and can be invoked by running 'update-manager' in the Dash.
Ubuntu 12.04
As of Dec 1, 2015, Chrome for 32-bit Ubuntu 12.04 is not supported anymore.
Black screen on boot Ubuntu 14.04
Press e when you see the first menu.
Server version
AV Linux
AV Linux features a complete customized Debian Linux XFCE4 4.10 Desktop Environment with the added bonus of a handpicked selection of pre-tested and pre-configured Audio, Graphics and Video content creation software demonstrating the excellence of Open-Source and also includes many unique Commercial Demos.
Kali Linux
- http://lifehacker.com/how-to-hack-your-own-network-and-beef-up-its-security-w-1649785071
- https://www.offensive-security.com/kali-linux-vmware-arm-image-download/ In addition to regular linux image, Kali provides images for VirtualBox, VMWARE and ARM devices like Raspberry Pi, Beaglebone Black, Chromebook, Odroid, et al.
Create customized ubuntu iso
- Cubic. https://www.ostechnix.com/create-custom-ubuntu-live-cd-image/
- Ubuntu Mini Remix (~200MB). Note that this is a live ubuntu which can't be installed even we can remaster it to include Desktop Environment, packages, et al. See this FAQ.
- Ubuntu customization kit - linux.com howtogeek. The project has not been updated since 2013-01-16.
- Ubuntu Builder - lifehacker. It looks the project is abandoned.
- Customizer - quite information from its website. The manuals/user guide 3.x p46 talks about how to make the iso installable instead of just a live CD (e.g. apt-get install ubiquity ubiquity-frontend-gtk). N.B. Installing ubiquity should be run once we have installed all software we want; i.e. if we want to install xfce4 we should install xfce4 before we install ubiquity. Also for some reason, Customizer crashed when I tried to create an iso if I have installed xubuntu-desktop, ubiquity and ubiquity-frontend-gtk.
Note that the Ubuntu Mini Remix by default contains only 3 repositories. We may want to add some more.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted
while for example an official v14.04 xubuntu contains 22 sources,
# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty universe deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty multiverse deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security universe deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu trusty partner # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu trusty partner ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party ## developers who want to ship their latest software. deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/409607/how-to-create-a-customized-ubuntu-server-iso It gives a long instruction based on command line.
- http://razvangavril.com/linux-administration/custom-ubuntu-server-iso/ The instruction is organized and is very similar to the above.
- http://amjjawad.blogspot.com/2013/07/ubuntu-mini-iso-installation-process.html It does not talk about creating a customized iso. It talks about how to install Ubuntu from the minimal CD (~40M). The minimal CD will download the packages in the installation process.
Create your own Debian iso
MultiSystem – Create a MultiBoot USB from Linux
- How to Install Multiple Linux Distributions on One USB using MultiBootUSB (Linux/Windows)
- To test Boot ISO function, Ubuntu needs to run 'sudo apt-get install qemu'. See Virtualbox -> QEMU.
- https://sourceforge.net/projects/multisystem/
- https://www.pendrivelinux.com/multiboot-create-a-multiboot-usb-from-linux/
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/combine-multiple-iso-images-burn-single-bootable-iso-image-file/
Minimal Ubuntu
The minimal ubuntu iso is about 50MB. It will download files when we install the Ubuntu.
In the halfway of installing the minimal Ubuntu, there is a dialog called 'Software selection'. It says At the moment, only the core of the system is installed. To tune the system to your needs, you can choose to install one or more of the following predefined collections of software. Choose software to install:.
In addition to some default selections (like 'standard system utilities'), I choose Ubuntu MATE minimal installation (not 'Ubuntu MATE desktop'). This action will retrieve about 1228 files from the internet. After finishing install them, the installer also installed GRUB and set up system clock. Then the installation was complete. We have to reboot the system (for virtual machine case we need to power off the guest machine and remove the virtual drive).
For the Ubuntu MATE minimal installation selection, it still includes several software. The 'df' command shows 3.3GB space was used in this minimal Ubuntu MATE 16.04.
- Accessories: Character Map, Engrampa Archive Manager, Calculator, MATE Search Tools, Passwords and Keys, Pluma Text Editor, Take Screenshot
- Graphics: Eye of MATE image Viewer, MATE Color Selection, Simple Scan
- Internet: Firefox
- Office: Atril Document Viewer, MATE Dictionary
- Sound & Video: Sound
- System Tools:Avahi Zeroconf Browser, Caja, dconf Editor, GDebi Package Installer, Log File Viewer, MATE Disk Usage Analyzer, MATE System Monitor, MATE Terminal, Power Statistics
- Universal Access: Onboard, Screen Magnifier, Screen Reader
Actually, if we do not select Ubuntu MATE minimal installation but rather choose to install it later on from the command line (sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends ubuntu-mate-core) we still end up with the same Ubuntu MATE desktop environment (3.3GB).
The Perfect Server
- Ubuntu 16.04 from howtoforge.
- Debian 8.4 from howtoforge.
Live USB with persistent storage
Dual boot Ubuntu and Arch Linux
http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/dual-boot-ubuntu-and-arch-linux
Selection of desktop environment
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Desktop_environment
- http://www.pcworld.com/article/2951829/operating-systems/freedom-of-choice-7-top-linux-desktop-environments-compared.html
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/LowMemorySystems How to install desktops from the command line.
- To query the desktop environment using the command line, use
echo $DESKTOP_SESSION
On Ubuntu, it returns
- 'ubuntu' gnome 3+unity
- 'mate' ubuntu Mate on Odroid xu4
- 'default' on Debian 8.0
- 'LXDE' on Debian's BBB, 'LXDE-pi' on Raspbian
- 'Lubuntu' on UDOObuntu 2
Unity
Unity as the default user interface instead of GNOME Shell, beginning April 2011, with Ubuntu 11.04 according to the wikipedia.
Use 'unity --version' to check the unity version. If something was screwed up (eg after we remove gnome-desktop), we can reinstall the unity desktop by
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
Don't forget Unity Tweak Tool. That is required if you want to install, saying, Arc theme. I install it on Ubuntu 16.04 by running sudo apt install unity-tweak-tool.
Note that there is no screensaver anymore starting with Ubuntu 12.04. Read this post. If we want to add a screensaver program, read How to Add Screensavers to Ubuntu 12.04
GNOME
Ubuntu GNOME (GNOME 3). The build-in screensaver is a digital clock showing the current time & date. Cool! This seems to be a new feature in GNOME 3.6 optimized for touch screen devices. See this and this.
Note that we can install the gnome desktop by using the command line. It will keep the current wallpaper. The clock in screensaver will not be shown until we shake the mouse or keyboard.
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell # Choose 'gdm' (Gnome Desktop Manager) as the display manager instead of 'lightdm' the Ubuntu's default # when it is configuring gdm as only GDM offers GNOME-specific features such as lock-screen notifications. # See the screenshot at # https://ideasnet.wordpress.com/2013/05/11/ides-desktop-how-to-replace-unity-with-gnome-3-8-in-ubuntu-13-04-desktop-edition/ # If messed up, run "sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm" sudo apt-get install ubuntu-gnome-desktop
If the lock screen does not work, use Settings > Brightness and Lock, or use the command line
gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.lockdown disable-lock-screen 'false'
If the screensaver is not working, try
sudo apt-get install gnome-screensaver
In my case, the screen turns off (black). But if we wake the PC up, the time and date screen shows up.
Some differences (inconvenience): 1. No maximize, minimize windows buttons 2. Have to click 'Activities' button (or 'Windows' key) to switch applications. These complains also appeared in other review.
KDE
Xfce
Xfce Explained: A Look at One of Linux’s Speediest Desktops "Xfce doesn’t support HiDPI, which can be a deal breaker on newer machines. Even on a laptop with a 1920 x 1080 screen resolution, I find Xfce’s interface and windows to be absolutely tiny."
Xubuntu. The response is quicker when I compare the speed by clicking the top-left icon (app menu) in Xfce and Acitvities button in ubuntu-GNOME. This is tested when both Xubuntu and ubuntu-GNOME are installed in VirtualBox.
# Note the sources.list should contain 'universe' repositories. # https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu # # Install XFCE alone, without Xubuntu, with this command: sudo apt-get install xfce4 # Install the entire Xubuntu package, which includes a full suite of software and a lot of improvements: sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop # # Note that installed terminal is XTerm and UXTerm which looks awful. We will want # xfce4-terminal, a modern, lightweight and low memory cost terminal emulator for X11, # which was included in the Xubuntu desktop. sudo apt-get install xfce4-terminal
The default display manager (used e.g. log in screen) can be found by
cat /etc/X11/default-display-manager
To install lightdm display manager
sudo apt-get install lightdm
After running the above command, I found 1. a GUI login screen came out, but login failed (my case). Use Ctrl+Alt+F1 to switch to the command line approach. 2. startx failed.
LXDE
Lubuntu, LXLE and LXQt. LXDE is the default desktop environment for Raspbian, LXLE, BBB, and Lubuntu.
The default browser in LXLE is SeaMonkey (Debian Jessie has Iceweasel which is even similar to Firefox; see Odroid). In the Internet category, it also includes FireFTP (SeaMonkey extension), Transmission, Gitso (VNC), uGet. In the Sound/Video category, it includes Arista transcoder, Audacity, Guaydadeque Music Player, guncviewer, Pithos, RecordMyDesktop, Videos/Totem. Gedit, GParted, KeepassX and LibreOffice are standard. There is also a Games category.
The LXLE LS version provides several business apps to anyone on the network.
LXQt is the Qt port and the upcoming version of LXDE, the Lightweight Desktop Environment.
The download links (if we want to skip answering the question) are https://sourceforge.net/projects/lxle/files/Final/OS/.
One cool thing in lxle is the random wallpaper. On regular Ubuntu, we can install a wallpaper changer program - Wallch or Variety. See also OMGUBUNTU.
In Lxle, the random wallpaper is done through a simple command
dash -c 'pcmanfm -w "$(find ~/Pictures/Wallpapers -type f | shuf -n1)"'
A list of keyboard shortcuts for Lubuntu.
The file manager in LXLE is PCManFM (not to confuse with the package manager pacman in ArchLinux). It does not support drag and drop to copy a file name to a terminal but it can execute a file in a terminal by PCManFM -> Tools -> Run a Command in Current Folder.
Cinnamon
Linux Mint. A GTK+-based desktop environment. Note that Mint releases only LTS versions (5 years support as Ubuntu).
To check the desktop environment, use echo $DESKTOP_SESSION. To check the cinnamon version, use cinnamon --version.
Note
- To change to other workspace, use Ctrl + Alt + Up or Alt + F1 keybind to enter Expo mode and then select one. To directly switch to the next workspace, use Ctrl + Alt + Right/Left arrow key.
- To change the title bar color from gray to black follow this instruction. Go to Preferences -> Themes and click 'Add/Remove desktop themes'. Type the keyword 'nightfall' and install the theme. Close the 'Themes' window and open it again. Click 'Windows borders' and select 'nightfall'.
- Mint has its own package update manager. Click Menu > Administration > Update Manager. Security updates are level 5. Kernel updates are level 4/5. See their meaning on the official user's guide.
- Level 1 and Level 2 updates are risk-free and you should always apply them. Level 3 updates “should be safe” but, although we recommend you take them, make sure you look over them on the list of updates.
- Level 4 is "Unsafe packages". It could potentially affect the stability of the system". Level 5 is "Dangerous packages".
- We don't have to install Linux Mint in order to get cinnamon desktop. How To Install Cinnamon 3.0 In Ubuntu 16.04 Or 15.10 Via PPA
- this Cinnamon desktop has a digital clock as a screen saver while the MATE desktop only has a black screen as a screen saver. I still get the digital clock as a screen saver when I install cinnamon desktop on top of regular Ubuntu.
MATE
Ubuntu Mate. The MATE Desktop Environment is the continuation of GNOME 2.
odroid@odroid:~/$ cat /etc/X11/default-display-manager /usr/sbin/lightdm
Pantheon
Elementary OS & wikipedia. I cannot make the Chinese input to work (I can install ibus-chewing but cannot switch input methods?).
(Loki release 0.4.1, May 2017) No screensaver. The default browser is Epiphany:( The default apps on the launcher are not useful. No office applications. df -h shows 3.7GB space is used.
How to Refresh Your Linux Desktop Without Rebooting
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/refresh-linux-desktop-without-rebooting/
Ubuntu Software Repository
The repository components are:
- Main - Officially supported software.
- Restricted - Supported software that is not available under a completely free license.
- Universe - Community maintained software, i.e. not officially supported but enabled by default software.
- Multiverse - Software that is not free.
See the pitfall in the PCWorld article.
Slow download
Check if a repository exists
For example, consider the CRAN repository at cran.rstudio.com server.
if grep -q "deb http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/linux/ubuntu" /etc/apt/sources.list; then echo http://cran.studio.com/bin/linux/ubuntu was found else add-apt-repository "deb http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/linux/ubuntu $codename/" gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-key E084DAB9 gpg -a --export E084DAB9 | apt-key add - fi
Now run nano /etc/apt/sources.d to check if duplicated repository has been added.
GPG/Authentication key
- How to Encrypt and Decrypt Individual Files With GPG
- What is a repository key under Ubuntu and how do they work?
- GnuPG from archlinux.org.
gpg (GNU Privacy Guard) is the tool used in secure apt to sign files and check their signatures. See https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SecureApt or https://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt.
apt-key is a program that is used to manage a keyring of gpg keys for secure apt. Note The keyring is kept in the file /etc/apt/trusted.gpg. Not to be confused with the related but not very interesting /etc/apt/trustdb.gpg.
brb@ubuntu16041:~$ gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E084DAB9 gpg: directory `/home/brb/.gnupg' created gpg: new configuration file `/home/brb/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created gpg: WARNING: options in `/home/brb/.gnupg/gpg.conf' are not yet active during this run gpg: keyring `/home/brb/.gnupg/secring.gpg' created gpg: keyring `/home/brb/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created gpg: requesting key E084DAB9 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com gpg: /home/brb/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created gpg: key E084DAB9: public key "Michael Rutter <[email protected]>" imported gpg: Total number processed: 1 gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1) brb@ubuntu16041:~$ ls -l ~/.gnupg total 20 -rw------- 1 brb brb 9398 Nov 27 09:31 gpg.conf -rw------- 1 brb brb 1531 Nov 27 09:31 pubring.gpg -rw------- 1 brb brb 0 Nov 27 09:31 pubring.gpg~ -rw------- 1 brb brb 0 Nov 27 09:31 secring.gpg -rw------- 1 brb brb 1200 Nov 27 09:31 trustdb.gpg brb@ubuntu16041:~$ gpg -a --export E084DAB9 | sudo apt-key add - OK brb@ubuntu16041:~$ ls -l ~/.gnupg total 20 -rw------- 1 brb brb 9398 Nov 27 09:31 gpg.conf -rw------- 1 brb brb 1531 Nov 27 09:31 pubring.gpg -rw------- 1 brb brb 0 Nov 27 09:31 pubring.gpg~ -rw------- 1 brb brb 0 Nov 27 09:31 secring.gpg -rw------- 1 brb brb 1200 Nov 27 09:31 trustdb.gpg brb@ubuntu16041:~$ apt-key list /etc/apt/trusted.gpg -------------------- pub 1024D/437D05B5 2004-09-12 uid Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key <[email protected]> sub 2048g/79164387 2004-09-12 pub 4096R/C0B21F32 2012-05-11 uid Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]> pub 4096R/EFE21092 2012-05-11 uid Ubuntu CD Image Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]> pub 1024D/FBB75451 2004-12-30 uid Ubuntu CD Image Automatic Signing Key <[email protected]> pub 2048R/E084DAB9 2010-10-19 [expires: 2020-10-16] uid Michael Rutter <[email protected]> sub 2048R/1CFF3E8F 2010-10-19 [expires: 2020-10-16] /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/peterlevi_ubuntu_ppa.gpg ----------------------------------------------- pub 1024R/A546BE4F 2012-06-28 uid Launchpad PPA for Peter Levi
Note that the 3 commands we have use (gpg for import, gpg for export from your keyring, apt-key for adding) can be combined into one apt-key command). See R installation.
GPG key error: If the machine is behind a proxy, we may get the following error. See this post.
gpg: requesting key E084DAB9 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com ?: keyserver.ubuntu.com: Connection refused gpgkeys: HTTP fetch error 7: couldn't connect: Connection refused gpg: no valid OpenPGP data found. gpg: Total number processed: 0
Check if a ppa repository exists
For example, consider the ppa:webupd8team repository.
if [ $codename == "trusty" && ! find /etc/apt/sources.list.d/* -iname *.list | xargs cat | grep webupd8team ]; then add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java fi
How to know if there are updates available?
http://askubuntu.com/questions/457874/how-to-know-if-there-are-updates-available
Type 'software update' in the Dash. It will launch Software Updater and also check for updates.
"Failed to download Package Files" - Software Updater
One solution is to run the following command first
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
and then run the software updater. Usually it requires the computer to restart.
I personally adjust the frequency of notification by choosing 'Every two weeks' for Automatically check for updates, etc.
apt-get upgrade vs apt-get dist-upgrade
My experience aligns with the statement: dist-upgrade is more likely to break stuff badly than upgrade.
Offline update/upgrade: apt-offline
How To Fully Update And Upgrade Offline Debian-based Systems
Troubleshooting
Grub2 cannot boot after timeout
There is not /etc/default/grub with GRUB2.
sudo apt-get --reinstall install grub-pc
The disk drive for /tmp is not ready yet
sudo mv /tmp /tmp_old sudo mkdir /tmp sudo chmod 1777 /tmp
Software updater - “Failed to download package files” error?
Change the download location to 'Main Server' or another server close to the country you live in and try to sudo apt-get update again.
Use parted command to format a new hard disk
- The fdisk won’t create partitions larger than 2 TB. Use parted with GPT partition table.
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/517354/terminal-method-of-formatting-storage-drive. The bottomline is not to use fdisk since it does not support GPT. Use parted (the CLI brother of GParted).
- http://www.tecmint.com/parted-command-to-create-resize-rescue-linux-disk-partitions/
- https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/fdisk-unable-to-create-partition-greater-2tb.html
- https://trisquel.info/en/wiki/how-format-external-storage-device-using-parted
sudo apt-get install parted sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb # find out the disk size sudo parted print select /dev/sdb mklabel myLabel mkpart primary ext4 0GB 128GB print quit lsblk sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 mkdir /mnt/newdisk sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/newdisk df -h
Gparted
It is best to use the latest release of GParted https://github.com/GNOME/gparted/.
The gparted version on Mint 17.2 is 0.18.0 (Feb 19, 2014) while the current one is 0.28.1 (Feb 17, 2017).
After I create a bootable USB drive, the partition format is fat32 (I use an old version of GParted to format the drive as fat32, and then I use unetbootin to create the bootable USB drive).
If we want to use unetbootin, the USB drive has better to be pre-formatted as fat32 first for unetbootin to detect it. Once unetbootin detect the drive, we can use gparted to reformat it as NTFS before going to burn the Windows bootable USB drive. Read How do I use Unetbootin to make a bootable Windows USB installer?.
gparted on a 4TB disk
Get an error when I tried to create partitions on a 4T disk. Search 4TB gparted sectors exceeds the msdos-partition-table-imposed maximum of 4294967295
It seems it is necessary to use GPT instead of MBR/msdos as a partition table to overcome 2TB limitions.
It is also a good idea to use a live gparted os since the one in Ubuntu may not be up-to-date and gparted takes forever to scan devices. When boot from live USB, we need to turn off the Ext hard disk first.
Step1. Device -> Create a partition table -> GPT
Step2. Create a new ext4 partition as you want.
- http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2164361
- http://gparted-forum.surf4.info/viewtopic.php?id=14940
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/339041/cannot-resize-drive
- http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/67835/change-partition-table-with-gparted
Note:
- The 4TB hard disk can be recognized and used normally in an internal hd in Ubuntu 12.04.
- The 4TB hard disk can also be used in Windows 7 as an external hd if I formatted it (e.g. from gparted in Linux) as an NTFS partition. The Disk Management (command prompt -> diskmgnt.msc) shows it has 3726.02 GB (3726.02 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 = 4.000784e12 Bytes) capacity and the windows manager shows it is 3.63TB (3726.02/1024=3.638) total space.
- It cannot be used as 4TB in the case when I use a docking station in Dell Precision T3500. Unsolved problem:
- Running the command chown from root to user takes forever on 4T partition.
- The ext dock station (StarTech) will halt the shutdown until I power off the station?
Conclusion:
- 4TB using NTFS works on Ubuntu.
- rsync will not stop spinning for some reason even the command is finished (through StarTech dock station).
Below is a screenshot I got from Gparted on a pre-formatted (NTFS) 4T portable drive from Seagate. It seems not harmful because I can still umount, change labels, etc on the disk.
tracker-miner-fs
See http://askubuntu.com/questions/346211/tracker-store-and-tracker-miner-fs-eating-up-my-cpu-on-every-startup how to disable it.
Health check of the hdd
I got an input/output error when I use sudo rm, sudo reboot or Ctrl + Del commands.
When I use the power button to force shutdown, I could not boot again. The BIOS does find the hdd and the Ubuntu Live USB does find the internal hdd too.
To force to reboot/shutdown, follow the suggestion here
dmesg command shows there are a few bad sectors on that hdd.
http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/37659/the-beginners-guide-to-linux-disk-utilities/ shows a few ways to run a health check on the hdd. The gnome disk utility cannot run S.M.A.R.T. on the external hdd.
sudo badblocks -v /dev/sdb1 sudo badblocks /dev/sdb > /home/zainul/bad-blocks sudo fsck -l bad-blocks /dev/sdb
This article http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/how-to-fix-repair-bad-blocks-in-linux/ talks about how to fix/repair bad blocks in Linux .
This article http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/25902/what-does-this-hard-disk-error-message-mean-current-pending-sector-count talks about how to do with bad sectors.
It is an indicator that hdd is going to die http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-hardware-18/34-bad-blocks-what-should-i-do-927224-print/.
Burn/Write an iso or img file to a USB flash drive
Official instruction on www.ubuntu.com and from wikipedia.
- If your current OS is windows => Universal USB Installer/Live Linux USB Creator.
- If your current OS is Ubuntu => Several choices like Startup Disk Creator/usb-creator (has an option on the GUI to erase the usb drive). If your ubuntu derivative does not have it, install it by sudo apt-get install usb-creator-gtk. UNETBOOTIN (no option to erase the USB so it can fail) or mkusb.
- If your current OS is Mint => Right click the iso file and select Make bootable USB stick. No software to install.
Use dd
First, get to know the USB drive device name like /dev/sdb. When using 'dd', the USB drive has to be unmounted (using 'umount' command, not click 'reject' button in File Manager). Note that this will irrevocably destroy all data on /dev/sdX.
The instruction can be found in a lot of places like Archlinux wiki page.
sudo fdisk -l sudo dd bs=4M if=xxx.img of=/dev/sdb && sync
where /dev/sdb is a device name, not a partition name. We can also adjust bs to a smaller value like 1M, 4m.
- Monitor the progress,
- adding a parameter status=progress in dd (not working on Ubuntu 14.04)
- Linux dialog command
- following Raspberry Pi
sudo pkill -USR1 -n -x dd
For some reason when I use dd to create ubuntu 14.04 on usb drive, sudo gparted also gives me a Libparted warning /dev/sdc contains GPT signature, indicating that it has a GPT table. However, it does not have a valid fake msdos partition table, as it should... Is it a GPT partition table? messsage. If I click 'Yes', Gparted shows no partition on the usb drive??? Nevertheless, the usb drive can be used to boot into ubuntu 14.04.
In another case, the gparted compalins the usb drive "Invalid partition table - recursive partition on /dev/sdb". Someone suggests to issue a command
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=4M
Etcher - cross platform
For Ubuntu, there is no need to install the program. Just run the binary file (.AppImage).
See https://www.raspberrypi.org/magpi/pi-sd-etcher/
Rufus - Windows
- Create GPT (for UEFI) or MBR partition table. See What’s the Difference Between GPT and MBR When Partitioning a Drive?
- https://github.com/hirotakaster/baytail-bootia32.efi
- installing Ubuntu / Mint Linux on Onda 820w tablet
- It successfully burns ESXi and Ubuntu iso images to USB drives while the USB drives created by the 'dd' command does not work??
UNETBOOTIN - cross platform
For creating a Windows bootable USB drive, we cannot use Etcher program. On UDoo-X86 Get started site, it suggests to use Unetbootin if the host machine is Ubuntu. NOTE. the USB drive has to be formatted as FAT32 (this can be done by GParted program); otherwise Unetbootin cannot recognize the drive. Unfortunately the USB drive can not be booted from UDoo-X86. See also the trick by this post.
- The command sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt should be sudo mkdir /media/$USER/usb; sudo mount /dev/sdc1 /media/$USER/usb where /dev/sdc1 should be changed appropriately
- This approach works
- Rufus is good but not always (eg the USB drive is not bootable??)
The GUI is written by Qt so the program is cross-platform. See its wiki.
The following is a screenshot of the contents of xubuntu 12.04. The usb drive needs to be formatted to fat32 on Windows OS to repair partition table error. The partition table error was discovered when I use sudo gparted program to view the USB drive.
Note that Unetbootin (Windows & Linux) and Universal USB installer (Windows only) are quite similar although Universal USB installer provides more options in its interface while Unetbootin does not have any other options.
Universal USB Installer/UUI
http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/
I first used dd command to successfully created a xubuntu 14.04 usb drive but there seems to be a problem with the partition since the gparted program will give a warning message about that and also the whole 16GB was used when I insert the drive onto a Windows machine.
Note that the fdisk utility cannot handle this new partition format so we have to use the gparted program.
Open the gparted program. Use it MULTIPLE TIMES to create a partition table (Device -> Create Partition Table...). Then we create a FAT32 partition with all of the space. After that, we can use the UUI program to create an Ubuntu USB drive.
The following screenshots are from a 16GB USB drive.
Multiple boot USB
YUMI
YUMI works much like Universal USB Installer, except it can be used to install more than one distribution to run Live from your USB.
It can be used to create a Multiboot USB Flash Drive containing multiple operating systems, antivirus utilities, disc cloning, diagnostic tools, and more.
MultiBootUSB
The program is included by LXLE.
It supports persistence up to 4GB for ubuntu and its derivatives.
It also supports multi-thread (check by top or htop). The %cpu > 100.
It will take space as needed. So we can still use the USB drive to write data.
- http://multibootusb.org/news/
- https://github.com/mbusb/multibootusb
- https://github.com/mbusb/multibootusb/wiki/User-Guide
For some reason, the USB drive could not be boot after I use the program. The ubuntu does not show/recognize it though gparted still finds it. Maybe it is because the partition format (ext4 by gparted) is right. For YUMI program, it says to use fat16/fat32/NTFS; otherise syslinux will fail. But it seems not to help:( Maybe it is the partition table (I choose gpt instead of the default msdos).
Determine/install/switch Window Manager
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/72549/how-to-determine-which-window-manager-is-running
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/227607/different-display-and-window-managers-for-ubuntu-and-how-to-install-them
sudo apt-get install wmctrl wmctrl -m sudo apt-get install <pkg-name> <pkg-name> --replace
On Ubuntu the default window manager is Compiz, for xubuntu it is Xfwm4 and for BBB it is Openbox.
Add date and time to the clock indicator on the top panel
Method 1. GUI approach. Right click the clock indicator and choose Time and Date Settings. Click on 'clock' tab and check 'date and month' option.
Method 2. Command line approach.
gsettings set com.canonical.indicator.datetime show-date true
Jenkins
How to Install Jenkins Automation Server with Apache on Ubuntu 16.04
Automatic update
http://www.howtogeek.com/228690/how-to-enable-automatic-system-updates-in-ubuntu/
After running update/upgrade in Ubuntu
Virtualbox
Virtualbox does not work. After initial fix, the guest machine cannot connect to internet:(
Crashes network manager (no internet connection, no applet)
The solution on here works on my Ubuntu 14.04.4. Download 3 deb files and install them (downgrade packages).
Printer setup
Printers -> Add -> Network Printer -> Find Network Printer (wait a little bit).
It shows two matches. Brother HL-5250DN (AppSocket/JetDirect network printer via DNS-SD) & Brother HL-5250DN series (LPD network printer via DNS-SD). The first one does not work and the 2nd one works.
Another way is to type the IP approach (Enter URI). Enter 192.168.1.88:9100 -> Select printer from database -> Brother. There are two possibilities: HL-5250DN & HL-5250DN for CUPS. The first one does not work and the 2nd one works.
It is strange that when I try to print from Firefox, it shows 3 options (Print to file, BRN_xxxxx, HL-5250DN). The BRN_XXXXX shows the status is online but it cannot be printed.
Graphics driver
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BinaryDriverHowto/Nvidia By default Ubuntu will use the open source video driver Nouveau for your NVIDIA graphics card. This driver lacks support for 3D acceleration and may not work with the very latest video cards or technologies from NVIDIA.
- http://www.ubuntugeek.com/install-updated-and-optimized-open-graphics-drivers-radeon-intel-and-nvidia-on-ubuntu-15-0414-04.html
- http://www.howtogeek.com/242045/how-to-get-the-latest-nvidia-amd-or-intel-graphics-drivers-on-ubuntu/
- http://www.binarytides.com/linux-get-gpu-information/
GPU info
$ lspci -vnn | grep VGA -A 12 # OR $ lshw -numeric -C display
To check hardware acceleration
# If glxinfo is not find, run sudo apt-get install mesa-utils $ glxinfo | grep OpenGL
Under Ubuntu-Unity, we can search Additional Drivers to install propriety party drivers instead of using X.org.
On Dell T3600, it shows (pay attention to the line driver=nouveau). See also Installing Nouveau on your Linux computer.
$ sudo lshw -C video [sudo] password for brb: *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: GF108GL [Quadro 600] vendor: NVIDIA Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 version: a1 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=nouveau latency=0 resources: irq:82 memory:ee000000-eeffffff memory:f0000000-f7ffffff memory:f8000000-f9ffffff ioport:e000(size=128) memory:ef000000-ef07ffff
If I change to use the nvidia driver on T3600 which has NVIDIA Quadro 600, the GLX error will happen (OpenGL related. Some programs like Qt Creator, Blender will not be able to run). See the detail.
AMD vs NVIDIA
Should You Use AMD or NVIDIA GPUs on Linux?
System program problem detected
sudo rm /var/crash/*
- http://www.techdrivein.com/2012/08/how-to-disable-system-program-problem.html. sudo nano /etc/default/apport.
Change value of "enabled" from 1 to 0. Then reboot.
Autostart when log into your desktop
1. ~/.config/autostart/ (hidden directory)
Add .desktop files to here to have programs start automatically at startup. These .desktop files are application shortcuts — you can often create them by dragging-and-dropping an application onto your desktop or even just into the ~/.config/autostart/ window.
If you’re not using a desktop environment check out ~/.bash_profile file.
2. /etc/xdg/autostart
Or search 'Startup Applications Preferences' in Dash/Menu. How do I start applications automatically on login?
Resources:
- http://www.howtogeek.com/228467/how-to-make-a-program-run-at-startup-on-any-computer/
- https://developer.toradex.com/knowledge-base/how-to-autorun-application-at-the-start-up-in-linux
Auto start services on boot
- https://geekflare.com/how-to-auto-start-services-on-boot-in-linux/
- https://askubuntu.com/questions/9382/how-can-i-configure-a-service-to-run-at-startup
- Make script run at boot time with init.d directory
On Ubuntu (Let’s say script name is nginx),
- Copy the script in /etc/init.d/ folder
- Execute the below command
update-rc.d nginx defaults
- Reboot the server to ensure services are started.
Take screenshots (and edit them)
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/taking_a_screenshot
gnome-screenshot (preinstalled in Ubuntu)
A comprehensive guide to taking screenshots in Linux using gnome-screenshot
# Current window gnome-screenshot -w # an area gnome-screenshot -a # delay gnome-screenshot –delay=[SECONDS] # interactive mode gnome-screenshot -i # directly save your screenshot gnome-screenshot –file=[FILENAME] # copy to the clipboard gnome-screenshot -c
Shutter
# https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ubuntu/ppa sudo add-apt-repository ppa:shutter/ppa sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install shutter
- After we launch Shutter, the tool sits at the (upper-right) Ubuntu system tray
- The built-in editor (click Edit button on the rhs) is convenient but limited (GIMP is more powerful but complicated). Tools includes
- Select item to move or resize it
- Draw a freehand line
- Highlighter
- Draw a straight line
- Draw an arrow
- Draw a rectangle
- Draw an ellipse
- Add a text
- Censor portions of the screenshot
- Pixelize selected areas
- Crop
- screenshots
- Each taken screenshots are placed in different tabs in Shutter
- If we close Shutter, the unsaved screenshots are still there because by default it automatically save files in the ~/Pictures folder. We can modify the settings from Edit -> Preferences.
- It also supports 'cropping'. Click 'Edit' button, Tool -> Crop, Select a region, Click 'Crop' button on the RHS.
GIMP
File -> Create -> Screenshot
import
command from ImageMagick
scrot
from scrot package. Note that by default the title bar will not be included (see the '-b' option below).
It seems scrot is better for my need.
Note: there seems no way to copy the screenshot to the clipboard.
scrot -c -d 5 screenshot.png # -c is count down, -d is delay scrot -b -c -d 5 -u screenshot.png # -b is title bar, -u is the current foc'u'sed window scrot -u # current window scrot -s screenshot.png # select an area scrot --thumb 50 # 50% of the original screenshot scrot abc.png -e 'gthumb $n' # open gThumb to open the file after taking the screenshot # sudo apt-get install mirage # 105 kB mirage screenshot.png # view the image scrot -b -d 5 '%Y:%m:%d:%H:%M:%S.png' -e 'mv $f ~/Desktop/'
See How to take screenshots in Linux with scrot.
ScreenCloud
- Binary for Ubuntu 16.04 is available
- https://github.com/olav-st/screencloud (Compiling instruction is given there)
- http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/06/force-install-screencloud-ubuntu-16-04
Hotshots
Only supports Ubuntu up to 14.04.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntuhandbook1/apps sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install hotshots
Pinta, mtPaint, MyPaint
Screencaster/Record desktop
- https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ScreenCasts (seems not updated)
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/4428/how-to-create-a-screencast
kazam
Although Kazam can do screenshots, Shutter (can sit on the system tray) is more convenient for taking care of screenshots.
The default frame rate is only 15. If we want to increase it, go to File -> Preferences -> Screencast tab.
When recording, it will have 5 seconds (adjustable) to wait. After launching Kazam, it will show an icon (video recorder) on the top-right corner. Keyboard shortcuts are available. For example (Windows key=Super key),
- Record=Ctrl + Windows + r,
- Finish=Ctrl + Windows + f,
- Pause=Ctrl + Windows + p.
sudo apt-get install kazam
You can choose fullscreen, window or a specific area. However, if you want to change the window or area once you have chosen one, you have to restart the program. One nice thing with Kazam is the output video is in .mp4 format (not ogv or ogg format). For a 14-seconds video with 15 frames per second (default), the video file size is 1.4MB.
A good introduction Create Screencast Videos With Ease Using Kazam
SimpleScreenRecorder (Qt based)
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:maarten-baert/simplescreenrecorder sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install simplescreenrecorder
VokaScreen
It is used in youtube videos of QML tutorials.
Istanbul
Saved files are in the ogg format.
sudo apt-get install istanbul
RecordMyDesktop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0Tn3Z8OklQ.
- The recorded video is in the ogv format.
- It can be run from the command line.
- We need to run ffmpeg to convert video to flv (Quality seems to be reduced) OR we can use online service (http://video.online-convert.com/convert-to-mp4) to convert ogv file to mp4 file (Same quality as I can tell).
sudo apt-get install recordmydesktop gtk-recordmydesktop
Create animated Gif of a screencast
- Create animated Gif of a screencast and the command line tool Gifify.
- How to record a region of your desktop as animated GIF on Linux
Wallpaper
How to Use Bing’s Background of the Day as Your Ubuntu Wallpaper
Conky
Conky is a free, light-weight system monitor for X, that displays any information on your desktop.
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SettingUpConky
- https://github.com/zenzire/conkyrc (this one works). Check for the WOEID for your city used in the Yahoo weather API.
- http://www.ifxgroup.net/conky.htm
- http://www.tomshardware.com/faq/id-1882395/write-conky-config-file.html Explain conkyrc file
Step 1. Install conky-all package
Step 2. create ~/.conkyrc file. This file can be downloaded from web.
Step 3. Run it: $ conky. If we want to run a specific configuration file, use conky -c CONKYRCFILE
Step 4. If you want to stop Conky: $ killall conky
Note that conky works automatically on Ubuntu's Unity.
For Lubuntu (tested on 14.04), the Conky's transparent function does not work at first. But This conkyrc works on Lubuntu desktop (mainly, tranparent function). To deal with the autostart, follow the suggestion from askubuntu.com. That is, go to ~/.config/autostart folder, create or copy+paste the file called conky.desktop with a content like
[Desktop Entry] Type=Application Exec=sh "/home/brb/.conky/conky-startup.sh" Hidden=false NoDisplay=false X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true Name[en_IN]=Conky Name=Conky Comment[en_IN]= Comment=
and
brb@brb-VirtualBox:~$ cat .conky/conky-startup.sh conky & exit 0 brb@brb-VirtualBox:~$ ls -l .conky/conky-startup.sh -rw-rw-r-- 1 brb brb 37 Aug 30 20:17 .conky/conky-startup.sh
Another way to configure conky is to install conky-manager. See this and project website page. But it seems it does not work well with desktop wallpaper.
What should I do when Ubuntu freezes?
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/4408/what-should-i-do-when-ubuntu-freezes
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key
Press Alt+Print and then type 'REISUB' (not work, it only does screenshot)
Customize the desktop
- Install Cairo-Dock.
Remove overlay scroll bar
http://www.itworld.com/article/2698420/disable-overlay-scroll-bars-in-ubuntu-14-04.html
Change scroll bar color
See this post. Run sudo apt-get install gnome-color-chooser.
Go to Engines tab in gnome-color-chooser and choose clearlooks engine for scrollbars.
How to turn off/disable Compiz's “drag to maximize” behaviour?
http://askubuntu.com/questions/72452/how-to-turn-off-compizs-drag-to-maximize-behaviour
On Mint, go to Preferences -> Window Tiling -> Enable Window Tiling and snapping -> Off.
Grub2
To show the grub2 screen, run 'sudo nano /etc/default/grub' and comment out the line GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 and change the line GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="". Remember to run 'sudo update-grub' after any change to grub.
To add a splash image, follow the instruction at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/Displays. Note that Grub2 will search the image based on some priority and there are also some minor requirements on the images. To test
sudo apt-get install grub2-splashimages sudo cp /usr/share/images/grub/Moraine_Lake_17092005.tga /boot/grub/ sudo update-grub
Boot into command line
http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/how-to-boot-into-linux-command-line
- Highlight the first item (default) and press 'e' in the GRUB menu
- Navigate to the line that starts with ‘linux’, change the runlevel to 3 (at the end of the line). Level 3 means multi-user, command-line only system
- Press Ctrl+x or F10 to boot into
To switch back to GUI, type sudo init 5. Level 5 is the default.
Network Manager
DNS problem and 127.0.1.1
(Ubuntu 16.04 on Odroid) For some reason, pinging my domain always goes to the wrong IP. If I go to System -> Administration -> Network to change DNS from 127.0.1.1 to 8.8.8.8, it fixes the problem. But if I reboot, the DNS entry goes back to 127.0.1.1 again.
When I follow this post nameserver 127.0.1.1 in resolv.conf won't go away, the DNS will be changed to local IP of my router and the problem is fixed (even I reboot the computer).
See also the next: How to flush the DNS cache
How to flush the DNS cache
- http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/414826/how-to-flush-dns-in-ubuntu-12-04
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/flush-dns-cache-ubuntu/
sudo /etc/init.d/dns-clean
NM-applet
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/NetworkManager
Turn on/off wifi adapter
The command-line equivalent of unchecking the nm-applet's 'Enable Wi-fi' should be
nmcli nm wifi off # OR nmcli radio wifi off # OR sudo ifconfig wlan0 down
Proxy
Internet Shut Down
- This Is Why Half the Internet Shut Down Today, An IoT botnet is partly behind Friday's massive DDOS attack and 駭客襲美 推特等主要網站大掛點 (Oct 21 2016)
- Distributed denial-of-service/DDoS attack from wikipedia.
DHCP Server
How to Install a DHCP Server in Ubuntu and Debian
File Server
Network File System (NFS)
NFS allows a system to share directories and files with others over a network. By using NFS, users and programs can access files on remote systems almost as if they were local files.
Some of the most notable benefits that NFS can provide are:
- Local workstations use less disk space.
- There is no need for users to have separate home directories on every network machine. Home directories could be set up on the NFS server and made available throughout the network.
Server part:
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
Configure the directories to be exported by adding them to the /etc/exports file.
/home/USERNAME/SHAREFOLDER 192.168.1.0/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check) /ubuntu *(ro,sync,no_root_squash) /home *(rw,sync,no_root_squash) # replace * with one of the hostname formats.
where 'ro' means read only. See Linux Home Server Howto. The no_root_squash option will not prevent root on a client machine from writing files to the server as root; by default, NFS will map any requests from root on the client to the 'nobody' user on the server. See digitalocean.
To start the NFS server:
sudo service nfs-kernel-server start
Client part:
PS.
- There is no need to enter any password related to the NFS server.
- See digitalocean for other ways to specify the arguments in </etc/fstab>.
sudo apt-get install nfs-common sudo mount example.hostname.com:/ubuntu /mnt/ubuntu # The mount point directory /mnt/ubuntu must exist. # or modify the /etc/fstab file # example.hostname.com:/ubuntu /mnt/ubuntu nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr # localip:/sharedfolder /mnt/ubuntu nfs defaults 0 0 brb@brb-P45T-A:~$ ps -ef | grep nfs root 675 2 0 11:16 ? 00:00:00 [nfsiod] root 14783 2 0 16:51 ? 00:00:00 [nfsv4.0-svc] brb 14960 13491 0 16:56 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nfs
To make the mounting permanently, run sudo nano /etc/fstab and include a line like
1.2.3.4:/home /mnt/nfs/home nfs auto,noatime,nolock,bg,nfsvers=4,intr,tcp,actimeo=1800 0 0
How to configure NFS Server and Client Configuration on Ubuntu 16.10
Boot from an NFS server
With NFS booting, the core kernel and file systems are kept on a central server and then pushed out onto client systems to be booted on there. That means your files and desktop will always be available wherever you want to log in.
At the end, the client computer does not need any internal storage. Cool!
CIFS (Common Internet File System) and NTLMv2 (NT LAN Manager)
- https://hpc.nih.gov/docs/transfer.html#mapped
- https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MountWindowsSharesPermanently
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MountWindowsSharesPermanently
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Samba/SambaClientGuide
Note that this method is most suitable for transferring small files. Users transferring large amounts of data to and from Helix/Biowulf should continue to use scp or sftp. (nih.gov)
Samba - allows Linux to transfer files with Windows clients
- http://www.krizna.com/ubuntu/setup-file-server-ubuntu-14-04-samba/ (Anonymous share and Secured share via username/password)
- https://www.howtoforge.com/samba-server-ubuntu-14.04-lts
- Share 'between' ubuntu and Windows
- Start and stop the samba daemons
$ ps -ef | grep smbd # see if the Samba daemon (smbd) $ ps -ef | grep nmbd # see if the NetBIOS name server daemon (nmbd) is running $ sudo service smbd stop # does not stop nmbd $ sudo service nmbd stop $ sudo service smbd start $ sudo service nmbd start
sudo apt-get install samba samba-common sudo apt-get install python-glade2 sudo apt-get install system-config-samba
Use Dash and search for 'samba'. It will ask for the user's password first. The samba password can also be set by
sudo smbpasswd -a USERNAME
A non-gui way to configuration samba is adding the following to the end of /etc/samba/smb.conf file, sudo nano -w /etc/samba/smb.conf (-w means no-wrap). Any line beginning with a semicolon (“;”) or a hash (“#”) character is ignored.
[brb] path = /home/brb ; writeable = no ; browseable = yes guest ok = yes
- Share between ubuntu and linux On the client file manager, type
smb://192.168.1.3/
On Windows PC, go to start and open 'Run' then enter ip with double backslash. Like this (\\192.168.1.3).
Remove and re-install Samba
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge samba $ sudo apt-get remove --purge smbclient libsmbclient $ sudo apt-get install samba $ sudo apt-get install smbclient libsmbclient
SambaCry vulnerability and check Samba version
To check your samba version
$ smbd -V Version 4.3.11-Ubuntu
Change the default session when using auto login
See this post. We need to edit the file /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf. Note that on my Ubuntu 12.04, I have the following desktop options.
$ ls -lt /usr/share/xsessions/ total 16 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 205 Apr 19 2012 gnome.desktop -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 188 Apr 19 2012 gnome-shell.desktop -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 208 Apr 19 2012 ubuntu-2d.desktop -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 185 Apr 19 2012 ubuntu.desktop
Debian root user from remote access
When you login by SSH, then use the username you have chosen when you installed Debian as the root user is disabled for remote logins. Then run the command "su" to become root user. See howtoforget.com.
Terminal
Directory color on ssh
When I ssh to biowulf from Gnome/Terminal, the folder color became dark blue which is hard to read when the background color is black. A solution is https://serverfault.com/questions/137649/changing-terminal-colors-in-ubuntu-server.
1. append this to your ~/.bashrc
if [ "$TERM" != "dumb" ]; then [ -e "$HOME/.dir_colors" ] && DIR_COLORS="$HOME/.dir_colors" [ -e "$DIR_COLORS" ] || DIR_COLORS="" eval "`dircolors -b $DIR_COLORS`" alias ls='ls --color=auto' fi
2. create/edit your ~/.dir_colors, for example with
$ dircolors --print-database > .dir_colors
3. Then force a read of your .bashrc file with:
$ source ~/.bashrc
Everything should be pretty.
Remember terminal tabs
The trick on this post works for me on my GNOME Terminal 3.6.2 (gnome-terminal --version).
# To save configuration into /home/$USER/terminal.cfg: gnome-terminal --save-config=/home/$USER/terminal.cfg # To load it back: gnome-terminal --load-config=/home/$USER/terminal.cfg
To recall the titles, follow this simple hack. That is, add an entry Title=xxxx to each tab section.
Terminal tab color
If we open several tabs in the (GNOME) Terminal, the default color of the active tab is not quite different from the other tabs. We need a solution to change the tab colors.
Solution: edit ~/.config/gtk-3.0/gtk.css (you might have to create it) and add:
TerminalWindow, TerminalWindow.background { background-color: #6e6e6e; color: #000000; } TerminalWindow .notebook tab { padding: 2; background-color: #6e6e6e; } TerminalWindow .notebook tab:active { background-color: #d1d1d1; }
Then close ALL terminal windows start and test.
How to practically use your Linux terminal for everything
- set alarms, take screenshots, check weather, schedule shutdown
- Send emails, browse internet, listen muscic, play games
Install Microsoft Font in linux suite
Install language packs
sudo apt-get install language-pack-[cod] language-pack-gnome-[cod] language-pack-[cod]-base language-pack-gnome-[cod]-base
For example, [cod]=en or [cod]=zh.
Change locale language and character set
Display Chinese character (from vanilla Debian/Ubuntu system)
sudo apt-get install fonts-arphic-ukai fonts-arphic-uming
sudo apt-get install language-support-fonts-zh # Or sudo apt-get install ttf-arphic-uming ttf-wqy-zenhei
Chinese Input
- ibus/fcitx is a service. Use ps -ef to check if it is running.
- Super(Windows) + space may need to be clicked twice to switch the input method (at least on Mint 18.2)
- Log out and Log in seems to be necessary
- Helpful
- type 'language' in Dash search (Or click Power button on the top-right corner -> System Settings...) and click 'Language Support' (this may not be installed from (x)Ubuntu automatically. In such case, IBUS will be missing eg Chewing method). The 'Language Support' is under Settings menu in xUbuntu.
- Click 'Install' if a message popped up with the message 'The language support is not installed completely'. After the installation is done, the 'Language support' dialog comes back.
- Choose between ibus (ubuntu < 16.04) /fcitx (ubuntu 16.04).
- Choose 'IBUS' for keyboard input method system (bottom of the dialog). IBUS is under 'System' menu in xUbuntu.
- Choose 'fcitx'
- Click 'Install/Remove Languages'. Choose Chinese. Click 'Apply'. An 'Applying changes' dialog will appear.
- Click 'Close' button.
- Select Chinese
- System Settings -> Text Entry -> '+' -> Chinese. Or Settings > Keyboard Input Method > Input method > Select an input method > Show only input methods for your region > Chinese 酷 Chewing. If we cannot find this dialog, we can launch it by ibus-setup command. If Chewing is not shown as one of Chinese input methods, we can log out and log in the desktop. If ibus does not have the chewing selection, we should try to install it sudo apt-get install ibus-chewing and/or run ibus restart.
- Dash -> Fcitx Configuration. '+' -> Chewing. PS. On Ubuntu 16.04 it only shows a Chinese option without further options even I installed ibus-chewing.
- Make sure 'Show current input source in the menu bar' is checked.
- Click 'Close' button.
On Ubuntu 14.04, the super key is Windows.
Note that do not use 'Text Entry' application (shown as one options when we search 'language'). This application will conflict with ibus.
fcitx
https://daviwa.blogspot.com/2017_10_08_archive.html
- On Linux Mint, it cannot show a list of candidate words. The trick of using killall fcitx-qimpanel works.
- On Ubuntu Mate, the fcitx works fine. ps -ef | grep fcitx-qimpanel shows nothing.
/usr/lib/ibus/ibus-ui-gtk3 high memory usage
For some reason, the ubuntu 14.04 is not responsive. Htop shows ibus-ui-gtk3 is the culprit. The suggestion is to run
killall ibus-daemon
After I run this command and wait a few seconds, the memory leak problem is solved.
Change time zone
http://wiki.debian.org/TimeZoneChanges
$sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
The command launches an ncurses based interface which allows arrow keys to be used to select the region specific time zone.
Make script run at boot time with init.d directory
http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/28
For example, see here from running a python script for raspberry pi.
- Create a script /etc/init.d/lcd
- Make the script executable
- Make the script known to the system by using the update-rc.d' command
sudo update-rc.d lcd defaults
/etc/rc.local file
Executing Commands and Scripts at Reboot & Startup in Linux
For CentOS, we use file ‘/etc/rc.d/rc.local’ instead of ‘/etc/rc.local’. We also need to make this file executable before adding any script or command to the file.
Note:- When executing a script at startup, make sure that the script ends with ‘exit 0’.
crontab
Executing Commands and Scripts at Reboot & Startup in Linux
wireless connection randomly drop off
My wireless adapter is TP-LINK, TL-WN722N.
http://askubuntu.com/questions/73607/wireless-connection-keeps-dropping-with-an-intel-3945abg-card
sudo iwconfig wlan0 power off
5 Best Linux/Ubuntu compatible USB Wifi cards:
- AirLink101 AWLL6075 Wireless N Mini USB Adapter
- Medialink – Wireless N USB Adapter – 802.11n
- ASUS (USB-N13) Wireless-N USB Adapter
- Panda Mini Wifi (b/g/n) 150Mbps Card
- TP-Link TL-WN722N 150Mbps High Gain Wireless USB Adapter
To show (USB) wireless adapter information
sudo lshw -C network sudo lsusb -v iwconfig
To check wifi connection information (SSID, channel, address, frequency, qualiyt, signal level, ...)
sudo iwlist wlan0 scan
My experience is quality should be at least 50/70 and signal level should be larger than -60dBm.
Create an iso file from a CD or HD
Method 1 (Better than Method 2). No need to umount the cdrom.
mkisofs -o /tmp/DVD.iso /tmp/directory/
to make an ISO from files on your hard drive.
Method 2. Make sure the cdrom is NOT mounted. Type mount to confirm it. If cd was mouted automatically unmout it with umount command: like umount /dev/cdrom or umount /mnt/cdrom. Note that no extra forward slash after /dev/cdrom for the command below.
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=~/DVD.iso
We can mount the iso file to a directory to check the iso file content is correct.
mount -t iso9660 -o loop,ro DVD.iso /mnt
Have fun with /etc/hosts file
su -c "nano /etc/hosts"
74.125.67.100 DNS_NAME1 DNS_NAME2
Block malware, adware
How to Use Your Computer’s Hosts File to Block Tons of Malware, Porn, and Other Types of Websites
DNS tricks
5 DNS Servers Guaranteed to Improve Your Online Safety
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/best-dns-providers-security/
5 Nifty Ways to Use DNS to Your Advantage
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/nifty-ways-use-dns-advantage/
Mount a remote file system over ssh
- this article on digitalocean.com.
- linuxlove.eu
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SSHFS (include an instruction to keep the connection alive)
The trick is to use the sshfs tool.
On Ubuntu
# Install the program sudo apt-get install sshfs # Mount the file system sudo mkdir /mnt/droplet <--replace "droplet" whatever you prefer sudo sshfs [email protected]:/ /mnt/droplet # Unmount the file system sudo umount /mnt/droplet # Permanently Mounting the Remote File System sudo nano /etc/fstab sshfs#[email protected]:/ /mnt/droplet
Nautilus (File Manager)
Undo Ctrl+L
Press ESC.
Mount another Linux system in Nautilus
Very easy. Check out howtogeek.com
Create a desktop shortcut
Navigate to your application in Nautilus. Right-click, select "Make Link". Then drag shortcut to your desktop. Works in Ubuntu 12.04.
.desktop file format
- Desktop Entry Specification
- "%k" - How can I set the 'Path' variable in a .desktop file to be relative to the location where the desktop file is located? and Getting the current path in .desktop EXEC command
- How do I access an environment variable in a .desktop file's exec line?
Open a terminal
sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal nautilus -q
In Ubuntu 15.10, the functionality is already included in nautilus!
Mount iso file
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/iso $ sudo mount -o loop /tmp/file.iso /mnt/iso $ sudo umount /mnt/iso
Check ubuntu version from command line
http://www.howtogeek.com/206240/how-to-tell-what-distro-and-version-of-linux-you-are-running/
lsb_release -a # command not found if we run it from a docker image # OR cat /etc/issue # works on docker image # OR cat /etc/*release # works on docker image # check kernel version uname -r # docker will get this information from the host # check 32/64 bit kernel uname -a # docker will get this information from the host
keyboard shortcuts
Go to keyboard app to change the settings. Note: Super key is also Windows key. Use 'Backspace' key to disable a shortcut.
- List from ubuntu.com
- Super: Open the Dash. Press and hold it to see a cheat sheet with a bunch of other nifty shortcuts.
- Super + Number: Open the application that is at that position in the dock
- Alt + Mouse: Move an application. Useful if an application's title bar is too high.
- Alt + F2: Run an application by typing its name in the box which appears (same function as the Super key).
- Alt + Space: Activate the window menu. Not useful so I disable it.
- Ctrl + Super + D: To minimize all windows
- Ctrl + Alt + Arrows: move to another workspace
- Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Arrows: move current application to another workspace
On Xubuntu,
- Alt + F1 (Ctrl + ESC): Application menu.
- Alt + F2 (Super + R): Application Finder.
Add a new keyboard shortcut
Let's say I want to assign Ctrl+Alt+s to bring the shutdown dialog.
- System Settings -> Keyboard -> Shortcuts -> Windows -> Toggle shaded state -> Backspace to disable it. For some reason, I cannot assign a new keybinding using the method of Custom Shortcuts' method.
- Open Ubuntu Software Center and install Compiz Config Setting Manager program. Open the program by search Compiz and then create a new command gnome-session-quit --power-off --force with a name like 'Shutdown' and the keyboard binding we want. CCSM -> General -> Commands.
With this approach, it will give a dialog with 4 options (lock suspend restart shutdown) but no one is pre-selected. If we want the shutdown icon being preselected, use this script where the zenity command was used to create a dialog. The zenity program was pre-installed in Ubuntu. See How to Make Simple Graphical Shell Scripts with Zenity on Linux.
Firefox
- Space: page down
- Shift + space: page up
BioLinux
Bio-Linux 7.0 (2012/11/21) screenshot.
Biolinux can be installed in two ways.
- One is to download iso image file. http://nebc.nerc.ac.uk/downloads/
- The other way is to install Bio-linux software/package by using apt-get install method. See http://nebc.nerc.ac.uk/tools/bio-linux/other-bl-docs/package-repository
Check Biolinux version
cat /etc/bio-linux.version # 8.0.5 as of June 2015
Installation
- Latest version iso or ova.
- Command line based on Ubuntu 14.04 or from Biolinux 7.
wget -qO- http://nebc.nerc.ac.uk/downloads/bl8_only/upgrade8.sh | sudo sh
This takes a long long time.
Software list
FAQ
Sample Data
Did not find them useful.
brb@biolinux[brb] ls Desktop/Sample\ Data/ [10:05AM] act cytoscape glimmer3 mrbayes peptide_seqs splitstree artemis dendroscope happy mspcrunch phylip squint blast dotter hmmer multiple_alignment qiime t-coffee blast+ dust jalview mummer rasmol tree-puzzle blixem fasta jprofilegrid muscle rdp_classifier treeview cap3 fastDNAml mesquite mview readseq catchall forester-archaeopteryx mira njplot samtools clustal gap4 mothur nucleotide_seqs sanger_tracefiles brb@biolinux[brb] ls Desktop/Sample\ Data/fasta/ [10:05AM] bovgh.seq hahu.aa mgstm1.e05 mgstm1.nt1r myosin_bp.aa oohu.raa bovprl.seq hsgstm1b.gcg mgstm1.eeq mgstm1.nts n0.aa prio_atepa.aa egmsmg.aa hsgstm1b.seq mgstm1.esq mgstm1.raa n1.aa prot_test.lib grou_drome.pseg humgstd.seq mgstm1.gcg mgstm1.rev n2.aa prot_test.lseg gst.nlib lcbo.aa mgstm1_genclone.seq mgstm1.seq n2_fs.lib qrhuld.aa gst.seq m1r.aa mgstm1.lc mgtt2_x.seq n2s.aa sql gstt1_drome.aa m2.aa mgstm1.nt ms1.aa n2t.aa titin_hum.aa gstt1_pssm.asn1 mchu.aa mgstm1.nt1 mu.lib n_fs.lib titin_hum.seq gtm1_human.aa mgstm1.3nt mgstm1.nt12r musplfm.aa ngt.aa xurt8c.aa gtt1_drome.aa mgstm1.aa mgstm1.nt13 mwkw.aa ngts.aa xurt8c.lc h10_human.aa mgstm1.aaa mgstm1.nt13r mwrtc1.aa oohu.aa xurtg.aa
CloudBioLinux
Apache configuration
https://help.ubuntu.com/11.10/serverguide/httpd.html
Nginx
Run both Nginx and Apache at the same time
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23024473/how-can-i-run-both-nginx-and-apache-together-on-ubuntu
Install Nginx as Reverse Proxy for Apache
- Reverse proxy
- https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-nginx-as-reverse-proxy-for-apache-on-ubuntu-15-10/
(Excerpt from thegeekstuff) For example, let us say we have an enterprise application that is running on Apache and PHP on app.thegeekstuff.com, and we also have Nginx running on example.com.
In this example scenario, when someone goes to example.com, we can setup Nginx as a reverse proxy so that it will serve the enterprise apache/php application that is running on app.thegeekstuff.com.
But, for the end-user, they’ll only see example.com, they won’t even know anything about app.thegeekstuff.com. End-user will think the whole apache/php application is getting served directly from example.com.
Tomcat
Device manager
By default, ubuntu does not provide any graphical tool like device manager on Windows. A very close one is lshw (hardware lister). A GUI tool based on it is called lshw-gtk (seems not as informative as the command line one) and can be installed by sudo apt-get install lshw-gtk in Ubuntu/Debian or yum install lshw in Red Hat/Fedora/CentOS.
As you can see the line containing 'display' shows the motherboard (P45T-A), CPU (Intel Core 2 Duo E8400), graphical card (GeForce 9400 GT in this case), et al.
brb@brb-P45T-A:~$ sudo lshw -short H/W path Device Class Description ==================================================== system P45T-A (To Be Filled By O.E.M.) /0 bus P45T-A /0/0 memory 64KiB BIOS /0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E8400 @ /0/4/5 memory 64KiB L1 cache /0/4/6 memory 6MiB L2 cache /0/f memory 8GiB System Memory /0/f/0 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 800 MHz (1.2 /0/f/1 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 800 MHz (1.2 /0/f/2 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 800 MHz (1.2 /0/f/3 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 800 MHz (1.2 /0/100 bridge 4 Series Chipset DRAM Controller /0/100/1 bridge 4 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port /0/100/1/0 display G96 [GeForce 9400 GT] /0/100/1a bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Control /0/100/1a.1 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Control /0/100/1a.2 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Control /0/100/1a.7 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB2 EHCI Contro /0/100/1b multimedia 82801JI (ICH10 Family) HD Audio Control /0/100/1c bridge 82801JI (ICH10 Family) PCI Express Root /0/100/1c/0 eth0 network AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Gigabit or Fast Et /0/100/1c.3 bridge 82801JI (ICH10 Family) PCI Express Root /0/100/1c.3/0 wlan0 network AR93xx Wireless Network Adapter /0/100/1c.4 bridge 82801JI (ICH10 Family) PCI Express Root /0/100/1c.4/0 storage JMB361 AHCI/IDE /0/100/1c.4/0.1 storage JMB361 AHCI/IDE /0/100/1d bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Control /0/100/1d.1 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Control /0/100/1d.2 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Control /0/100/1d.7 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) USB2 EHCI Contro /0/100/1e bridge 82801 PCI Bridge /0/100/1f bridge 82801JIR (ICH10R) LPC Interface Control /0/100/1f.2 storage 82801JI (ICH10 Family) 4 port SATA IDE /0/100/1f.3 bus 82801JI (ICH10 Family) SMBus Controller /0/100/1f.5 storage 82801JI (ICH10 Family) 2 port SATA IDE /0/1 scsi0 storage /0/1/0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 250GB Samsung SSD 840 /0/1/0.0.0/1 /dev/sda1 volume 224GiB EXT4 volume /0/1/0.0.0/2 /dev/sda2 volume 8190MiB Extended partition /0/1/0.0.0/2/5 /dev/sda5 volume 8190MiB Linux swap / Solaris partition /0/1/0.1.0 /dev/sdb disk 2TB ST2000DM001-9YN1 /0/1/0.1.0/1 /dev/sdb1 volume 1863GiB EXT4 volume /0/2 scsi2 storage /0/2/0.0.0 /dev/cdrom disk DVDRAM GH24NS90 /1 power Nikon Ultra Plus /2 power To Be Filled By O.E.M.
For storage part, ubuntu provides a graphical tool. See "disk utility" on gnome based ubuntu or search for "disk" in launcher.
Set static IP - /etc/network/interfaces
root@debian:~# cat /etc/network/interfaces auto lo eth0 iface lo inet loopback iface eth0 inet dhcp
Now edit the file /etc/network/interfaces
# The primary network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.3 gateway 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.1.0 # Optional broadcast 192.168.1.255 # Optional dns-nameservers 192.168.1.1 8.8.8.8 # Or skip 192.168.1.1
After it, restart the network by issuing
/etc/init.d/networking restart
OR sudo reboot
Note: It does not work by editing /etc/resolv.conf since this file will be overwritten.
Change IP address from the command line
/sbin/ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.17 netmask 255.255.255.0 up /sbin/ifconfig eth0
Windows OS.
ufw (uncomplicated firewall)
The default firewall configuration tool for Ubuntu is ufw. Developed to ease iptables firewall configuration, ufw provides a user friendly way to create an IPv4 or IPv6 host-based firewall. By default UFW is disabled.
Suppose I have a virtual machine running a web server at port 8888 (The vm may be initialized by the Vagrant command). I can access the webpage from my host machine using http://localhost:8888.
Now I want the web page to be accessible from other local machines. We can use the ufw command to enable the firewall wall and open ports for certain services.
sudo ufw allow 8888/tcp sudo ufw show added sudo ufw enable sudo ufw status nmap localhost
Now I can go to another machine, open a browser at http://hostip:8888/. I should be able to get the same result as I got from the host machine.
In one instance sshing to a server failed (connection time) for some reason. The solution is to run the following command on the server
sudo ufw allow 22/tcp
A graphical interface program is called Gufw Firewall.
Other things ufw can do:
- Allow/Deny by ports and (optional) protocols
- Allow/Deny by service name
- Disable ping requests.
- Allow by specific IP
- Allow by subnet
- Allow by specific port and IP address
- Deny by certain IP address
- Deny by certain IP address and certain port
DNS Server
Protecting Your Privacy With Firefox on Linux
What is my DNS server
/etc/resolv.conf
dig Command Examples
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-dig-command-examples-usage-syntax/
dig (domain information groper) is a DNS lookup utility.
DNStracer
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/dnstracer-trace-dns-queries-to-the-source.html
Dyndns and ddclient
See
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DynamicDNS#ddclient (works)
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DynamicDNS#Namecheap_.26_Python (works)
nano /etc/ddclient.conf
protocol=namecheap ssl=yes use=web, web=dynamicdns.park-your-domain.com/getip server=dynamicdns.park-your-domain.com login=yourdomain.com password=a9438540ba8a449fb0ed09c3737b9e32 @
Note that the specification should depend on the domain name registrar (eg namecheap). For namecheap, the login/password is NOT your actual credential from your domain name registrar. The password should be obtained from the domain name registrar website. The last line is about the host. If I am setting it up for a subdomain, I should enter the subdomain name (and skip the domain name part). The ssl=yes is to ensure the connection is made over https instead of http.
And run sudo ddclient -daemon=0 -debug -verbose -noquiet to verify ddclient is working. You shall get a long return with the last line looks like
SUCCESS: updating YOURSUBDOMAIN: good: IP address set to XX.XXX.XXX.XXX
No matter which method we use, we can go to our DNS account (in namecheap, go to Dashboard -> MANAGE button -> Domains -> Advanced DNS) and temporarily change the global IP address to another one, run the update script and then check if the global IP address has been updated to the correct one.
namecheap
- How do I configure DDClient?
- To create a subdomain, go to Dashboard -> Manage -> Advanced DNS tab. Click + ADD NEW RECORD. In the 'HOST RECORDS' section, pick 'A + dynamic dns record' and enter the subdomain name (HOST) with the IPv4 address (Value). In the 'DYNAMIC DNS' section, we can download the client software too (scroll down to get the download link). See How can I set up an A (address) record for my domain?
- To understand different records (A record, AAAA record, CNAME record, NS record, SRV record, TXT record, URL redirect record) See How do I set up host records for a domain?
- If you've purchased an SSL certificate, you'll want to visit your Account Panel soon to enter your CSR and activate the certificate. Instructions on how to create a CSR and install the certificate on your server.
- check the option of Mail Routing: I have mail server with another name and would like to add MX hostname...
- In 'MX hostname' entering aspmx.l.google.com
- In 'Primary' choose 'Yes, use it as my primary mail relay.'
no-ip
Similar to Dyndns. It has its own client program. Needs to build it yourself.
Also see the troubleshooting guide.
See http://ducky-pond.com/posts/12 for instruction of setting autostart on Debian system.
See http://www.coulterfamily.org.uk/pages/PCs/Linux/FAQ-LINUX-NO-IP-CLIENT.php for another approach.
Note: If noip2 cannot start automatically or noip2 does not update even it can be seen from ps -ef command, use sudo crontab -e command. For some reason, after I use sudo crontab, noip2 can update IP. So the only problem right now is it cannot update every 30 minutes even sudo noip2 -S says so. The problems may be 1. ps -ef shows the command runs from nobody user 2. sudo noip2 -S says it updates every 30 minutes via /dev/eth0 with NAT enabled.
Update: An alternative is to use ddclient. However, ddclient never updates the IP.
- Allow only one MX record for each host for free no-ip account.
- Click Host/Redirects > Manage Hosts > Modify.
webmin
See http://www.webmin.com/deb.html
wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.600_all.deb dpkg --install webmin_1.600_all.deb
The install will be done automatically to /usr/share/webmin, the administration username set to root and the password to your current root password. You should now be able to login to Webmin at the URL http://localhost:10000/. Or if accessing it remotely, replace localhost with your system's IP address.
Virtualize Linux
http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/how-to-virtualise-linux-part-1
CPU
$ grep name /proc/cpuinfo | sort -u model name : AMD Phenom(tm) II X6 1055T Processor # home model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU X7560 @ 2.27GHz # helix model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-1650 0 @ 3.20GHz # office
Find out if the OS is running in a virtual environment
Linux adds the hypervisor flag to /proc/cpuinfo if the kernel detects running on some sort of a hypervisor. See here.
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep hypervisor
Virtualbox
See here.
VBoxClient: the VirtualBox kernel service is not running
Got the above message on the upper right corner of the screen for every booting. Note I don't install VirtualBox. A solution is run
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/Xsession.d/98vboxadd-xclient
find the line
notify-send "VBoxClient: the VirtualBox kernel service is not running. Exiting."
Now change notify-send to echo.
Thin client
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThinClients
UbuntuLTSP
- How to install LTSP (Linux Terminal Server Project) on Ubuntu Server
- Full Tutorial - Install and configure LTSP server and clients (ubuntu, ltsp, howto) Part 1 and Part 2
LTSP
Raspberry Pi
Running Raspberry Pi’s as Thin Clients with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuLTSP/RaspberryPi UbuntuLTSP/RaspberryPi ]
Remote desktop
Remote desktop connection from Windows 7
xtightvncserver may not play well in Unity.
Install xrdp on Ubuntu. That's it. See
- http://www.ubuntututorials.com/remote-desktop-ubuntu-12-04-windows-7/ Ubuntu 12.04
- http://www.tweaking4all.com/software/linux-software/use-xrdp-remote-access-ubuntu-14-04/ Ubuntu 14.04
- https://community.hpcloud.com/article/using-windows-rdp-access-your-ubuntu-instance
- http://www.ubuntugeek.com/xrdp-remote-desktop-protocol-rdp-server.html
sudo apt-get install xrdp sudo /etc/init.d/xrdp start
On Windows 7, open its Remote Desktop client utility mstsc.exe.
Remote desktop connection to Windows 7 from xubuntu
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install rdesktop rdesktop xxx.xxx.x.x -f -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD rdesktop 192.168.1.4 -g 1280x720 -u USERNAME -p PASSWORD
where -f option means full screen and -g means geometry.
Remote desktop connection to NCI
Note the information here is outdated now.
The version 1.7.1 of rdesktop program in Ubuntu 14 has a bug with mouse cursor (invisible). To fix the bug, download the version 1.8.3 and build it. See http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2266743
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install build-essential libx11-dev libssl-dev libgssglue-dev libpcsclite-dev tar zxvf rdesktop-1.8.3.tar.gz cd rdesktop-1.8.3 ./configure make sudo make install
After that the new rdesktop is located under /usr/local/bin folder. The old rdesktop installed through apt-get is not deleted.
ts.nci.nih.gov:1494
DOMAIN: NIH
resolution: 1024 x 768
Use remmina or rdesktop or freerdp (sudo apt-get install freerdp-x11)
rdesktop ts.nci.nih.gov:1494 -d NIH -u XXXXX -g 1024x768
To share a folder from the local machine, use "-r" option
rdesktop ts.nci.nih.gov:1494 -d NIH -u XXXXX -g 1280x1024 -r disk:remotedisk=/home/$USER/Downloads
The new secure connection relies on the SmartCard is using ncits-p111.nci.nih.gov.
RealVNC
The default vnc server included in Ubuntu is not quite compatible with other clients. For example I can connect to Ubuntu 14.04 from Ubuntu 16.04 but not from a Mac. The 3rd party software is better. See the following screenshot after I have installed RealVNC server.
Note that RealVNC Server is not free for commercial users but is free for home users up to 5 computers & 3 users; see https://manage.realvnc.com/. An email and a password can be used to sign in your account for activating the license in VNC Server.
To start VNC server, use (https://www.realvnc.com/docs/debian-install-remove.html)
sudo /etc/init.d/vncserver-x11-serviced start
The RealVNC will have an icon sitting on the tray at the top-right corner.
Before using VNC viewer, we also need to create a VNC password in VNC Server.
On Mac, the viewer can be launched from Applications -> VNC Viewer (if we have drag and drop the app to the Applications folder).
On Chrome OS, there is an VNC Viewer for Google Chrome to use. The IP address is special. For example, 192.168.5.127:80 for port 5980. See https://www.realvnc.com/docs/faq/connect-fail.html. Unfortunately I cannot connect successfully:(
Remote desktop connection from Ubuntu to Ubuntu
- https://help.ubuntu.com/16.04/ubuntu-help/sharing-desktop.html
- How to Remote Access to Ubuntu 16.04 from Windows. The instruction is the same for older versions of Ubuntu.
- On a Ubuntu server. Go to Dash, type 'desktop sharing' and select it. Check sharing. Close the dialog. Open a terminal and run ps -ef | grep vino to make sure the server is running.
- Disable encryption. Run sudo apt install dconf-editor. Go to Dash and type 'dconf' and select 'dconf editor'. When it opens, navigate to org -> gnome -> desktop -> remote-access, and uncheck the value of 'require-encryption.' Another way is to run gsettings set org.gnome.Vino require-encryption false.
- On a client machine (eg another Ubuntu), open a remote desktop client program (eg Remmina). Choose VNC as the protocol. Enter necessary information to connect to the server.
- Install a VNC server on non-Unity desktop
Allow for remote desktop connection
- Go to System -> Preference -> Remote desktop. Allow other uses to view your desktop & uncheck you must confirm each access & require user to enter this password.
- Go to System -> Preference -> Monitor. Change monitor resolution to 1280 x 720.
Allow for remote desktop connection when vino failed
- Teamviewer. It works fine. After launching it, the software automatically creates an ID and password. We can change the password so it is fixed. Then launch the software on the client. Use the partner's ID and password to connect to it.
- NoMachine. I ran the service on my Ubuntu 12.04 server. I also tested the client on my Android 6.0 tablet and Odroid xu4 running Ubuntu 15.10. I am using the version 5.0.63. I need to use my server's user account info to connect.
odroid@odroid:~/Downloads$ ps -ef | grep nx nx 12168 1 1 21:11 ? 00:00:20 /usr/NX/bin/nxserver.bin root 12151 --daemon odroid 12199 12168 1 21:11 ? 00:00:12 /usr/NX/bin/nxnode.bin nx 12225 12168 0 21:11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/NX/bin/nxd odroid 12263 12199 1 21:11 ? 00:00:13 /usr/NX/bin/nxclient.bin --monitor --pid 1153 nx 15916 12225 24 21:28 ? 00:00:08 /usr/NX/bin/nxserver.bin -c /etc/NX/nxserver --login -H 5 odroid 15944 15916 33 21:29 ? 00:00:04 /usr/NX/bin/nxnode.bin -H 5 odroid 16130 8527 0 21:29 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto nx odroid@odroid:~/Downloads$ ls /usr/NX/bin drivers nxd nxkb nxplayer nxsh nxusbd nxagent nxesd nxkeygen nxplayer.bin nxspool nxauth nxexec nxlocate nxpost nxssh nxclient nxfs nxlpd nxprint nxssh-add nxclient.bin nxfsm nxnode nxserver nxssh-agent nxcodec.bin nxfsserver nxnode.bin nxserver.bin nxtunctl
If for some reason some nx programs disappeared, restart the service by
sudo /usr/NX/bin/nxserver --restart
It is interesting that nomachine is faster than 'ssh -X' method when I tested running a Qt application launched from Qt Creator. For example, the progress bar is not moving when it is supposed to move forward and backward when the app is launched through 'ssh -X'.
NoMachine and Amazon cloud
It seems nomachine is using port 4000.
odroid@odroid:~$ sudo nmap -sV localhost Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-11-16 20:10 EST Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1) Host is up (0.000051s latency). Other addresses for localhost (not scanned): ::1 rDNS record for 127.0.0.1: odroid Not shown: 997 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.2p2 Ubuntu 4ubuntu2.1 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0) 4000/tcp open remoteanything? 7001/tcp open X11 (access denied) Service Info: OSs: Linux, Unix; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel odroid@odroid:~$ sudo lsof -i :4000 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME nxd 735 nx 3u IPv4 19208 0t0 TCP *:4000 (LISTEN) nxd 735 nx 4u IPv6 21234 0t0 TCP *:4000 (LISTEN)
X2Go
used in Linux Data Science Virtual Machine by Microsoft.
Remote desktop connection through vmware workstation
We shall be able to remote desktop connect to a Windows guest machine if the guest machine has configured to use bridge connection and a static IP. If there is a problem, it is likely caused by Window's firewall. See the two screenshots. We can just turn off the firewall of home network but keep the firewall on for the public network.
We don't need to use port forward for the remote desktop connection.
Install sshd
apt-get update apt-get install openssh-server
vsftpd and virtual users
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/vsftpd
- http://www.ubuntugeek.com/setup-ftp-server-using-vsftp-and-configure-secure-ftp-connections-using-tlsssl-on-ubuntu-16-04-server.html
ProFTPd
How to install ProFTPd with TLS support on Ubuntu 16.04
Install LAMP
See the page [1]
apt-get install apache2 a2enmod rewrite apt-get install mysql-server [I choose branch name as MYSQL root password] apt-get install php5 php-pear php5-suhosin apt-get install php5-mysql /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Another instruction including how to set up user directories for Apache web server http://wiki.debian.org/LaMp
apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client mysql_secure_installation apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc apt-get install php5 php5-mysql libapache2-mod-php5 apt-get install python libapache2-mod-python
The apache configuration file is in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.
For PHP, it is also useful to install php for command line.
sudo aptitude install php5-cli
Restarting apache before testing on web browser
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Debian 8
sudo aptitude install apache2 apache2-doc sudo aptitude install mysql-server php5-mysql # optional sudo mysql_secure_installation sudo aptitude install php5-common libapache2-mod-php5 php5-cli sudo service apache2 restart
AMPPS for a local server
http://www.howtogeek.com/219983/how-to-use-ampps-to-install-joomla-locally/
XAMPP is a free, open source cross platform web server solution stack package for Windows, Mac, and Linux. AMPPS is a software stack from Softaculous enabling Apache, MySQL, MongoDB, PHP, Perl, Python, and Softaculous auto-installer on a desktop.
Content management systems
ProcessWire
How to Install ProcessWire CMS on CentOS 7
BookStack
How to Install BookStack on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
A docker image is also available.
Mediawiki
aptitude install mediawiki php5 apache2 mediawiki-extensions libapache2-mod-php5
This will install latex. After the end, we can use Synaptic package manager to see what were installed. Now following the instruction in https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MediaWiki, we remove the '#' from the third line so that it reads 'Alias /mediawiki /var/lib/mediawiki':
sudo nano /etc/mediawiki/apache.conf sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
Now we can start mediawiki by opening a browser and pointing it to http://localhost/mediawiki.
We need to enter
Site config admin username: WikiSysop password: Database config Database name: wikidb DB username: DB password: Superuser name: root Superuser password: [depend on how it was chosen when installing MYSQL]
Press the button of "Installing mediawiki". We will be welcomed to the wiki page. Following the instruction,
For security reason, I remove new account creation and anonymous editing. I also remove edit counters.
Backup and Restore mediawiki: The process involves 3 parts: mediawiki system, mysql and images. See docs.google.com note.
Install moinmoin
- Comparison of mediawiki vs moinmoin http://www.wikimatrix.org/compare/MediaWiki+MoinMoin
- Comparison of wiki software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_software
- Moinmoin website http://moinmo.in/
- moinmoin was used by Bioconductor, ubuntu, etc.
UpnP server
PS3 Media Servver
https://github.com/ps3mediaserver/ps3mediaserver
minidlna
http://bbrks.me/rpi-minidlna-media-server/
It works even I use my phone to tether data (I don't need to turn on wifi on my phone).
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install minidlna sudo nano /etc/minidlna.conf # the default location of media files is on /var/lib/minidlna # rebuild the database. See the comments in <etc/minidlna.conf> sudo service minidlna force-reload sudo service minidlna start sudo update-rc.d minidlna defaults # ask minidlna to start up automatically upon boot.
Too bad is when I played certain videos the program crashed. The /var/log/syslog showed kernel: [96495.690373] minidlna[1627]: segfault at 0 ip 00007f4af2de9964 sp 00007fffa43014f8 error 4 in libc-2.15.so[7f4af2d54000+1b4000]. Also the minidlna process becomes 2 instead of 1 after the crash.
Kodi
Too bad the Kodi's upnp function is not stable. Kodi server disappeared so the client cannot find it.
Installing Kodi using Ubuntu based systems
PLEX
This seems to be the best from my test.
- 5 Reasons Why You Don’t Actually Need a Plex Pass - live TV channels!
- Best media server from lifehacker.
- Kodi vs Plex from lifehacker.
- How to set up Plex (and Watch Your Movies on Any Device) from howtogeek.
- Plex is running as a service. After we use web to configure, we can close the website.
- Users needs to sign up/sign in before completing the installation
- Access the admin page by http://IP-address:32400/web
- If new files were added, it will update the library. To do that, go to settings and check automatically update.
- Soft links works.
- Iso file cannot be read. Use HandBrake to create m4v files from iso files (seems to be fast enough; e.g. 5 minutes for a DVD).
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:stebbins/handbrake-releases sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install handbrake-gtk sudo apt-get install handbrake-cli
- How to Share Your Plex Media Library with Friends
- Plex Just Killed My Cable Box Rental, and It Could Kill Yours Too
Storage server GlusterFS
Security
- The Complete Guide to Improving Your Online Security and Defending Your Privacy. It covers web browsers, browser extensions, email providers, search engines, VPN, password managers, OS, mobile, messaging, cloud storage & encryption tools.
Automatic security update
How to Setup Automatic Security Updates on Ubuntu 16.04
https connection
HTTPOXY
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/httpoxy-protect-your-server/
Fail2Ban, Tinyhoneypot and IPv4 security
MYSQL security
Just execute mysql_secure_installation from the command line.
- You can set a password for root accounts.
- You can remove root accounts that are accessible from outside the local host.
- You can remove anonymous-user accounts.
- You can remove the test database, which by default can be accessed by anonymous users.
See http://www.mysql-optimization.com/mysql-secure-installation-program.html
Meltdown and Spectre
- https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/SpectreAndMeltdown
- https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/software/meltdown-and-spectre-patches-causing-boot-issues-for-ubuntu-16-04-computers/
- https://www.ghacks.net/2018/01/11/check-linux-for-spectre-or-meltdown-vulnerability/
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get dist-upgrade uname -a # 4.4.0-109
HTTPS connection issue
An https connection problem with certificate. Error message comes from Google-chrome and Safari browsers.
Your connection is not private:
If we use wget or curl on a terminal, we will get an error message
$ wget https://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.7.0/sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz --2017-04-14 09:40:01-- https://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.7.0/sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz Resolving ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)... 130.14.250.7, 2607:f220:41e:250::13 Connecting to ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)|130.14.250.7|:443... connected. ERROR: cannot verify ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov's certificate, issued by ‘CN=DigiCert SHA2 High Assurance Server CA,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US’: Unable to locally verify the issuer's authority. To connect to ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov insecurely, use `--no-check-certificate'. # curl -L https://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.7.0/sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz -o sratoolkit.tar.gz % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0 curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: Invalid certificate chain More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html curl performs SSL certificate verification by default, using a "bundle" of Certificate Authority (CA) public keys (CA certs). If the default bundle file isn't adequate, you can specify an alternate file using the --cacert option. If this HTTPS server uses a certificate signed by a CA represented in the bundle, the certificate verification probably failed due to a problem with the certificate (it might be expired, or the name might not match the domain name in the URL). If you'd like to turn off curl's verification of the certificate, use the -k (or --insecure) option.
It is interesting after a few tries, curl works again and wget works after adding the option --no-check-certificate
$ wget --no-check-certificate https://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.7.0/sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz --2017-04-14 09:51:32-- https://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.7.0/sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz Resolving ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)... 130.14.250.11, 2607:f220:41e:250::13 Connecting to ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)|130.14.250.11|:443... connected. WARNING: cannot verify ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov's certificate, issued by ‘CN=DigiCert SHA2 High Assurance Server CA,OU=www.digicert.com,O=DigiCert Inc,C=US’: Unable to locally verify the issuer's authority. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 63707890 (61M) [application/x-gzip] Saving to: ‘sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz’ sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar. 100%[==================================================>] 60.76M 6.50MB/s in 9.2s 2017-04-14 09:51:42 (6.59 MB/s) - ‘sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz’ saved [63707890/63707890] $ curl -L -O https://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.7.0/sratoolkit.2.7.0-ubuntu64.tar.gz % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 100 60.7M 100 60.7M 0 0 6312k 0 0:00:09 0:00:09 --:--:-- 6820k
HTTPS at NCBI: Guidance for Users
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/develop/https-guidance/
Compiling R
Use the following command to download required components before building any R packages. See also ubuntu package for R
sudo apt-get build-dep r-base
AppImage file - new way of installing an application
What is an “AppImage”? How do I install it?
- AppImages can be downloaded and run without installation or the need for root rights.
- The key idea of the AppImage format is one app = one file. Every AppImage contains an app and all the files the app needs to run. In other words, each AppImage has no dependencies other than what is included in the targeted base operating system(s).
Some examples
- Avidemux
- Cura
PPA management
Add a ppa repository,
# sudo add-apt-repository [repository name] sudo add-apt-repository ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon sudo apt-get update # sudo apt-get install [software name] sudo apt-get install cinnamon cinnamon-core
Remove a ppa repository.
# method 1: add-apt-repository sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon # method 2: ppa-purge sudo apt-get install ppa-purge sudo ppa-purge ppa:embrosyn/cinnamon # method 3: use GUI
Create .deb file
checkinstall command
- http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial/view/162
- http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/using-checkinstall-build-packages-source
- https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/307110-easy-package-creation-with-checkinstall
- http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/tutorials/build-your-own-deb-and-rpm-packages
dpkg-buildpackage command
Package maintenance
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGet/Howto#Maintenance_commands
- 25 Useful Basic Commands of APT-GET and APT-CACHE for Package Management
- apt-get being replaced with apt? in Ubuntu 16.04 apt now comes with a progress bar, coloring, etc.
Package repository and /etc/apt/sources.list
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/197564/how-do-i-add-a-line-to-my-etc-apt-sources-list
echo "new line of text" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list # OR # use 'add-apt-repository' command sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 886DDD89 sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org $(lsb_release -s -c) main" sudo apt-get update
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/linux/ubuntu trusty/" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' # Or the following if the OS is Ubuntu # (other derived distributions like Linux Mint do not count) # because $(lsb_release -s -c) returns the CodeName which diffs from each Linux distributions. # sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://cran.rstudio.com/bin/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -s -c)/" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-key E084DAB9 gpg -a --export E084DAB9 | sudo apt-key add - sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install r-base
sources.list.d
This directory has more contents than the /etc/apt/sources.list file. For example, on my Mint 17.2
$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list #deb cdrom:[Linux Mint 17.2 _Rafaela_ - Release amd64 20150627]/ trusty contrib main non-free deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian trusty contrib $ ls /etc/apt/sources.list.d additional-repositories.list google-chrome.list shutter-ppa-trusty.list docker.list mc3man-mpv-tests-trusty.list stebbins-handbrake-releases-trusty.list ekozincew-ppa-trusty.list official-package-repositories.list webupd8team-java-trusty.list getdeb.list openshot_developers-ppa-trusty.list wine-wine-builds-trusty.list
See an example of how to use it: https://apt.syncthing.net/
# Add the release PGP keys: curl -s https://syncthing.net/release-key.txt | sudo apt-key add - # Add the "stable" channel to your APT sources: echo "deb https://apt.syncthing.net/ syncthing stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/syncthing.list # Update and install syncthing: sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install syncthing
E: Could not get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock
I get the above message when I run sudo apt-get update.
Solution 1:
Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/) is another process using it?.
I can reproduce the error from a clean boot. The most possible explanation is the answer from poolie:
the command-line apt overlaps with update-manager automatically polling. So if you try again in a few minutes that should fix it.
From my experience, after I wait about 10 minutes, ps -A | grep apt won't show anything.
Solution 2:
Fix “Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/)” in Ubuntu
# Method 1: Find and Kill all apt-get or apt Processes $ ps -A | grep apt 1760 ? 00:00:00 apt.systemd.dai 3489 ? 00:00:00 aptd $ sudo kill -9 1760 $ sudo kill -9 3489 $ sudo apt-get install keepass2 E: dpkg was interrupted, you must manually run 'sudo dpkg --configure -a' to correct the problem. # Method 2: Delete the lock Files sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/lock # and sudo rm /var/lib/dpkg/lock
dpkg error: Package is in a very bad inconsistent state
https://askubuntu.com/questions/148715/how-to-fix-package-is-in-a-very-bad-inconsistent-state-error
The following solution works for me (zramswap-enabler in this example).
# Remove the broken package via the following command: sudo dpkg --remove --force-remove-reinstreq zramswap-enabler # Install the package again: sudo apt-get install zramswap-enabler
Difference between dpkg and aptitude/apt-get/gdebi
https://askubuntu.com/questions/309113/what-is-the-difference-between-dpkg-and-aptitude-apt-get
Install a deb file
# dpkg gives more clear about the error message sudo dpkg -i application.deb # Or sudo apt install application.deb
However, installing from a .deb file through dpkg does not resolve dependency issues the same way installation through apt will. See here.
So you should run sudo apt-get install -f to fix and complete the installation if any errors were encountered by dpkg.
sudo apt install -f dep1.deb dep2.deb dep3.deb
A better way to install a deb file is using the gdebi tool.
Remove deb packages
See the man page.
dpkg -l | grep 'tcl' sudo dpkg -r tcl8.4 # -r means remove/uninstall sudo dpkg -P tcl8.4 # -P means purge dpkg -l | grep 'tcl' (optional)
gdebi: an improvement over dpkg
sudo apt-get install gdebi-core # wget newPackage.deb # sudo gdebi -n newPackage.deb
deb files caches
See http://askubuntu.com/questions/444240/ubuntu-updates-blocked-apt-get
sudo rm -f /etc/apt/sources.list.d/* sudo dpkg -i /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb sudo dpkg --configure -a
List all available packages (from repositories)
apt-cache pkgnames # pkgnames is part of the command
Show package information
apt-cache show <package_name>
Check dependencies for specific packages
apt-cache showpkg <package_name>
Upgrade a package
apt-get install <package_name>
Install specific version of the package
Use the "=" with the package-name and append desired version.
sudo apt-get install vsftpd=2.3.5-3ubuntu1
Remove a package
sudo apt-get remove <package_name>
To completely remove a package including their configuration files
sudo apt-get purge <package_name> sudo apt-get remove --purge <package_name>
Rollback an apt-get upgrade
http://www.cyberciti.biz/howto/debian-linux/ubuntu-linux-rollback-an-apt-get-upgrade/
Clean up disk space
The clean command is used to free up the disk space by cleaning retrieved .deb files from the local repository.
sudo apt-get clean
Auto clean up apt-get cache
sudo apt-get autoclean
The 'autoclean' command deletes all .deb files from /var/cache/apt/archives to free up disk space.
Download only source code of package
sudo apt-get --download-only source <package_name>
To download and unpack source code of a package
sudo apt-get source <package_name>
To download, unpack and compile a package
sudo apt-get --compile source <package_name>
Download without installing
sudo apt-get download <package_name>
Check change log of package
Note that the change log may not be found.
sudo apt-get changelog <package_name>
Simulate installing packages
$ sudo apt-get -s install packagename $ sudo apt-get -s build-dep packagename $ man apt-get
Generally, it is good to build-dep then install package.
Check broken dependencies
sudo apt-get check
Search missing package's full name
Use the apt-file command. See this post
At first, install apt-file command and prepare it.
$ sudo apt-get install apt-file $ sudo apt-file update
To find zlib.h,
$ apt-file search zlib.h
It reports too many result. Let’s narrow down.
$ apt-file search /usr/include/zlib.h zlib1g-dev: /usr/include/zlib.h
Now you know zlib.h is in zlib1g-dev package.
$ sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev
Find package information before installing it
Use "-s" option for simulation. No sudo is necessary.
apt-get -s install PACKAGENAME
The output is too much (include other dependences)
A better way is to use aptitude (which is not installed by default in Ubuntu)
aptitude search <package> -F "%c %p %d %V"
For example,
debian@beaglebone:~/qt-4.8.5/bin$ aptitude search qtcreator -F "%c %p %d %V" p qtcreator lightweight integrated development environme 2.5.0-2 p qtcreator:armel lightweight integrated development environme 2.5.0-2 p qtcreator-dbg debugging symbols for Qt Creator IDE 2.5.0-2 p qtcreator-dbg:armel debugging symbols for Qt Creator IDE 2.5.0-2 p qtcreator-doc documentation for Qt Creator IDE 2.5.0-2
If a package is already installed, we can use the following way to check version number.
apt-show-versions <package>
List files in a package
dpkg -L <package_name>
List racing games package (kind of search packages by key words)
apt-cache search racing game apt-cache search vsftpd
Search installed packages
dpkg -l libgtk* | grep -e '^i' dpkg -l libpng* | grep -e '^i' dpkg -l libjpeg* | grep -e '^i'
To search x-org related packages
udooer@udoo:~$ dpkg -l | grep xserver-xorg | awk '{$1=$3=$4=""; print $0}' # Skip columns 1,3,4 imx-xserver-xorg-extension-viv-9t6-hdmi Freescale Xorg server driver extension for HDMI performance imx-xserver-xorg-video-viv-9t6 Xorg server driver for imx6, vivante xserver-xorg X.Org X server xserver-xorg-core Xorg X server - core server xserver-xorg-dev Xorg X server - development files xserver-xorg-input-all X.Org X server -- input driver metapackage xserver-xorg-input-evdev X.Org X server -- evdev input driver xserver-xorg-input-synaptics Synaptics TouchPad driver for X.Org server xserver-xorg-input-wacom X.Org X server -- Wacom input driver xserver-xorg-video-all X.Org X server -- output driver metapackage xserver-xorg-video-fbdev X.Org X server -- fbdev display driver xserver-xorg-video-modesetting X.Org X server -- Generic modesetting driver xserver-xorg-video-omap X.Org X server -- OMAP display driver xserver-xorg-video-vesa X.Org X server -- VESA display driver
List of installed packages
dpkg --get-selections # Or using [https://wiki.debian.org/ListInstalledPackages dpkg-query] utility. dpkg-query -l
Install a list of packages
How to get list of installed packages on Ubuntu / Debian Linux
Suppose we want to install all packages currently installed on server 1 onto server 2, we can do that by
# server 1 dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall > mylist.txt # server 2 sudo dpkg --set-selections < mylist.txt
Show (sort) package size
dpkg-query -Wf '${Installed-Size}\t${Package}\n' | sort -n
Check if a library is installed or not
Use ldconfig -p | grep LIBNAME. For example, to check if libxml is installed or not,
EXIST=`ldconfig -p | grep libxml | wc -l` if [ $EXIST -ng 0 ]; then echo EXISTING; fi
How to uninstall software
http://www.howtogeek.com/229699/how-to-uninstall-software-using-the-command-line-in-linux/
Upgrade software packages
Upgrade all the currently installed software packages on the system
sudo apt-get upgrade
If you want to upgrade, unconcerned of whether software packages will be added or removed to fulfill dependencies, use
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
List of available (uninstalled) packages
aptitude -F "%p" search "?not(?installed)"
Check Change Log of Package
http://www.tecmint.com/useful-basic-commands-of-apt-get-and-apt-cache-for-package-management/
sudo apt-get changelog PKGNAME
Clean up/remove packages
unmet dependencies after adding a PPA & apt --fix-broken
http://askubuntu.com/questions/140246/how-do-i-resolve-unmet-dependencies-after-adding-a-ppa
$ sudo apt-get install libgl1-mesa.dev Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-quantal' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-saucy' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-trusty' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-utopic' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-vivid' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' Note, selecting 'libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-raring' for regex 'libgl1-mesa.dev' libgl1-mesa-dev is already the newest version. libgl1-mesa-dev set to manually installed. Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable distribution that some required packages have not yet been created or been moved out of Incoming. The following information may help to resolve the situation: The following packages have unmet dependencies: libgl1-mesa-dev : Conflicts: libgl-dev Conflicts: libgl1-mesa-dri-dev libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-utopic : Depends: mesa-common-dev-lts-utopic (= 10.3.2-0ubuntu1~trusty2) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libgl1-mesa-glx-lts-utopic (= 10.3.2-0ubuntu1~trusty2) but it is not going to be installed Conflicts: libgl-dev Conflicts: libgl1-mesa-dev Conflicts: libgl1-mesa-dri-dev libgl1-mesa-dev-lts-vivid : Depends: mesa-common-dev-lts-vivid (= 10.5.9-2ubuntu1~trusty2) but it is not going to be installed Depends: libgl1-mesa-glx-lts-vivid (= 10.5.9-2ubuntu1~trusty2) but it is not going to be installed Conflicts: libgl-dev Conflicts: libgl1-mesa-dev Conflicts: libgl1-mesa-dri-dev Conflicts: xorg-renamed-package-lts-utopic E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
Unmet dependencies when trying to install r-base (Works on Ubuntu 16.04).
sudo apt --fix-broken install sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade
Terminal Assistant
Torrent
Top 6 Torrent Alternatives to The Pirate Bay (7/5/2017)
(old) Popular search sites
- torrentz
- thepiratebay
- isohunt
- kickass torrents
How to set up torrent scheduling on Linux
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-set-up-torrent-scheduling-on-linux/. It covers 'Deluge', 'Transmission' and 'Rtorrent'.
This can be useful for people who want to take advantage of their computer while they are not using it, like during the nighttime for example. This way, large portions of huge files can be downloaded without delaying your work activities, or interrupting/undermining your media consumption.
Torrent client command line: aria2c
aria2 is a lightweight multi-protocol & multi-source command-line download utility. It supports HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, BitTorrent and Metalink. aria2 can be manipulated via built-in JSON-RPC and XML-RPC interfaces.
http://linuxconfig.org/aria2-all-in-one-command-line-download-tool
sudo apt-get install aria2 aria2c magnet:?xt=urn:btih:1e99d95f1764644a86a8e99bfd80c ...
Torrent client: transmission-cli
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Transmission
Torrent client command line: rtorrent
We first need to create an .rtorrent.rc file under $HOME directory. Then run
rtorrent XXX.torrent
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/RTorrent
- http://harbhag.wordpress.com/2010/06/30/tutorial-using-rtorrent-on-linux-like-a-pro/ [download a template]
- http://mylinuxbook.com/rtorrent-bit-torrent-client/
In the simplest case, .rtorrent.rc looks like
# On the terminal, mkdir ~/Downloads/rsession download_rate = 0 upload_rate =50 directory = ~/Downloads session = ~/Downloads/rsession port_range = 55556-55560 scgi_port = 127.0.0.1:5000 use_udp_trackers = yes encryption = allow_incoming,try_outgoing,enable_retry
As you can see here, I have created a sub-directory rsession under ~/Downloads/.
- ctrl + q = quit application
- ctrl + d = stop an active download
- ctrl + s = start downloading
glibc
Patch glibc 2.9
- http://www.infoworld.com/article/3033862/security/patch-now-unix-bug-puts-linux-android-and-ios-systems-at-risk.html
- http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-patch-cve-2015-7547-glibc-getaddrinfo-stack-based-buffer-overflow/
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get upgrade sudo reboot
SSL
Install commercial SSL certificate
- https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-an-ssl-certificate-from-a-commercial-certificate-authority
- Installing a SSL certificate on Apache
- https://www.namecheap.com/support/live-chat/ssl.aspx
- How To Set Up a Host Name with DigitalOcean This includes information about WHOIS, changing domain server, configuring domain (A record, AAAA record, CNAME record, MX record, et al)
check openssl version
odroid@odroid:~$ apt-cache policy openssl openssl: Installed: 1.0.2g-1ubuntu4.5 Candidate: 1.0.2g-1ubuntu4.5 Version table: *** 1.0.2g-1ubuntu4.5 500 500 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports xenial-updates/main armhf Packages 500 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports xenial-security/main armhf Packages 100 /var/lib/dpkg/status 1.0.2g-1ubuntu4 500 500 http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports xenial/main armhf Packages # Ubuntu 14.04 $ openssl version OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014 # Macbook Pro 10.11 $ openssl version OpenSSL 0.9.8zh 14 Jan 2016
check openssl location
A more general way is to use openssl version -d
# On Ubuntu 14.04 $ openssl version -d OPENSSLDIR: "/usr/lib/ssl" $ ls /usr/lib/ssl certs misc openssl.cnf private $ ls -l /usr/lib/ssl total 4 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Oct 7 11:03 certs -> /etc/ssl/certs drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 11 09:12 misc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Jan 30 15:42 openssl.cnf -> /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Oct 7 11:03 private -> /etc/ssl/private $ ls -l /etc/ssl/certs | head total 912 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26 Oct 7 11:03 00673b5b.0 -> thawte_Primary_Root_CA.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 45 Oct 7 11:03 02265526.0 -> Entrust_Root_Certification_Authority_-_G2.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Oct 7 11:03 024dc131.0 -> Microsec_e-Szigno_Root_CA.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 31 Oct 7 11:03 02b73561.0 -> Comodo_Secure_Services_root.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Oct 7 11:03 03179a64.0 -> Staat_der_Nederlanden_EV_Root_CA.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Oct 7 11:03 034868d6.0 -> Swisscom_Root_EV_CA_2.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Oct 7 11:03 03f2b8cf.0 -> WoSign_China.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 41 Oct 7 11:03 04f60c28.0 -> USERTrust_ECC_Certification_Authority.pem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 Oct 7 11:03 052e396b.0 -> AddTrust_Qualified_Certificates_Root.pem $ ls -l /etc/ssl/certs | wc -l 533 # On Macbook Pro 10.11 $ openssl version -d OPENSSLDIR: "/System/Library/OpenSSL" $ ls -l /System/Library/OpenSSL total 8 drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 68 May 15 2016 certs drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 272 May 15 2016 misc -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 9390 May 15 2016 openssl.cnf drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 68 May 15 2016 private $ ls -l /System/Library/OpenSSL/certs/ $ # empty results
openssl & patch bug
- Check out https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/openssl to see the latest openssl version (number may be different for each of Ubuntu version). As of this writing, the latest openssl on Ubuntu 14.04 is 1.0.1f-1ubuntu2.15 and for Ubuntu 12.04 it is 1.0.1-4ubuntu5.31 (this kind of representation can be obtained using the sudo dpkg -l | grep openssl command; see below). The full list of the publishing history can be accessed through View full publishing history link. From there, we can restrict to Target = Trusty, for example.
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/444702/how-to-patch-the-heartbleed-bug-cve-2014-0160-in-openssl. The following is an output after running sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get upgrade.
brb@vm-1404:~$ sudo dpkg -l | grep openssl ii libgnutls-openssl27:amd64 2.12.23-12ubuntu2.2 amd64 GNU TLS library - OpenSSL wrapper ii openssl 1.0.1f-1ubuntu2.15 amd64 Secure Sockets Layer toolkit - cryptographic utility ii python-openssl 0.13-2ubuntu6 amd64 Python 2 wrapper around the OpenSSL library
- http://www.liquidweb.com/kb/update-and-patch-openssl-on-ubuntu-for-the-ccs-injection-vulnerability/. As you can see although a bug in OpenSSL has been found affecting versions 1.0.1 through 1.0.1f (inclusive), and openssl version is still 1.0.1f in Ubuntu 14.04.1, the build date is on June 2014. So it is safe.
brb@vm-1404:~$ lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS Release: 14.04 Codename: trusty brb@vm-1404:~$ openssl version -a OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014 built on: Fri Jun 20 18:54:02 UTC 2014 platform: debian-amd64 options: bn(64,64) rc4(16x,int) des(idx,cisc,16,int) blowfish(idx) compiler: cc -fPIC -DOPENSSL_PIC -DOPENSSL_THREADS -D_REENTRANT -DDSO_DLFCN -DHAVE_DLFCN_H -m64 OPENSSLDIR: "/usr/lib/ssl" brb@vm-1404:~$ sudo apt-get changelog openssl | grep CVE-2014-0224 - debian/patches/CVE-2014-0224-regression2.patch: accept CCS after - debian/patches/CVE-2014-0224.patch: set the CCS_OK flag when using - debian/patches/CVE-2014-0224-1.patch: only accept change cipher spec - debian/patches/CVE-2014-0224-2.patch: don't accept zero length master - debian/patches/CVE-2014-0224-3.patch: allow CCS after resumption in - CVE-2014-0224
Let's Encrypt SSL
- https://letsencrypt.org/getting-started/ & https://letsencrypt.org/how-it-works/ & https://certbot.eff.org/#ubuntuxenial-apache: install python-certbot-apache package
- How To Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu 16.04: install python-certbot-apache package
- How to Install Let’s Encrypt on Apache2: install python-letsencrypt-apache package
It takes less than 5 minutes for the whole process!
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install software-properties-common sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbot sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install python-certbot-apache sudo certbot --apache
Let’s Encrypt certificates are valid for 90 days, but it’s recommended that you renew the certificates every 60 days to allow a margin of error. The Let's Encrypt client has a renew command that automatically checks the currently installed certificates and tries to renew them if they are less than 30 days away from the expiration date.
So we can add the following line to the cron job that will execute the letsencrypt-auto renew command every Monday at 2:30 am. sudo crontab -e
30 2 * * 1 certbot renew >> /var/log/le-renew.log
Note if you currently have already had a working SSL certificate (eg from a purchased one), then even you have removed the certificate from the relevant Apache files you still can't run through sudo certbot. But once your current working SSL certificate expires, sudo certbot will successfully go through even you don't manually remove the certificate from your system.
Install webmin
apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin_1.600_all.deb dpkg --install webmin_1.600_all.deb
File does not exist: /var/www/favicon.ico from /var/log/apache2/error.log
The reason? You have not created a favicon, also known as a website icon, for your website. It’s the icon that displays in the address bar of your web browser when you connect to a website. A web browser will request this icon file from every website.
If you choose to create one. Use a program such as Gimp and create a 16×16 pixel image and save it as a .ico filetype. Then upload that file to the DocumentRoot of your website. You will need one for each VirtualHost. If you don’t have Gimp, there are online resources such as favicon.cc where you can create a .ico file and download it for your own use.
As you know by now, not having a favicon.ico file, won’t stop web browsers from requesting it each time. But you can tell Apache not to log the event as an error message. You will still see the request in the access.log, but at least you will have a cleaner error.log file.
Add the following block of code to each VirtualHost, or at least the ones which don’t have a favicon file.
Redirect 404 /favicon.ico <Location /favicon.ico> ErrorDocument 404 "No favicon" </Location>
Don’t forget to restart apache after making the change. If you want make a “global” change, which would apply to any and all VirtualHosts, you can create a file in Apache’s conf.d folder with a name such as nofavicon.conf and then add that block of code to the file. That would disable favicon across the board and save you from having to edit each VirtualHost.
Or, you create an empty file with the name “favicon.ico” in the directory root of Apache (for exemple /var/www/).
Show weather on the taskbar
http://www.noobslab.com/2012/10/important-thingstweaks-to-do-after.html
WebCam
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Webcam
Install cheese or guvcview. An example of using computer vision on Raspberry Pi.
Watch TV
Running concrete5 On Nginx (LEMP)
http://www.howtoforge.com/running-concrete5-on-nginx-lemp-on-debian-squeeze-ubuntu-12.10
Open mms stream in google chrom in linux
http://www.thermetics.net/2011/12/07/how-to-open-mms-links-from-chrome-under-ubuntu/
Download mms stream (suitable if mms is an extension; for example, studioclassroom)
- Use mimms (will NOT output to speaker at the same time; so is best in terms of performance)
sudo apt-get install mimms mimms -t 60 mms://example.com/video
where -t option specifies number of minutes. See http://linuxers.org/howto/how-download-mms-streaming-videos-ubuntu The output will have the same extension as the input. But it is not always clear. For example
$ mimms -t 3 mms://bcr.media.hinet.net/RA000073 mms://bcr.media.hinet.net/RA000073 => RA000073.wmv 1.48 MB / ∞ B (8.79 kB/s, ∞ s remaining) Download stopped after user-specified timeout.
- Use mplayer (will output to speaker at the same time, so suffer from performance, anyway do not get output)
mplayer mms:/link/something.xxx -dumpstream -dumpfile file.xxx
mms:/link/something.xxx - link to the stream you wish to download file.xxx - file to which you wish to download the stream, be careful to write the same extension xxx
Wait for the file to download and that's it. See http://ubuntuhowtos.com/howtos/download_mms_stream
Keep a linux process running after log out
- http://linux.101hacks.com/unix/nohup-command/
- http://serverfault.com/questions/311593/keeping-a-linux-process-running-after-i-logout
# nohup command-with-options &
Open Firefox in cron job
The trick is to use export DISPLAY=:0
export DISPLAY=:0 firefox http://www.google.com &
Close firefox gracefully
Use wmctrl command.
- http://www.linuxjournal.com/magazine/hack-and-automate-your-desktop-wmctrl
- http://tomas.styblo.name/wmctrl/
sudo apt-get install wmctrl wmctrl -c firefox
Record audio out from command line
http://www.pantz.org/software/alsa/recording_sound_from_your_web_browser_using_linux.html
Step 1: Install required programs
sudo apt-get install gnome-media pavucontrol lame
Step 2: Create a script file <recordfm.sh>
#!/bin/bash # Get pulseaudio monitor sink monitor device then pipe it to # sox to record wav, lame to encode to mp3, or flac to encode flac FILENAME="$1" STOPTIME="$2" # Encoding options for lame and flac. LAMEOPTIONS="--preset cbr 192 -s 44.1" if [ -z "$FILENAME" ]; then echo -e " Usage: $0 /path/to/output.mp3 Usage: $0 /path/to/output.mp3 stopinseconds" >&2 exit 1 fi # Get sink monitor: MONITOR=$(pactl list | egrep -A2 '^(\*\*\* )?Source #' | \ grep 'Name: .*\.monitor$' | awk '{print $NF}' | tail -n1) echo "set-source-mute ${MONITOR} false" | pacmd >/dev/null # Record it raw, and pipe to lame for an mp3 echo "Recording to $FILENAME ..." if [[ $FILENAME =~ .mp3$ ]]; then if [ -z $STOPTIME ]; then parec -d $MONITOR | lame $LAMEOPTIONS -r - $FILENAME else echo -e "\nStopping in $STOPTIME seconds" parec -d $MONITOR | lame $LAMEOPTIONS -r - $FILENAME 2>&1 & SPID=$! sleep $STOPTIME kill -9 $SPID fi fi
Step 3: play the music or launch a browser with a desired url.
Step 4: run the bash script
chmod +x recordfm.sh ./recordfm.sh test.mp3 10
where <test.mp3> is the output filename and 10 is recording length (seconds). It works.
Note the script teaches us how to find out the ID for a process we just launched (cleaner than using ps -ef | grep commands). The command is
SPID=$! echo $SPID
Advanced audio control
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/advanced-audio-control-on-linux/
- Alsamixer
- Pulse Audio Volume Control
- Pulse Audio Equalizer
VLC
How to play DVDs
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/PlayingDVDs
Use VLC to listen tunein radio
Download link http://addons.videolan.org/content/show.php?content=152788. Right click the links and save them (3 lua files)
Create two new subfolders and place the lua files
- move the “tunein.lua” file to the VLC folder so it can be found and run by VLC.
- In Linux, move the “tunein.lua” file to ~/.local/share/vlc/lua/sd/
- In Windows, move the “tunein.lua” file to %AppData%/VLC/VideoLAN/lua/sd.
- In Mac OS X, move the “tunein.lua” file to VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/share/lua/sd
- move the “radiotimes.lua” and “streamtheworld.lua” files from the Playlist folder to “/lua/playlist” folder in the VLC directory.
Open VLC. Go to “View -> Playlist”. At the sidebar, under the Internet section, you should now see “TuneIn Radio” in the list. Click on it and you will be able to access your Favorites.
Taiwan radio
- rtsp://live2.rti.org.tw/rti4.sdp (discovered by open http://music.rti.org.tw/music in Linux Chrome browser)
- rtmp://news98-t24.griffinmas.com/live/news98
Use VLC to record internet radio (suitable if the stream is continuous)
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-record-internet-radio-using-vlc.html
sudo apt-get install vlc browser-plugin-vlc
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras
sudo apt-get install lame libmp3lame0 sudo apt-get install ffmpeg sudo apt-get install libavcodec-extra-53 libavdevice-extra-53 libavfilter-extra-2 libavformat-extra-53 \ libavutil-extra-51 libpostproc-extra-52 libswscale-extra-2
A successful run will have an output like
VLC media player 2.0.3 Twoflower (revision 2.0.2-93-g77aa89e) [0x2329ca8] dummy interface: using the dummy interface module... [0x7fac2c007428] mux_dummy mux: Open [0x7fac2c003598] access_mms access: selecting stream[0x1] audio (39 Kib/s) [0x7fac2c003598] access_mms access: connection successful [0x7fac2c003598] access_mms access error: failed to send command [0x7fac2c005fe8] idummy demux: command `quit'
Play audio using a command line mode
See also my Beaglebone page for a comparison of different possibilities. For VLC, there are 3 interface modes. The following example is to run vlc in a text mode with the ncurses library.
sudo apt-get install vlc-nox vlc -I ncurses XXX.mp3 vlc --help
Play youtube using VLC from a command line
See this post
vlc -I http https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlW77conmAc
Keyboard shortcuts
cheatography.com and howtogeek
- Ctrl + arrow: forward/backward 1 minute (Add the 'CMD' key on macOS)
- Alt + arrow: forward/backward 10 seconds (Add the 'CMD' key on macOS)
- Shift + arrow: forward/backward 3 seconds (Add the 'CMD' key on macOS)
- [ or -: decrease speed
- ]: increase speed
VLC & screensaver
It seems the screensaver will be deactivated if some video is opened (even not it is not playing).
SMPlayer
MPV - terminal media player
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/terminal-alternatives-linux-desktop-apps/
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-amazing-linux-video-players-for-watching-movies-and-shows/
CVS
CVS server
# Original data dir: /home/mli/Downloads/hmv_arc # CVS dir on server (CVSROOT): /home/mli/cvsrep # CVS dir on local: /home/mli/Downloads/localcvs # Project name: mycvs # cvs user name: mli sudo apt-get install cvs mkdir ~/cvsrep export CVSROOT=/home/mli/cvsrep cvs init sudo groupadd mycvsgrp sudo useradd -G mycvsgrp mli # Assume mli is a new user sudo usermod -a -G mycvsgrp mli # assume mli is an existing user groups mli # view groups a user is in use sudo chown -R :mycvsgrp /home/mli/cvsrep # change the group ownership of cvsrep directory to mycvsgrp. cd ~/Downloads/hmv_arc cvs import -m "initial" mycvs mli START # import files to CVS repository # the new subfolder mycvs has owner mli.mli
Note 1. It is OK to use the same CVSROOT for multiple modules/projects since each module/project will be saved under a separate subfolder.
Note 2. The cvs version that I have installed in my ubuntu server is 1.12.13.
$ cvs -v Concurrent Versions System (CVS) 1.12.13-MirDebian-6 (client/server)
Quick test to checkout project to the same machine
cd ~/Downloads mkdir localcvs cd localcvs cvs checkout mycvs
This will create a new subfolder 'mycvs' under ~/Downloads/localcvs.
CVS repository on server has a structure
cvsrep/CVSROOT cvsrep/mycvs
CVS sandbox on local machine has a structure
mycvs/CVS mycvs/[files1] mycvs/[files2]
CVS client (ubuntu)
Check out
cvs -d :ext:[email protected]:/home/mli/cvsrep checkout mycvs # OR 2 steps export CVSROOT=:ext:[email protected]:/home/mli/cvsrep cvs checkout mycvs
Commit a new file
cvs add mynewfile cvs commit -m "my log message" mynewfile
Update repository
cvs update -P -d # OR cvs update filename
where -P "prunes" directories that are empty, and -d tells cvs to include any new directories that aren't in your local workspace
Get a list of all tags and branches
# Lists all tags and braches for each and any file together with the revision it belongs to. cvs status -v # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/566093/how-do-i-identify-what-branches-exist-in-cvs cvs log -h | awk -F"[.:]" '/^\t/&&$(NF-1)==0{print $1}' | sort -u
Encoding of a file
$ cvs -d :ext:[email protected]:/home/mli/cvsrep checkout mycvs $ file -bi mycvs/src/hmvUnicode.rc text/x-c; charset=utf-16le
CVS client (windows)
I use WinCVS for a demonstration
- Remote -> checkout module
- Module name: mycvs
- CVSROOT:
- protocol: ssh
- repository path: /home/mli/cvsrep
- user name:
- host name: taichi.selfip.net
If I use TortoiseCVS (1.12.5 from 1/24/2011), I need to choose ext as protocol instead ssh. Still the checked out file 'hmv_.rc' still contains unreadable Chinese characters. The cvsnt is the latest free version (2.5.05). If I want to use WinCVS + cvsnt from TortoiseCVS, the options in the CVSROOT dialog looks weird and cannot create a connection.
For the unicode encoding. If I commit the file at first from ubuntu os, but check out in Windows. The checked out file has right encoding (using Notepad ++, or from VS2010). However, the file does not have right line ending and it shows Chineses character when I open it in either Notepad++ or VS2010.
To see hidden characters in Linux, try either one of the following 2 methods:
- Open the file in EMACS and do a M-X hexl-mode
- geany editor.
The solution I have found to overcome accessing unicode (utf-16) file on Windows OS is using Cygwin.
- Download setup.exe from http://cygwin.com/install.html
- Root directory = c:\cygwin
- Local package directory = C:\Users\brb\Downloads
- Direct connection
- Download site: ftp://cygwin.mirrors.pair.com (Some mirrors are not updated & contain old version of packages! For example, make sure the cvs version is 1.12.13.)
- Search: cvs. Click plus sign next to "Devel". Click 'Skip' corresponding to cvs package.
- Search: ssh. Click plus sign next to "Net". Click 'skip' correspond to openssh package.
- Click 'Next' button.
- Click 'Finish' button.
- Now open 'Cygwin Terminal' icon on Windows Desktop.
export CVSROOT=:ext:[email protected]:/home/mli/cvsrep cvs checkout mycvs
The 'mycvs' directory should be under C:\cygwin\home\brb (a.k.a. /home/brb in cygwin) directory. We can open 'hmv_.rc' file in Notepad++ to double check if the file looks normal OR use md5sum to check.
Difference between CRLF (Windows), LF (Linux, Mac) and CR
This is a good summary I found: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1552749/difference-between-cr-lf-lf-and-cr-line-break-types
- The Carriage Return (CR) character (0x0D, \r) moves the cursor to the beginning of the line without advancing to the next line. This character is used as a new line character in Commodore and Early Macintosh operating systems (OS-9 and earlier).
- The Line Feed (LF) character (0x0A, \n) moves the cursor down to the next line without returning to the beginning of the line. This character is used as a new line character in UNIX based systems (Linux, Mac OSX, etc)
- The End of Line (EOL) character (0x0D0A, \r\n) is actually two ASCII characters and is a combination of the CR and LF characters. It moves the cursor both down to the next line and to the beginning of that line. This character is used as a new line character in most other non-Unix operating systems including Microsoft Windows, Symbian OS and others.
Common CVS commands
- http://ximbiot.com/cvs/manual/
- http://mu2e.fnal.gov/public/hep/computing/cvsCheatSheet.shtml
- http://refcards.com/docs/forda/cvs/cvs-refcard-a4.pdf, http://www.bravegnu.org/cvscheat/cvscheat.pdf
cvs checkout MODULE cvs checkout DIR cvs checkout DIR/SUBDIR cvs co DIR/SUBDIR/FILENAME # check out a specific tag and put it in a specified directory. # the specified directory name will replace the module name in output. mkdir localcvs cvs checkout -r v4_3 -d localcvs MODULE cvs add myfile.c cvs add -kb myfile.bin # If you accidentally add a file, simply skip the commit for that file. cvs update –dA DIR/SUBDIR # -d: Create any directories that exist in the repository if they're missing from the working directory. # -A: Reset any sticky tags, dates, or -k options. Needed after you use "cvs update -D" or "cvs update -r". cvs update –A DIR/SUBDIR/FILENAME cvs commit cvs commit –m "add test suite" DIR/SUBDIR/FILENAME mkdir ~/original touch ~/original/newfile cvs import ~/original VENDORTAG RELEASETAG mkdir ~/localcvs cd ~/localcvs cvs checkout common/too cvs diff -r1.23 -r1.24 SUBDIR/FILENAME # Difference between specified versions 1.23 & 1.24. cvs diff -D "1 hour ago" MODULE cd LOCALCVS; cvs diff cvs checkout -D "1 hour ago" MODULE cvs checkout -D "2013-02-27 01:30" MODULE rm file(s); cvs remove file(s); cvs commit -m "Comment text" file(s) # You must rm the file before issuing the cvs remove command. The remove is not final until the commit has been issued. # cvs does not let you remove directories. However it does let you ignore any directories that are empty. cvs co -P Offline cvs update -PdA # P: Prune empty directories. d: create new directories. A: Reset sticky tags cvs history -c -a -D "1 day ago" -z "-0500" # find all changes submitted to the repository by anyone in the past day. # -z is used to adjust the time zone. cvs history -c -a -D "1 day ago" -f Mu2eG4/src # find all changes submitted to Mu2eG4/src (or any other subdirectory) by anyone in the past day cvs history -c -u USER "1 day ago" -f Mu2eG4/src # find all changes submitted by USER to Mu2eG4/src in the past day cvs log FILENAME
Bypass SSH password login (convenient for CVS, git etc)
- ssh-keygen -t rsa
- (make sure the remote server has .ssh directory)
- cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user@hostname 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'
- ssh user@hostname
It helps with CVS log in too when the CVS works by using ssh protocol. Note that step 3 allows to run a shell command at a remote machine.
See https://help.github.com/articles/generating-ssh-keys also for similar instruction when work on github.
The ssh key can be copied to another a machine (pay attention to mode). Or let the new machine to create its own key pair and use ssh-copy-id to append the identity file to remote machine's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file. See http://superuser.com/questions/332510/how-to-transfer-my-linux-ssh-keys-to-another-machine.
We can even have multiple ssh key on local machine by using <.ssh/config> file. See http://www.karan.org/blog/index.php/2009/08/25/multiple-ssh-private-keys.
Install Ubuntu to a USB flash drive
The following approach assumes the boot loader will not be put on internal hard disk if you are careful enough. See also http://fernhilllinuxproject.com/guidesandhowtos/installubuntutousbdrive.html
- Boot from live CD in ubuntu.
- Insert the USB flash drive in USB Port.
- On desktop double click on icon 'install ubuntu 12.04'
- Click on continue and it will ask if you want to unmount the flash drive click on yes
- Choose some thing else when ask to where to install ubuntu.
- Next you will see your hard disk partitions and flash drive. Click on flash drive partition and then click on change. Change the partition type to ext4 and mount as to '/'. Click on ok to close the dialogue box.
- In last you will see a drop down menu on where to install the the boot loader. Initially it will be showing sdc,sdd but on drop down you must select sdc1 or sdd1. Failing this step you may render your computer unbootable.
- Then click on install and linux will be installed on your USB Flash drive.
Install a new hard drive
See also https://help.ubuntu.com/community/InstallingANewHardDrive and Mount drive
- Use sudo fdisk command to create partition table. Then 'n', 'p', '1', 'w' and several returns.
- Use sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 to create a new partition
- Use sudo mkdir /mnt/ssd to create a new mount point
- Use sudo nano -Bw /etc/fstab to do auto mount on boot
- sudo chown -R USERNAME:USERNAME /mnt/ssd to give the ownership to the USERNAME.
Add second hard disk (3TB) to Ubuntu 16.04
How to install a Ceph Storage Cluster on Ubuntu
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-a-ceph-cluster-on-ubuntu-16-04/
Building a simple Beowulf Like Cluster with Ubuntu
See also the Raspberry Pi page where a simple cluster was built.
MPICH2
Resource:
- http://byobu.info/article/Building_a_simple_Beowulf_cluster_with_Ubuntu/
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MpichCluster
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SettingUpNFSHowTo (NFS configure)
Here is my record for creating a cluster environment based on ubuntu 13.04. The master node is running on ubuntu 13.04 desktop with virtualBox 4.2. The virtualBox has added a host-only adapter (vboxnet0) with ip 192.168.56.1. This adapter will be added to the master node so I can use this ip to identify the master node in the host-only network. Creating cluster using VirtualBox is just for the education purpose, not for real practice.
- (virtualBox) Create two virtual machines running on ubuntu 13.04 server. The ssh server was checked during installation. The host name for each of them is ubuntuNode1 and ubuntuNode2 respectively. The network adapter is left by default (NAT) during installation. But after the installation is done, I shutdown the system and add a host-only adapter (vboxnet0) to each of them. Then after the system is up again, I change the IP so it is static. Do sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces and append the following before running sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart to take the change in effect.
auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 192.168.56.101 # use 192.168.56.102 for ubuntuNode2 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.56.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255
Note that it is better not to add host-only network before installation, or during installation it will ask what is the primary network (confusing). So at the end each new nodes should have both eth0 and eth1 adapters and they should not reside in same subset. ifconfig may not show all adapters so we should use ifconfig -a instead. Although host-only network is used for communication between guest and guest OR guest and host, since each guest node has NAT adapter by default so the guest machine can still access the internet.
- (master node) Edit /etc/hosts so it like like
127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.56.1 ubuntu1304 192.168.56.101 ubuntuNode1 192.168.56.102 ubuntuNode2
Note that the master node will be used to start jobs on the cluster although it is OK to let the master node as one of nodes to execute the jobs.
- (all nodes) Run
sudo adduser mpiuser --uid 999
It is recommeneded to use the same password for the user. This will create a new directory /home/mpiuser. This is the home directory for user mpiuser and we will use it to execute jobs on the cluster.
- (master node) Run
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
- (other nodes) Run
sudo apt-get install nfs-client
- (master node) Add the following to the file /etc/exports
/home/mpiuser *(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
or something like
/home/mpiuser 192.168.56.0/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
Some people create a shared folder under /srv directory.
Now run
sudo service nfs-kernel-server restart
- (master node)
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.56.0/24
- (other nodes)
sudo mount ubuntu1304:/home/mpiuser /home/mpiuser
And if we want to mount the NFS shared directory when the compute nodes are booted, edit /etc/fstab by adding
ubuntu1304:/home/mpiuser /home/mpiuser nfs
- (master node)
sudo apt-get install ssh su mpiuser ssh-keygen ssh-copy-id localhost
We can test if the ssh works without passwords
ssh ubuntuNode1 echo $HOSTNAME
- (all nodes)
sudo apt-get install mpich2 which mpirun which mpiexec
- (master node, mpiuser)
Go to the home directory of mpiuser and create a new file hosts. Include host names for computing nodes (it is OK to include master node, ubuntu1304, as one of computing nodes)
ubuntuNode1 ubuntuNode2
- (all nodes)
sudo apt-get install build-essential
- (master node, mpiuser). Creating a test file <mpi_hello.c>
#include <stdio.h> #include <mpi.h> int main(int argc, char** argv) { int myrank, nprocs; MPI_Init(&argc, &argv); MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &nprocs); MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myrank); printf("Hello from processor %d of %d\n", myrank, nprocs); MPI_Finalize(); return 0; }
And compile and run it by
mpicc mpi_hello.c -o mpi_hello mpiexec -n 3 -f hosts ./mpi_hello
We should see something like
Hello from processor 0 of 2 Hello from processor 1 of 2
Successful! That's it.
OpenMPI
- http://auriza.site40.net/notes/mpi/openmpi-on-ubuntu-904/
- http://particlephysicsandcode.wordpress.com/2012/11/04/installing-open-mpi-1-6-3-ubuntu-12-04-fedora/
- http://randomusefulnotes.blogspot.com/2010/12/setting-up-mpi-cluster-on-ubuntu.html
With R
- http://www.open-mpi.org/papers/tr-uni-muenchen-8991/parallelR_techRep.pdf
- http://www.cybaea.net/Blogs/R-tips-Installing-Rmpi-on-Fedora-Linux.html (Fedora)
- http://kiradi.blogspot.com/2011/10/high-performance-computing-with-openmpi.html (Ubuntu)
- http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/doMPI/vignettes/doMPI.pdf
- http://biowulf.nih.gov/user_guide.html#parallel
File sharing in a local network - woof
Sharing internet
Simple gui approach
- 3 Ways to Create Wifi Hotspot in Ubuntu 14.04
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-create-hotspots-in-Ubuntu-14-04. Notice the last step.
When I tested the method with my rtl8187 wifi adapter by Rosewill (output by lsusb) on Odroid Xu4 running Ubuntu 14.04, I got an error on Step 3 (Create New Wi-Fi Network) ???
Failed to activate connection (32) Access Point (AP) mode is not supported by this device
When I tried the wifi adapter RT2870/RT3070 802.11n by MediaLink (MWN-USB150N), there is no problem to create it. My android device can connect to it. However, there is no internet access:( ...... After some tweaks on command line (iptables; see Sharing internet via wifi: iptables below), it works!!!
And the output of nm-tool command also confirms the wifi device is connected.
odroid@odroid:~/Downloads$ netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth2 10.42.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan3 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth2
The ap hotspot from the wifi adapter has an IP 10.42.0.1 (ifconfig).
Sharing internet via wifi: ap-hotspot
I cannot make it to work to share the internet via wifi on my Xubuntu 13.04. However the solution in http://askubuntu.com/questions/287251/creating-an-infrastructure-hotspot-using-ubuntu-12-10 works for me.
$ # Under rare situation, we need to run the following line to get 'add-apt-repository' $ sudo apt-get install apt-get install software-properties-common $ sudo su - # add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8 # aptitude update # aptitude install ap-hotspot # ap-hotspot configure # ap-hotspot start
In the step of 'ap-hotspot configure' it will ask for Access Point name and WPA passphrase.
When I run the final line 'ap-hotspot start', it will ask me to disconnect my current wifi first.
At the end, I found my original configuration in ubuntu does not work even its setting is there. apt-hotspot create an infrastracture AP instead of adhoc.
Sharing internet via wifi: iptables
1. Assume the primary wired network connection, eth0 is connected to Internet.
2. Using your distro's network managment tool, create a new ad hoc wireless connection with the following settings:
IP address: 10.99.66.55 Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0 (16)
3. Use the following shell script to share the internet connection
#!/bin/bash #filename: netsharing.sh #Replace 10.99.0.0/16 by your network/netmask #Usage: ./netsharing.sh input_interface output_interface #Example: ./netsharing.sh eth0 wlan0 echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward iptables -A FORWARD -i $1 -o $2 -s 10.99.0.0/16 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT iptables -A POSTROUTING -t nat -j MASQUERADE
4. Run the script as follows:
sudo ./netsharing.sh eth0 wlan0
5. Connect your devices to the wireless network you just created with the following settings (Question: how about the SSID here?)
IP address: 10.99.66.56 (and so on) Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
To make this more convenient, you might want to install a DHCP and DNS server on your machine, so it's not necessary to configure IPs on devices manually. A handy tool for this is dnsmasq which you can use for performing both DHCP and DNS operations.
Credit: Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook
A similar approach discussed on the Odroid forum.
iptables
~/.xsession-errors file is filling the hard disk
It is related to vino-server. See
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/130768/my-home-partition-slowly-fills-up-until-the-system-is-unable-to-complete-even-si
- http://filthypants.blogspot.com/2013/02/xsession-errors-log-filling-hard-drive.html
Short solution is to use "kill -9 xxx" to kill the process and rm to remove ~/.xsession-errors file. The long time solution is to uninstall vino.
JRE and JDK
Install openjdk or Sun jdk. See http://www.maketecheasier.com/install-java-runtime-in-ubuntu/ (Ubuntu 12.04)
If we have multiple versions of JRE/JDK, we can use the following command to set the default version
sudo update-alternatives --config java
This approach seems to be working in the case JAVA_HOME cannot be honored.
OpenJDK
On my Ubuntu 12.04, I have two versions.
$ whereis java java: /usr/bin/java /usr/bin/X11/java /usr/share/java /usr/share/man/man1/java.1.gz $ java -version java version "1.6.0_38" $ sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-7-jdk $ ls -l /usr/lib/jvm total 12 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Nov 16 2013 java-1.6.0-openjdk-amd64 -> java-6-openjdk-amd64 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Mar 24 06:20 java-1.7.0-openjdk-amd64 -> java-7-openjdk-amd64 drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Feb 20 08:43 java-6-openjdk-amd64 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 31 2014 java-6-openjdk-common drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Mar 30 18:16 java-7-openjdk-amd64 $ ls -l /usr/bin/java lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Jan 31 2014 /usr/bin/java -> /etc/alternatives/java
Question: how to switch to 1.6 or 1.7 version of java? (For example, snpEff requires java 1.7)
$ update-java-alternatives -l java-1.6.0-openjdk-amd64 1061 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-amd64 java-1.7.0-openjdk-amd64 1051 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk-amd64 $ sudo apt-get install icedtea-7-plugin $ sudo update-java-alternatives -s java-1.7.0-openjdk-amd64 update-java-alternatives: plugin alternative does not exist: /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/lib/amd64/IcedTeaPlugin.so $ update-java-alternatives -l java-1.6.0-openjdk-amd64 1061 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-amd64 java-1.7.0-openjdk-amd64 1051 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk-amd64 $ java -version java version "1.7.0_95"
Question: How to install OpenJDK 8 on 14.04 LTS? (for example, Picard 2 requires Java 1.8)
$ sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-8-jdk # works for Ubuntu 14.10 and later # Unable to locate package openjdk-8-jdk on my Ubuntu 14.04
So the solution is to install Sun jdk.
Oracle JAVA
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/521145/how-to-install-oracle-java-on-ubuntu-14-04
- Install Java silently
sudo apt-add-repository -y ppa:webupd8team/java sudo apt-get update echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 select true | sudo debconf-set-selections echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 seen true | sudo debconf-set-selections sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer java -version
CPU/system load
I-Nex
A look at I-Nex – a CPU-Z like Application for GNU/Linux
CPU-G
See this instruction to install CPU-G program for viewing hardware information (process, mb, graphic, memory, system).
CoreFreq
http://www.tecmint.com/corefreq-linux-cpu-monitoring-tool/
system load indicator
System Load Indicator: it is used to view system information (cpu, memory, network) in real-time.
sudo apt-get install indicator-multiload sudo apt-get install indicator-cpufreq indicator-cpufreq
Hard drive: hdparm and smartctl
Hard drive specification
http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/find-hard-disk-hardware-specs-on-linux/
# hdparm command sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda # OR using lshw command sudo apt-get install lshw lshw -class disk -class storage # Find Out Disks Name Only lshw -short -C disk # smartmontools package sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda
Hard disk speed (3.0 or 6.0 Gb/s)
http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/freebsd-command-to-find-sata-link-speed/
$ dmesg | grep -i SATA [ 0.311173] pci 0000:00:11.0: set SATA to AHCI mode [ 1.510881] ahci 0000:00:11.0: AHCI 0001.0200 32 slots 4 ports 6 Gbps 0xf impl SATA mode [ 1.512669] ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m1024@0xfe02f000 port 0xfe02f100 irq 19 [ 1.512672] ata2: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m1024@0xfe02f000 port 0xfe02f180 irq 19 [ 1.512675] ata3: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m1024@0xfe02f000 port 0xfe02f200 irq 19 [ 1.512677] ata4: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m1024@0xfe02f000 port 0xfe02f280 irq 19 [ 1.832349] ata4: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300) [ 1.832418] ata2: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300) [ 2.004290] ata3: SATA link up 6.0 Gbps (SStatus 133 SControl 300) [ 2.004313] ata1: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
To test the disk performance, follow cyberciti.biz. Note that the parameter oflag=dsync makes a difference.
Here I have a 7200rpm Seagate (ST2000DM001-1CH164) and a 5400rpm WD-blue (WD30EZRZ-00WN9B0)
# Hard disk info https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdparm sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda sudo hdparm -I /dev/sdb # Writing speed, where /tmp is a directory from the disk dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test1.img bs=2G count=1; rm /tmp/test1.img # 1.4 GB/s from either 5400 or 7200 rpm dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test1.img bs=2G count=1 oflag=dsync; rm /tmp/test1.img # 115 MB/s from 5400 rpm # 166 MB/s from 7200 rpm # Latency dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test2.img bs=512 count=1000 oflag=dsync; rm /tmp/test2.img # 27.7 kB/s from 5400 rpm <==== This is interesting # 12.5 kB/s from 7200 rpm # Read speed dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test3.img bs=1G count=1 oflag=direct; rm /tmp/test3.img # 122 MB/s from 5400 rpm # 180 MB/s from 7200 rpm
Hard disk directory size
See Display directory size with sorting and human readable by using the ncdu utility.
Monitor/run a short test on a hard disk health by command line/GUI
Using smartctl
sudo apt-get install smartcontrol sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda # Run a short test $ sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sda # It will start the test in the background smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-101-generic] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org === START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION === Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode". Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful. Testing has begun. Please wait 1 minutes for test to complete. Test will complete after Fri Dec 1 09:58:40 2017 Use smartctl -X to abort test. $ sudo smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-101-generic] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error # 1 Short offline Self-test routine in progress 60% 11700 - # 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 24992 -
or the GUI version
sudo apt-get install gsmartcontrol sudo gsmartcontrol
How to check Hard Drive Disk Health in GNU/Linux
Interpretation:
- http://www.linuxjournal.com/magazine/monitoring-hard-disks-smart?page=0,1
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/S.M.A.R.T.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.
- https://askubuntu.com/questions/20393/how-do-i-interpret-hdd-s-m-a-r-t-results
- How to See If Your Hard Drive Is Dying with S.M.A.R.T. (Windows)
Email warnings for hd problems by smartd
- Configure smartd on server to get email based warnings if problems are detected
- Monitoring hard disk health with smartd under Linux or UNIX operating systems
Debian Linux
- Enable smart by editing /etc/default/smartmontools file.
- Smart Configuration file: /etc/smartd.conf
- Start/Stop smart: /etc/init.d/smartmontools start | stop
Hard disk temperature
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-monitor-hard-drive-temperature.html
It seems the hddtemp command does not work on SSDs.
sudo apt-get install hddtemp sudo hddtemp /dev/sdb /dev/sdb: ST2000DM001-9YN164: 40°C
For SSD,
sudo apt-get install smartmontools sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
Hard disk power on time/hours
sudo smartctl --all /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours
Sample output:
$ sudo smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep -i power 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 034 034 000 Old_age Always - 58541 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 164 $ sudo smartctl -A /dev/sdb | grep -i power 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 585 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 43 192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 32
system's hardware temperatures and voltages
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/ubuntu-performance-monitoring/
sudo apt-get install lm-sensors sensors brb@brb-P45T-A:~$ sensors acpitz-virtual-0 Adapter: Virtual device temp1: +30.0°C (crit = +110.0°C) coretemp-isa-0000 Adapter: ISA adapter Core 0: +41.0°C (high = +78.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) Core 1: +36.0°C (high = +78.0°C, crit = +100.0°C) nouveau-pci-0100 Adapter: PCI adapter temp1: +68.0°C (high = +95.0°C, hyst = +3.0°C) (crit = +125.0°C, hyst = +3.0°C) (emerg = +135.0°C, hyst = +10.0°C)
where nouveau is an open-source driver set for Nvidia cards. It is not clear about acpitz-virtual-0. Some suggested to use inxi which will produce human readable system info.
And on a Dell T3600 machine (running the samtools mpileup & bcftools programs),
brb@T3600 ~ $ sensors nouveau-pci-0300 Adapter: PCI adapter fan1: 3510 RPM temp1: +52.0°C (high = +95.0°C, hyst = +3.0°C) (crit = +105.0°C, hyst = +5.0°C) (emerg = +135.0°C, hyst = +5.0°C) coretemp-isa-0000 Adapter: ISA adapter Physical id 0: +70.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 0: +60.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 1: +60.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 2: +56.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 3: +60.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 4: +70.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 5: +60.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C)
When all cores are 100% used (htop), the fan is getting noisy
brb@T3600 ~ $ sensors nouveau-pci-0300 Adapter: PCI adapter fan1: 4560 RPM temp1: +61.0°C (high = +95.0°C, hyst = +3.0°C) (crit = +105.0°C, hyst = +5.0°C) (emerg = +135.0°C, hyst = +5.0°C) coretemp-isa-0000 Adapter: ISA adapter Physical id 0: +82.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 0: +78.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 1: +81.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 2: +78.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 3: +80.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 4: +81.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C) Core 5: +77.0°C (high = +81.0°C, crit = +91.0°C)
Unlock keyring
I got the prompt of unlocking keyring every time I open google chrome browser.
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/867/how-can-i-stop-being-prompted-to-unlock-the-default-keyring-on-boot (this works)
- http://askubuntu.com/questions/184266/what-is-unlock-keyring-and-how-do-i-get-rid-of-it (this does not help)
- http://superuser.com/questions/311216/why-does-chrome-ask-for-my-gnome-keyring-seahorse-password (works. I create a shortcut to launch chrome)
google-chrome --password-store=basic
It is also helpful to remove ubuntu one from Ubuntu 12.04. See http://hex.ro/wp/blog/removing-ubuntuone-from-ubuntu-12-04/
netcat (nc) - arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens
Netcat or nc is a networking utility for debugging and investigating the network.
The nc (or netcat) utility is used for just about anything under the sun involving TCP, UDP, or UNIX-domain sockets. It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning, and deal with both IPv4 and IPv6.
- http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2012/04/nc-command-examples/
- https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-netcat-to-establish-and-test-tcp-and-udp-connections-on-a-vps
- https://learn.adafruit.com/raspipe-a-raspberry-pi-pipeline-viewer-part-2?view=all
For example, we can create simple network sockets and use them for text communication. We need two sockets: one listens for connections and the other connects to this one.
# create a listening socket on the local machine nc -l 1234 # connect to the socket from a 2nd computer nc IP_LocalMachine 1234 # send messages. # Type something and press Enter on the terminal from the 2nd computer. # The message will appear on the terminal of the local machine.
To transfer files over the network (no any password is needed!!)
# receiver machine nc -l 1234 > destination_file # sender machine nc IP_Receiver 1234 < source_filename
List of all services/daemons
Run service --status-all to get a list off all the Upstart services and their status. See
- man service
- man initctl
service --status-all # output format is clean sudo initctl list # show the process number too
where in the output "+" means started, "-" stopped, and "?" unknown.
Google Drive or other cloud services
- How to access your Google Drive account using overGrive
- Use rclone program. See http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Rsync_with_Google_Drive
- How to access your Google Drive account from Linux command line using Gdrive
Video rip/convert/transcoder
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:stebbins/handbrake-releases sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install handbrake-gtk sudo apt-get install handbrake-cli
- libav-tools
To convert youtube flv file to mp4.
sudo apt-get install libav-tools avconv -i INPUT.flv -codec copy OUTPUT.mp4
To merge audio and video
# naive: use the one with longer duration as the total length avconv -i music.m4a -i input.mp4 -acodec aac -strict experimental output.mp4 # improved: specify the start time (-ss) and duration (-t) # unfortunately the music at the specified end time may not be the end # so a better way is to use a video editor (eg OpenShot) and specify fade out on the end of the audio! avconv -i music.m4a -i input.mp4 -acodec aac -strict experimental -ss 00:00:00 -t 00:01:01 -codec copy output.mp4
To extract audio only:
avconv -i INPUT.flv -codec copy -vn OUTPUT.mp4
PC build for video editing
Video Editing 4K PC Build: Creating Content for Under a Grand
Video editing in Linux
- Trelby - A free, multiplatform, feature-rich screenwriting program!
- https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ScreenCasts/VideoEditing
- http://opensource.com/life/15/1/current-state-linux-video-editing
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/top-6-free-video-editors-mac-os/
- http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2015/171/Video-Editor-Roundup/(offset)/9 with a conclusion
- Top 10 Linux Video Editor to Edit Videos on Linux with Ease (11/12/2016)
Shotcut
It is a cross-platform open source software. See The best free video editing software: Great tools for YouTube stardom and more
I tested inserting a text in a video. Compared to Youtube video editor
- The text is really a text. No pop-up shape to select
- Not sure how to control the text so it only appears at a certain time interval
Not as intuitive to use.
Pitivi
Blender
Looks very professional too. Windows/Linux/OSX (binary files are provided). Worth to try.
Kdenlive
More complicated than OpenShot. Worth to try. Ubuntu 16.04.1 is needed.
Youtube Video Editor
Good
- Annotation and Title (Video Manager -> Videos -> Edit -> End screens and annotations -> Annotations -> Add annotations (Speech bubble, Note, Title, Spotlight, Label). However, the annotations do not show up on mobile. See this post for a discussion.
- Add photos
Bad
- Music cannot have fade in/out
Notes
- YouTube Kills Annotations Because Everyone Hates Them Mar 17, 2017
- Offline playback of Youtube videos and their annotations
- YouTube Annotations And Subtitles: What’s The Difference?
- Download Annotation or CC from Youtube & Subtitle Edit (free and open source software)
- Save YouTube Annotations to Srt (Subtitle) File for Offline Viewing of Videos (Part 2 of 2) & Convert youtube XML annotations to SRT
7 Things You Need to Build a Low-Cost YouTube Studio
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/build-low-cost-youtube-studio/
Free or Open source Subtitle editor
Comparison of subtitle editors
- Aegisub (Cross platform).
- Tutorials (video) A Timing Subtitles and a How to Hardsub / subtitle a video using XviD4PSP.
- Tutorial (text) How To Make Your Own Subtitles With Any Text Editor & Aegisub
- Attaching subtitles to video, How to save your video in Aegisub after subbing?, How do I put hard subtitles in a video with Aegisub?, Hardsub .ass file in a video with VLC, Hard sub with HandBrake, Hard sub with VirtualDub.
- Subtitle Editor (Linux)
- Amara (Online editor, used in professional films). How to Caption YouTube Videos with Amara
- Subtitle Edit (Windows)
For TV captions, use white color font with black color for borders and transparent background.
OpenShot-qt
- It is easier and simpler than Kdenlive. Good for beginners.
- Better if the CPU is good and has more cores
- When merge audio and video, put video at the last track (i.e. audio first). See here on how to disable audio from the video track.
- Youtube
- https://www.youtube.com/user/xxlray/videos. Slideshow video, Cut, Picture in picture, and Chroma keying (allow to change the background).
- OpenShot vs KdenLive
- Blur an area: one, two and three.
- Overlay a text
- UbuntuStudio
- How to Edit a Video in Linux With OpenShot 2.0 (11/19/2016)
- PC World (2011)
sudo apt-get install openshot
When I needed to export the video (choose 'youtube' profile, 'youtube-HD' target, 'HD 270, 29 .97 bps', and 'high' quality), I found I need to install libx264 code. On Ubuntu, I open software center and seach 'libavformat'. I choose 'libavformat-extra-53'.
An introduction to video editing in Openshot 2.0 from howtoforge.
Don't use the version (1.4.3 date 2009) because it crashed too often.
The new version 2.0.7 (date 2016) looks a little different (theme is black. Cool!). Its icon and command (openshot-qt) are different too. The project saved from 1.4.3 cannot be opened in 2.0.7. The tools icons are different: Add track, Snapping tool, Add Marker, Previous Marker, Next Marker, Zoom in/out.
This version of OpenShot + (old) Core2Duo Ubuntu = Dynamic Heatmap Viewer video.
Audio library
You can download free music from Youtube Audio Library. If you use a copy righted music and upload your video to youtube, the video will show Ad eventually.
Take a snapshot
The keyboard shortcut Ctrl+d does not work.
One suggestion is to use VLC. VLC -> Video -> Take Snapshot. The snapshot will be automatically created in ~/Pictures/ directory (*.png format).
Procedure
- Put audio and video files in one folder
- Use openshot to create a new video. Also
- Use the +/- sign for zoom in and zoom out
- Right click video file and select Volume -> Entire clip -> level 0%
- Right click audio and select Volume -> End of clip -> fade out (slow)
- openshot -> Save (arrow/download-like button)
- openshot -> Export (red circle button)
- Modify the file name so it won't overwrite the original (openshot won't check it)
- Select Profile = Web, Target=Youtube-HD, Video Profile=HD 1080p 25 fps, Quality=High.
- Check the exported video (play it first by VLC).
- On one instance the audio is fuzzy until the middle of the video. So I have to change the audio
- On another instance the video length is longer than I expected because the final annotation slide lasts too long. A solution is to change the setting (Profile=All Formats, Target=MP4 (h.264), Video Profile=HD 1080p 24 or 23.98 fps). If I use 25 fps, the file will be wrong.
- Upload to Youtube. Use Youtube video editor to include annotation.
VideoLAN Movie Creator
ffdiaporama
Create videos from images, movie clips and music.
Flowblade Movie Editor
It is written in Python. Only Linux version is available (no Windows nor OS X). Good for beginners.
sudo apt-get install flowblade
Lightworks
Free and Pro versions are available. Windows/Linux/OSX.
Youtube command line tools
Play audio only
http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/229787/audio-only-youtube-player/229790#229790
# play in background (prompt will return, a new vlc process will be launched) cvlc --vout none https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1O0W7jSd940 # or play in foreground (prompt will not return) /usr/bin/vlc -I dummy --vout none https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1O0W7jSd940
Using this approach to play audio only will save CPU power. Tested on Odroid.
However, it seems this approach does not work on a playlist, for example, https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6h94tLpXv3LabUa7B0tCz7K0pI5ZzZEi. See mpsyt for a solution!
mpsyt: mps-youtube (mp3 + stream + youtube)
By default, mps-youtube is basically a YouTube audio player (and downloader), but you can enable external video playback (via mpv or MPlayer) from its options. Check out
Installation on Linux (works on Odroid with low CPU usage for audio stream from youtube but Odroid gives dirty noise when I played the music).
sudo apt-get install python3-pip sudo pip3 install mps-youtube sudo pip3 install youtube_dl # On Ubuntu/Mint. Do not use mplayer. Use mpv instead. # sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mc3man/mpv-tests # sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install mpv mpsyt # launch set player mpv pl https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6h94tLpXv3LabUa7B0tCz7K0pI5ZzZEi # a playlist h # help Space # pause p # play q # quit mpsyt h search url https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgIfZz8STLk # retrieve specific youtube video by url or id
Some highlight
- Search
- Local playlist
- support YouTube Playlists
- Download
- Music Album Matching
If something is wrong with using 'set' command, just run rm -rf ~/.config/mps-youtube/ and restart everything.
By default, it only streams audio. To watch the video, use set show_video true.
Below is what I got from the set command (as you can see the default player is mpv)
Key Value order : relevance user_order : max_res : 2160p player : mpv playerargs : encoder : 0 [None] notifier : checkupdate : True show_mplayer_keys : True fullscreen : False show_status : True columns : ddir : /home/odroid/Downloads/mps overwrite : True show_video : False search_music : True window_pos : window_size : download_command : audio_format : auto api_key : AIzaSyCIM4EzNqi1in22f4Z3Ru3iYvLaY8tc3bo
The screenshot shows mpsyt contains basic playing keyboard shortcuts.
[Update 4-7-2017]: to fix an error Signature extraction failed: Traceback (most recent call last):
sudo apt-get remove -y youtube-dl # Removing youtube-dl (2014.02.17-1) ... sudo pip3 install -U youtube-dl $ youtube-dl --version 2017.04.11
Download youtube video using command line
sudo apt-get install youtube-dl
- Fix the error 'WARNING: Your copy of avconv is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, youtube-dl will download single file media. Update avconv to version 10-0 or newer to fix this.':
(works) http://askubuntu.com/questions/563245/avconv-warning-while-downloading-youtube-video
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:heyarje/libav-11 && sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install libav-tools
(not tested) Compile your own. The source code is available at https://libav.org/.
- For videos with 1080p resolution, youtube-dl will download 720p by default. To download 1080p, see this post
# show the available resolutions youtube-dl -F XXX # download the desired resolution youtube-dl -f 137+141 XXXX # Note the two numbers 137, 141 is case dependent. They could be 137 & 140. youtube-dl -f 22 XXX # if the format 22 is mp4. If I do not specify the format, the mkv file will be downloaded # But playing mkv file tends to be stuttering with VLC.
This assumes Ubuntu has installed avconv; otherwise video(mp4) and audio(m4a) files will be downloaded separately. To install avconv, run
sudo apt-get install libav-tools
- To convert the video to mp3 format, use soundconverter
sudo apt-get install soundconverter
mps-youtube
- 4k videos samples (vlc v2.1.4 cannot play)
Unity
Unity LauncherSwitcher
Create Unity Launcher
Take RStudio for example,
- Desktop icons are saved under /usr/share/icons/hicolor/16x16/apps/rstudio.png, where other than 16x16 there are also icons from 24x24, 32x32, 48x48 sizes (directories). Another place is ~/.local/share/icons/hicolor/16x16/ .
- Unity launcher is created at /usr/share/applications/rstudio.desktop or ~/.local/share/applications/XXXX.desktop.
- Desktop shortcut can be created by copy XXXX.desktop to ~/Desktop directory.
The icon size in the launcher can be adjusted by opening System Settings -> Apperance -> Launcher Icon Size (at the bottom).
k2pdfopt has an example how to do it for creating a desktop shortcut and be in the right click menu.
How to Convert the Unity Launcher into a Dock-Style Launcher
See an article from Howtogeek.com.
How to Get Unity’s Global App Menu in Linux Mint Cinnamon
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/get-unitys-global-app-menu-linux-mint-cinnamon/
Remove floppy icon from Launcher
http://askubuntu.com/questions/457970/how-to-completely-disable-floppy-in-ubuntu-14-04
echo "blacklist floppy" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-floppy.conf sudo rmmod floppy sudo update-initramfs -u
Application Launcher
Cerebro
Cerebro is an Open Source OS X Spotlight Equivalent for Linux
Ulauncher
Ulauncher is a Lightweight App Launcher for Linux Desktops
Synapse
Synapse or Albert — What’s Your Favourite App Launcher for Linux?
Gnome Do
Release June 2009
What date was the system installed
ls -l /var/log/installer
What is the last log in time for users
lastlog # all users last # current user
What is the reboot time
last reboot
Crop an image
sudo apt-get install gthumb
Open an image. Click color palette icon on top-right corner (or use keyboard shortcut 'e'). Click 'crop'. There will be a rectangle on image where you can resize the rectangle.
Pinta and mtPaint can also take a screenshot of the desktop and crop the image.
Mind-mapping
KeePass
Search Ubuntu Software Center to install KeePassX (more reviews) or KeePass2. There is no need to use ppa.launchpad.net to install from. Note that the kdbx file used in KeePass2 cannot be opened in KeePassX. To use the command line to install KeePass2,
sudo apt-get install keepass2
Note:
- Foe latest version, use Julian Taylor’s PPA.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jtaylor/keepass sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install keepass2
- Android: KeePassDroid
- Chrome: ChromeIPass with KeePassHttp. See the source code.
Security:
KeePass with KeeAgent
http://code.mendhak.com/keepass-and-keeagent-setup/
Update Firefox
See https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FirefoxNewVersion. The following instruction is used to get security-testing packages.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-mozilla-security/ppa sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install firefox
Or use the official PPA method. See How to install Firefox 57 “Quantum” on Linux Mint, Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, Fedora…, How to Install Firefox Quantum in Ubuntu and other Linux Right Now
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mozillateam/firefox-next sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
Bluetooth
- How to send sound through Bluetooth on Linux from HowToForge.
- https://wiki.debian.org/BluetoothUser
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BluetoothSetup
- To turn Bluetooth ON when your systeem starts up
- https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bluetooth_headset
- How to install bluetooth for my mouse and keyboard for my Raspberry Pi.
* https://zach-adams.com/2014/07/bluetooth-audio-sink-stream-setup-failed/ Linux Mint sudo apt-get install bluetooth sudo apt-get install bluetooth bluez-utils blueman
Then run lsusb | grep Bluetooth command which will shows the name of your bluetooth device.
sudo apt-get install bluez
On my bluetooth adapter, the lsusb shows,
$ lsusb Cambridge Silicon Radio, Ltd Bluetooth Dongle (HCI mode) ... $ sudo hcitool dev Devices: hci0 00:1A:7D:DA:71:09
I can use Ubuntu's bluetooth setting dialog to connect my bluetooth keyboard without any problem (It will ask me to enter some code on pairing).
Note that the MAC address of my bluetooth keyboard shown above is the from the controller/adapter. It is NOT the same as my bluetooth keyboard one (90:7F:61:8F:D0:38) as shown from the bluetooth setting (GUI) dialog.
Bluetooth Audio Receiver
- Bluetooth 4.0 Receiver A2DP Wireless Adapter from Mpow Streambot or DBPOWER
Remember to change the Mode from Telephony Duplex (HSP/HFP) to High Fidelity Playback (A2DP) from Sound Settings dialog (launched from Taskbar). See also Windows OS.
Default applications and mime-types
See /etc/gnome/defaults.list.
How to easily open a PDF (or any) file from command line in Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install libgnome2-bin gnome-open [name-of-PDF-file] gnome-open [dir-name-or-path] # To open a directory in Nautilus file manager gnome-open https://www.howtoforge.com/ # To open a website in your system's default web browser
Change default audio player
Right-click an MP3 file, and from the menu select “Properties”. In the window that appears, go to the “Open With” tab and select VLC or whatever. Click the “Set As Default” button to set VLC as the default player.
You might also want to set the default player in the sound menu.
Unity display timeout
Go to Dash -> power setting -> Brightness Settings
Screensaver showing current time
xscreensaver + gltext
http://askubuntu.com/questions/64086/how-can-i-change-or-install-screensavers
sudo apt-get install xscreensaver # sudo apt-get remove gnome-screensaver
Click Dash > xscreensaver or run the command line xscreensaver-demo. Mode = Only One Screen Saver & pick GLText. Click Setting & choose 'Display date and time' ,'Don't rotate'.
gluqlo
[Note that gluqlo uses too much cpu] I like gluqlo (flip clock) screensaver. However, it is not easy to make it to replace the gnome-screensaver.
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:alexanderk23/ppa sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install gluqlo
- Follow the instruction to install it on Ubuntu machine.
- Follow the instruction there to remove gnome-screensaver and install xscreensaver.
- Configure xscreensaver to use only 1 screensaver. Edit ~/.xscreensaver file and add a line like
gluqlo -root \n\
- Still follow the instruction to allow xscreensaver to start when the machine starts up. Don't try to edit ~/.xinitrc file as other sites suggested; start Dash and type 'startup' and follow the screen dialog to add xscreensaver -nosplash.
- Still follow the instruction to add lock screen keyboard shortcut.
Note that the above steps work for Ubuntu 12.04 & 13.10 but not 14.04 (Ubuntu 14.04 changed to use LockScreen instead LightDM program to lock the screen). A solution on Ubuntu 14.04 is to disable screen lock.
- Still follow the above instruction to remove gnome-screensaver and install xscreensaver. Set gluqlo as the only one screensaver.
- Go to Brightness & Lock panel from the Unity Launcher. And set Turn screen off when inactive: to Never.
- Install "Unity Tweak Tool" with sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool. Run it from the Launcher and select System > Security > Enhance system security by disabling Desktop lock.
- To enable locking desktop (required a password to unlock the desktop), check 'Lock Screen After' option. I pick 1 minute.
For some reason, gluqlo suddenly uses all my cpu (6 cores) resource (Ubuntu 14.04). The computer thus makes some noise. I have to use 'kill' command to kill them.
Flash for browser
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/Flash
- http://www.howtogeek.com/193876/using-firefox-on-linux-your-flash-player-is-old-and-outdated/
On Ubuntu 12.04, there is no way to directly install the pepperflashplugin-nonfree plugin. So we have to use ppa from other people. See this post
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install chromium-browser sudo add-apt-repository ppa:skunk/pepper-flash sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install pepflashplugin-installer sudo update-pepperflashplugin-nonfree --install
The last step gives me an error: sudo: update-pepperflashplugin-nonfree: command not found
Gedit
- To split a screen, Do "Documents -> New Tab Group. No extra plugin is needed to download. I am using version 3.10.4 from Ubuntu 14.04.
- Restore tabs plugin. It works on my gedit 3.4 (ubuntu 12.04). Follow the instruction there exactly.
- Source code browser plugin. This makes gedit a good IDE for developing C++/Java code since the left panel can show symbols. Click F9 to show the side panel.
- Darkmate theme.
cd /usr/share/gtksourceview-3.0/styles sudo gedit darkermate.xml
gedit > Edit > preferences > font and colors > color scheme.
Plugins
- Gedit has no built-in options to show special characters except through gedit-plugins (sudo apt-get install gedit-plugins). See Draw Spaces.
- How do I open a Terminal window in gEdit?
- sudo apt-get install gedit-plugins
- Edit -> Preferences -> Plugins -> Embedded terminal
- View -> Bottom panel
Text file line ending in DOS and Unix
$ tr -d '\r' < inputfile > outputfile # inputfile and outputfile cannot be the same
or, if the text has only CR newlines, by converting all CR newlines to LF with
$ tr '\r' '\n' < inputfile > outputfile
Geany
Geany can be used to run a bash script file line by line. See Debugging_Scripts.
Display special characters
Geany has a way to show special characters (Tabs/LF/CR). Edit > Preferences > Display > Tick, Show whitespace (tabs) & Show Line endings(CR/LF).
For DOS text file, the line ending is CR+LF.
For Unix text file, the line ending is LF.
Font size
Users can use either one of the following methods
- Edit -> Preferences -> Interface -> Fonts to adjust the font size.
- Keyboard bindings: Ctrl + Shift + '+' to increase the font size or Ctrl + '-' to decrease the font size. This does not affect the font size in Preferences.
Printing
The font size in Preferences affects the printing. The font size changed by using the keyboard bindings does not affect printing.
Remove vertical line
Edit -> Preferences -> Editor -> Display -> Uncheck Long line marker.
SQL
MySQL Workbench
http://www.mysql.com/products/workbench/
sqliteman
https://sourceforge.net/projects/sqliteman/
User Interface Designer
Glade - RAD tool to enable quick & easy development of user interfaces for the GTK+ toolkit and the GNOME desktop environment
Devhelp - API documentation browser for GTK+ and GNOME
HTML editor
- Atom
- Bluefish
- Brackets features
- Inline Editors
- Live Preview
- Preprocessor Support
- MonoDevelop
- Kompozer and the installation instruction for Ubuntu.
- BlueGriffon: a new WYSIWYG content editor. The interesting thing is the software BlueGriffon EPUB Edition: a cross-platform Wysiwyg editor able to natively create and edit EPUB2 and EPUB3 ebooks!
npm and Javascript
See npm package manager in Javascript.
chm reader
sudo apt-get install xchm
SCR3310 smart card
- The usb device should be recognized by Ubuntu/Mint. Thus, the smart card can be used by Windows virtual machine (tested on Windows 10 VM).
brb@T3600 ~ $ lsusb Bus 002 Device 003: ID 413c:2107 Dell Computer Corp. Bus 002 Device 033: ID 09c3:0013 ActivCard, Inc. Bus 002 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 003: ID 3938:1031 Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0b95:7720 ASIX Electronics Corp. AX88772 Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:0024 Intel Corp. Integrated Rate Matching Hub Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
sudo apt-get install libpcsclite1 pcscd pcsc-tools lsusb # Bus 006 Device 002: ID 04e6:5116 SCM Microsystems, Inc. SCR331-LC1 / SCR3310 SmartCard Reader dmesg | grep SCR3310 # [ 2005.300052] usb 6-1: Product: SCR3310 v2.0 USB SC Reader
- Search "SCR3310 driver linux" on google.com.
# Download pcsc-lite-1.8.13.tar.bz2 from # https://alioth.debian.org/frs/?group_id=30105 sudo apt-get install libudev-dev cd pcsc-lite-1.8.13 ./configure make sudo make install # Download libusb http://libusb.info/ cd libusb-1.0.19 ./configure make sudo make install # Download scmccid_5.0.27_linux # http://www.identive-infrastructure.com/index.php/products-solutions/smart-card-readers-a-terminals/smart-card-readers/scr3310 cd scmccid_5.0.27_l32r sudo ./install.sh
- Search "activcard driver linux" on google.com.
Chroot
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BasicChroot
- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DebootstrapChroot
- http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/01/debootstrap-minimal-debian-ubuntu-installation/
- http://www.binarytides.com/setup-chroot-ubuntu-debootstrap/ (Works after a little change)
Note that we have to change the conf file a little bit. The 'location' word needs to be changed to 'directory'. Also at the last step when we are ready to test a 32-bit GUI app, we need to issue DISPLAY in a separate line; such as
export DISPLAY=:0.0 su brb # brb is my root user in the host system that can invoke the schroot program # firefox does not allow to use root to start it firefox
For a recap:
1. Install the packages sudo apt-get install debootstrap schroot -y 2. Create a schroot configuration file sudo nano /etc/schroot/chroot.d/precise_i386.conf 3. Install 32-bit ubuntu with debootstrap sudo mkdir -p /srv/chroot/precise_i386 sudo debootstrap --variant=buildd --arch=i386 precise /srv/chroot/precise_i386 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ 4. Test the chroot environment schroot -l schroot -c precise_i386 -u root uname -a cat /etc/issue 5. Additional configuration apt-get install ubuntu-minimal # That's all.
The article also mentioned the home directories (Documents, Downloads, ...) of the users within the chroot are shared with the host. How to access them from the host?
Check/Diagnostic SD card
http://askubuntu.com/questions/69932/is-there-an-sd-card-diagnostic-utility
Look for Disk Utility on you dash (Alt+F2 and type 'disk')
Ubuntu Snappy Core
How Snappy packages are different from Deb
An article from PCWorld
- Applications are no longer installed system-wide. The base Ubuntu operating system is kept securely isolated from applications you install later. Both the base system and Snappy packages are kept as read-only images.
- Snappy packages can include all the libraries and files they need, so they don’t depend on other packages.
- An update can never fail, as a package installation could potentially fail and become incomplete with typical Linux packages.
- Snappy also supports “delta” updates, which means only the changed bits of the package need to be downloaded and installed.
- Snappy-based Ubuntu systems might be standard.
Snap commands
6 Essential Ubuntu Snap Commands You Should Know
Docker
I haven't found any tutorial yet!
Ova image
Sorry, I don't get the command line back. Booting stuck in the middle.
Beaglebone
http://beagleboard.org/snappy or http://www.ubuntu.com/things#try-beaglebone
Raspberry Pi 2
unable to open mtp device ubuntu 14.04
sudo apt-get install mtpfs
Install/upgrade google chrome browser
wget -N https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
Note that '-N' option.
(Mar 7, 2016). We may experience an error "Failed to fetch http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/dists/stable/Release" when we run sudo apt-get update. It is because the 32-bit chrome has been discontinued. The solution is to modify the file </etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list>. See reddit.
$ sudo sed -i -e 's/deb http/deb [arch=amd64] http/' "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list" $ cat "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list" ### THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY CONFIGURED ### # You may comment out this entry, but any other modifications may be lost. deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main
Another suggestion to modify </opt/google/chrome/cron/google-chrome> (though the file exists) does not work .
How to Install Chrome on Linux and Easily Migrate Your Browsing From Windows
sudo apt-get install libxss1 libappindicator1 libindicator7wget \ https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb sudo dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb
Message of the day /etc/motd
.Trash-1000 folder
See this post. Ubuntu will create such folders when a file is deleted from a USB drive. Presumably this would allow a file to be restored if you accidentally deleted it.
Try to empty the paperbin or delete the folder with the terminal-command as root: sudo rm -rf /path/to/folder/.Trash-1000
Xbox wireless Gamepad
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-configure-your-gamepad-on-ubuntu/
Twitter client
Corebird
- https://gist.github.com/arraytools/4d1af59a7ebd58ab3941 (tested on Ubuntu 14.04)
Birdie
Elasticsearch & Kibana
Elasticsearch and Kibana : installation and basic usage on Ubuntu 16.04
TexLive
- How to properly install and use texlive with package manager in 14.04
- http://brettklamer.com/diversions/statistical/compile-r-for-data-science-to-a-pdf/
Recover files from Windows drives
sudo fdisk –l sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdaX /PARTITION/POINT
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/fix-corrupted-windows-ntfs-filesystem-ubuntu/
- Reset your Windows password
RHEL/CentOS
Download urls
- https://www.centos.org/download/
- U. of Maryland mirror. Everything > DVD > Live > minimal.
Installation screenshots
- Installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 7.3 Guide. UEFI + GPT, Legacy BIOS + MBR.
- How to Install a CentOS 7.3 Minimal Server For a static IP address, I need to enter IP, subnet, gateway and DNS servers.
- How to install a CentOS 6 64Bit Server
30 Things to Do After Minimal RHEL/CentOS 7 Installation
http://www.tecmint.com/things-to-do-after-minimal-rhel-centos-7-installation/
Change hostname
- Change the ^HOSTNAME line in /etc/sysconfig/network
- Change the hostname in /etc/hosts
- Run /bin/hostname new_hostname for the hostname change to take effect immediately.
- Run /sbin/service syslog restart for syslog to log using the new hostname.
Note that using the command line 'hostname' to change the machine's hostname works only for the current session.
Check CentOS version
$ cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
switch to root
su # Press 'Enter'. It will ask for root's password.
sudoer
Some distributions do not come with sudo command.
As root type:
visudo
and add a line
MyUserName ALL = ALL
sudo: wheel group
When I install the OS (Red hat 7.4) I have a chance to create a new user with administrator right. This user will be added to the wheel group.
See also How To Create a Sudo User on CentOS
openssh-server
- sshd is running by default (ps -ef | grep sshd)
- System-wide configuration files
Add an existing user to have sudo privilege
sudo adduser USERNAME sudo
See help.ubuntu.com.
What is my IP address
ifconfig eth0
What services get started at boot time
chkconfig --list
Is xxx service running
xxx status
What services are currently running
ps -e
and
lsof -i
will show you services that are listening to TCP or UDP endpoints.
Choosing a web hosting service for your website
- Top 7 Easy and Free Web Hosting Services (7/18/2017)
- 10 Things You Should Know When Choosing A Web Hosting Service For Your Website
Install Apache
# Step 1: Install Apache sudo yum -y update sudo yum -y install httpd # Step 2: Allow Apache Through the Firewall sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=80/tcp sudo firewall-cmd --reload netstat -ant | grep :80 # Step 3: Configure Apache to Start on Boot sudo systemctl start httpd sudo systemctl enable httpd sudo systemctl status httpd
- http://dev.antoinesolutions.com/apache-server
- https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/5/html/Cluster_Administration/s1-apache-inshttpd-CA.html
- https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Managing_Confined_Services/chap-Managing_Confined_Services-The_Apache_HTTP_Server.html
Open ports in a firewall
On CentOS/RHEL 7.
# Open port 80 sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent sudo firewall-cmd --reload # Check the updated rules with: firewall-cmd --list-all
On CentOS/RHEL 6
# Open port 80 sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT sudo service iptables save
To check
$ netstat -tulpn | grep 8787 (Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.) tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8787 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN - $ netstat -tulpn | grep 80 (Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.) tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN -
What network ports are open: lsof or netstat
lsof stands for List Open Files.
sudo yum install -y lsof sudo lsof -i :22 # check port 22 sudo lsof -i :3838 # check port 3838 sudo lsof -i | grep -i "listen" # for example *.ssh (LISTEN) is shown on the last column # or netstat -aut # List only UDP or TCP connections # for example 0.0.0.0:ssh # or netstat -ant # Disable reverse dns lookup for faster output # for example 0.0.0.0:22 is shown on the 4th column # for shiny application, netstat -ant can grep 3838, but netstat -aut can't.
You can use lsof command for a list of things (15 Linux lsof Command Examples)
- List processes which opened a specific file
- List opened files under a directory
- List opened files based on process names starting with
- List processes using a mount point
- List files opened by a specific user
- List all open files by a specific process
- Kill all process that belongs to a particular user
- List all network connections
- List processes which are listening on a particular port
- List all TCP or UDP connections
- List all Network File System ( NFS ) files
and the netstat command: 10 basic examples of linux netstat command
# https://cyruslab.net/2014/07/11/installing-netstat-on-centos-7-minimal-installation/ sudo yum install net-tools
What firewall rules do I in place
iptables -L
See this article: 20 Iptables Examples For New SysAdmins from cyberciti.biz.
Routing table
How to read the routing table?
- http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/what-is-a-routing-table/
- http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-osx-bsd-windows-0-0-0-0-network-address/
Ubuntu wireless adapter:
brb@brb-P45T-A:~$ netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0
Ubuntu virtual machine:
brb@vm-1404:~$ netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 0.0.0.0 10.0.2.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 brb@vm-1404:~$ ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:ee:7d:45 inet addr:10.0.2.15 Bcast:10.0.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:feee:7d45/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:831 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:558 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:578902 (578.9 KB) TX bytes:55508 (55.5 KB) brb@vm-1404:~$ ifconfig eth1 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:cb:96:6c inet addr:192.168.1.244 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fecb:966c/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:54 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:8287 (8.2 KB) TX bytes:8966 (8.9 KB)
A default gateway is set as follows:
route add default gw IP_ADDRESS INTERFACE_NAME route add default gw 192.168.0.1 wlan0
What packages do I have installed
rpm -qa | less # or rpm -qa | grep xxx
Install/uninstall new packages
rpm -Uvh foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm # To install the package anyway and the same version you are trying to install is already installed # -i: install # -U: upgrade # -h: print 50 hask marks as the package archive is unpacked rpm -ivh --replacepkgs foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
To uninstall a package
rpm -e foo # not the name of the original package file foo-1.0-1.i386.rpm
What version of package xxx do I have installed
rpm -qi xxx
Find out path where is package installed
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/yum-determining-finding-path-that-yum-package-installed-to/
rpm -q {packageNameHere}
List of available (uninstalled) packages
yum list available
List All Configured Repositories
yum -v repolist yum -v repolist | less yum repolist
To list only enabled repositores
yum repolist enabled
To list only disabled repositories
yum repolist disabled
To list available packages under a repo called ksplice-uptrack, enter:
yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="ksplice-uptrack" list available
yum
Searching Packages
yum search vim gvim emacs
List packages
yum list all # list all available & installed yum list installed yum list available yum grouplist yum repolist # Not reposlist
Display package information
yum info package_name…
Listing Files Contained in a Package
repoquery --list package_name
install/remove
yum install -y packagename1 packagename2 yum remove packagename1 packagename2 yum groupremove group
yum equivalent of apt-get update
yum check-update
sendmail
su # type your root password to switch the account yum install m4 telnet mailx yum install sendmail sendmail-cf nano /etc/mail/sendmail.mc m4 /etc/mail/sendmail.mc > /etc/mail/sendmail.cf service sendmail restart netstat -an | grep :25 | grep tcp ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -i sendmail nano /etc/mail/local-host-names service sendmail restart chkconfig sendmail on useradd testuser1 useradd testuser2 passwd testuser2 mail -s "Test mail from testuser1" testuser2 tail /var/log/maillog su testuser2 # run 'mail' command to see if the mail has been received. nano /etc/mail/local-host-names # create a line, says, xyz.com nano /etc/mail/sendmail.cf # After the line of "Smart" relay host (may be null), edit as the following # DSmailfwd.nih.gov nano /etc/postfix/main.cf # change inet_protocols from all to ipv4. nano /etc/sysconfig/sendmail # make sure DAEMON=yes nano /etc/mail/relay-domains # this is a new file with 1 line 128.231.90.107 service sendmail restart mail -s "Test mail from testuser1" [email protected] tail /var/log/maillog # Should not see any ERR. netstat -nutlap | grep 25
Use TLP to Extend Linux Laptop Battery Life
- TLP – Linux Advanced Power Management
- Use TLP to Extend Linux Laptop Battery Life on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
- https://www.tecmint.com/tlp-increase-and-optimize-linux-battery-life/
Power Manager for GNOME
The configuration defaults for GNOME power manager have not installed correctly. Cannot login
This error will results in a log-in problem except root account. The symptom is 50GB in root (/) is used up.
The problem was caused by a bug in yum where /var/cache/yum/x86_64/6Workstation takes about 42GB space. The 'yum' does not remove old generated .sqlite files.
See https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=632391
I use 'du -k' command to find out which directory took space. I use 'rm' command to delete the contents.
Even I delete the content, the directory still grows up daily.
Upgrade Python from 2.6.x to 2.7.x
This instruction tells how to install Python 2.7 from source.
yum -y update yum groupinstall -y 'development tools' yum install -y zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel xz-libs wget wget http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.7.8/Python-2.7.8.tar.xz xz -d Python-2.7.8.tar.xz tar -xvf Python-2.7.8.tar # Enter the directory: cd Python-2.7.8 # Run the configure: ./configure --prefix=/usr/local # compile and install it: make make altinstall # Checking Python version: [root@nicetry ~]# python2.7 -V Python 2.7.8 wget --no-check-certificate https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/s/setuptools/setuptools-1.4.2.tar.gz # Extract the files: tar -xvf setuptools-1.4.2.tar.gz cd setuptools-1.4.2 # Install setuptools using the Python 2.7.8: python2.7 setup.py install curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py | python2.7 - pip2.7 install virtualenv
Install Meld
Have not found a solution yet. We need to install it from source. However, the source depends on
- Python 2.7 (see above for the instruction)
- GTK+ 3.6
- GLib 2.34
- PyGObject 3.8
- GtkSourceView 3.6
(Update) A binary version of meld is already available in the git. See this post.
$ cd ~/Downloads/ $ git clone https://git.gnome.org/browse/meld $ cd meld $ sudo ln -s /home/$USER/Downloads/meld/bin/meld /usr/bin/meld
Install the EPEL repository
https://support.rackspace.com/how-to/install-epel-and-additional-repositories-on-centos-and-red-hat/
sudo yum install epel-release
If that command doesn’t work,
- CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.x
wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-6.noarch.rpm sudo rpm -Uvh epel-release-6*.rpm
- CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.x
wget https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm sudo rpm -Uvh epel-release-latest-7*.rpm
Adding, Enabling, and Disabling a Yum Repository
VirtualBox guest addition
(Works on CentOS 7 & VB 5.0.40) https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Virtualization/VirtualBox/CentOSguest
yum install dkms yum groupinstall "Development Tools"
After running VBoxLinuxAdditions.run & reboot, GA does not work. However, after I run VBoxLinuxAdditions.run & reboot again, GA works.
(CentOS 6) Check out this post.
su # click VirtualBox -> Devices -> Install guest addition mkdir /media/VirtualBoxGuestAdditions mount -r /dev/cdrom /media/VirtualBoxGuestAdditions rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm yum install gcc kernel-devel kernel-headers dkms make bzip2 perl KERN_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/`uname -r` export KERN_DIR cd /media/VirtualBoxGuestAdditions ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
(Update for 64-bit CentOS 6.5 + VirtualBox 4.3.18) The installation still failed and it showed a missing package which can be installed with
yum install kernel-devel-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64
Then I re-run ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run to finish the installation of guest addition. Reboot and GA works.
Rockstor Linux
Build and manage your own Linux & BTRFS powered advanced NAS and Cloud storage with ease
- Personal Cloud Server
- SMB Cloud Server
- Traditional NAS server
Kernel
System Call
Other Flavors
Archlinux
Pacman
- http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/6934/package-management-strategy-with-pacman
- Install openssh
pacman -Sy openssh
Alpine Linux
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux
- Alpine Linux is a security-oriented, lightweight Linux distribution based on musl libc and busybox.
- Include images for Raspberry, Generic ARM, Virtual, XEN, etc.