Mac: Difference between revisions
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== / (root) directory == | == / (root) directory == | ||
Some directory may be hidden. | Some directory may be hidden. See http://www.westwind.com/reference/OS-X/invisibles.html | ||
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$ ls -l / | $ ls -l / | ||
Revision as of 13:53, 15 February 2017
macOS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
OS X File System
- https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/FileManagement/Conceptual/FileSystemProgrammingGuide/FileSystemOverview/FileSystemOverview.html
- Mac OS X Directory Structure explained
- Directory structure between mac osx and linux
Home directory
/Users/USERNAME
The following is the default directories under $HOME.
$ ls ~/ Applications Documents Library Music Public Desktop Downloads Movies Pictures
/ (root) directory
Some directory may be hidden. See http://www.westwind.com/reference/OS-X/invisibles.html
$ ls -l / total 45 drwxrwxr-x+ 62 root admin 2108 Feb 15 12:41 Applications drwxr-xr-x+ 69 root wheel 2346 Feb 9 11:02 Library drwxr-xr-x@ 3 root wheel 102 Feb 9 08:47 Network drwxr-xr-x@ 4 root wheel 136 Sep 16 17:07 System drwxr-xr-x 7 root admin 238 Feb 7 15:32 Users drwxrwxrwt@ 4 root admin 136 Feb 15 13:32 Volumes drwxr-xr-x@ 39 root wheel 1326 Jul 8 2016 bin drwxrwxr-t@ 2 root admin 68 Sep 16 16:59 cores dr-xr-xr-x 3 root wheel 4311 Feb 9 08:47 dev lrwxr-xr-x@ 1 root wheel 11 Sep 16 16:59 etc -> private/etc dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1 Feb 14 15:31 home -rw-r--r--@ 1 root wheel 313 Aug 2 2015 installer.failurerequests dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 1 Feb 14 15:31 net drwxr-xr-x@ 3 root wheel 102 Feb 9 14:58 opt drwxr-xr-x@ 6 root wheel 204 Sep 16 16:59 private drwxr-xr-x@ 59 root wheel 2006 Sep 16 16:59 sbin lrwxr-xr-x@ 1 root wheel 11 Sep 16 16:59 tmp -> private/tmp drwxr-xr-x@ 12 root wheel 408 Feb 9 11:02 usr lrwxr-xr-x@ 1 root wheel 11 Sep 16 16:59 var -> private/var
/Volumes and Machintosh HD directory
Macintosh HD is just a symbolic link to / (root) on your system; that is done in /Volumes.
$ ls -l /Volumes/ total 8 lrwxr-xr-x 1 root admin 1 Feb 9 08:47 Macintosh HD -> / drwxrwxr-t 8 root admin 340 Jan 18 14:06 OS X Install ESD
Terminal
Where is the terminal
Macintosh HD/Applications/Utilities/Terminal.
Keyboard shortcuts
- Ctrl + a - going to the beginning of the line
- Ctrl + e - going to the end of the line
More
- The Best “Just For Fun” Tricks Hidden in macOS’ Terminal:
- Make Your Mac Say Anything Out Loud,
- Play Simple Games Like Tetris, Pong, and Snake,
- caffeinate will prevent your Mac from falling asleep.
Keyboard shortcuts (especially browser)
- Command + up = go to the top of the document
- Command + down = go to the end of the document
- Command + f = search
Hardware
Display resolution
2880x1800 on my 15-Inch Retina Display MacBook Pro.
Unfortunately Virtualbox (5.1.14) can only give 1440x900 (tested on Ubuntu & Windows). See a workout http://tusharm.com/articles/win7-on-retina-display-with-virtual-box/.
Touchpad
Need to press a little bit (instead of touch) for the left-click effect.
The right click is called secondary click in OS X. By default it is click with two fingers. We can change the setting by going to System Preferences/Touchpad/Secondary click.
Scroll: two fingers move up/down. The direction is like moving a paper; i.e. scrolling up will gradually show the next part of the content.
Zoom in/out: pinch with two fingers.
Smart zoom: double-tap with two fingers.
Drag and drop: use your thumb to click on the lower part of the track and the index finger to move
CPU information
sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string
My macbook Pro 2015 shows i7-4980HQ CPU @ 2.80GHz.
Finder - file manager
Keyboard
Use Command+Down instead of Enter key to open a binary file.
Use Command+Down will immediately uncompress a tar.gz file.
'Enter' key is not used to launch a program or open a file. It is used to rename a file. We can use Command + Down key to open a file.
Screenshots
Take a Timed Screenshot With the Grab (built-in) Application
http://www.howtogeek.com/278615/the-best-screenshot-apps-for-macos/
Application
How to Install Applications
http://www.howtogeek.com/177619/how-to-install-applications-on-a-mac-everything-you-need-to-know/
Install pkg file from command line
http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/15658/how-can-i-open-a-pkg-file-manually
sudo installer -pkg ~/Downloads/packagename.pkg -target ~/Applications/ # OR installer -pkg ~/Downloads/packagename.pkg -target ~/Applications/
Launch an application
- F4 key - LaunchPad
- Command + Space - Spotlight search
Close an application
Clicking the red button does close/quit an application/a program. You need to use Command-Q.
Another answer: The red close button just closes the window. It is up to the application whether it quits or not - typically if the application uses documents or it has other windows that can be opened it will not quit. Applications with a single window (System Preferences, for example), will usually quit when the window is closed, since there isn't anything else it does.
Package
app file
Example: App Store.app.
http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/112197/what-does-a-app-file-actually-do
apps are "Package Bundles" is Apple jargon. These are actually Unix directories, in a special format. The actual Unix Executable File is in a subdirectory named MacOS, which you can see using the "Show Package Contents" menu in Finder.
dmg file
Example: Google chrome.
A DMG file is a disk image, which is sort of like an archive file. When you download one, you can double-click it to “mount” it (under Devices in the Finder), allowing you to extract the application from inside it.
After the app is dragged to your Applications folder, you can run it normally — from the Finder, Launchpad, Spotlight, dock, or anything else.
pkg file
Example: R-cran
- Extract PKG files on Mac and Windows
- How to Open .pkg Files to View What Will Install on Mac with Suspicious Package
PKG files are Mac OS X installation (setup) packages that contain installer scripts ('Scripts' file) and compressed installation files ('Payload' file) that are used to install Mac software applications onto a user's hard drive.
On the case of R-x.y.z.pkg, it contains R framework, R.app GUI, Tcl/Tk X11 and TexInfo.
MacPorts, Fink and Homebrew
http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/32724/what-are-pros-and-cons-for-macports-fink-and-homebrew
Developer
ldd on Mac
otool -L <exec>
openssl
Method 1: brew
brew doctor brew update brew upgrade brew install openssl cd /usr/local/include ln -s ../opt/openssl/include/openssl .
Method 2: compile yourself
- http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/221587/how-to-make-a-clean-install-of-openssl-on-el-capitan
- http://mac-dev-env.patrickbougie.com/openssl/
Tips
Got a New Mac? Do This First!
http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/new-mac-setup/
Upgrading to macOS Sierra (nee OSX) for R users
http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2017/01/upgrading-to-macos-sierra-nee-osx-for-r-users/
Access the Root Directory
http://osxdaily.com/2013/01/17/access-root-directory-mac-os-x/