CSS: Difference between revisions

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= SASS =
= SASS =
<ul>
<ul>
<li> Sass (Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets).
<li>https://www.w3schools.com/sass/sass_intro.asp
<li>https://www.w3schools.com/sass/sass_intro.asp
<li>SASS is a CSS '''preprocessor''' that extends the capabilities of CSS by adding features like variables, nested rules, mixins, and functions.
* SASS makes it easier to write and maintain complex stylesheets by providing a more powerful and flexible syntax.
* There are two syntaxes for SASS: the older, indented syntax (Sass) and the newer, more CSS-like syntax (SCSS).
<li>A [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprocessor preprocessor] is a type of software used in programming. It processes input data, often source code, before it is passed to the compiler or another program. The preprocessor performs various tasks such as macro substitution, file inclusion, and conditional compilation. In the context of web development, preprocessors like SASS process your stylesheets before they are converted into standard CSS. This allows you to use advanced features like '''variables, nesting, and mixins''', which are not available in regular CSS.
<li>[https://www.makeuseof.com/sass-vs-scss-choosing-css-preprocessor/ Understanding CSS Preprocessors]
<li>[https://raygun.com/blog/css-preprocessors-examples/ Popular CSS preprocessors with examples: Sass, Less, Stylus and more]
<li>Simpel example from Copilot
<li>Simpel example from Copilot
<ul>
<ul>

Revision as of 07:56, 20 September 2024

The information is obtained from w3schools.com.

To quickly test CSS code, go to online html editor website to try eg squarefree.com.

CSS

Syntax

p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

where p is called selector and anything inside {} is declarations with a format of property:value.

Comments

A CSS comment starts with /* and ends with */. Comments can also span multiple lines

Selectors

https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_selectors.asp

selector HTML css
tag/type/element selector <p>Every paragraph will be affected by the style.</p> p { text-align:center;color:red; }
id selector <p id="para1">Hello World!</p> #para1 { text-align:center;color:red; }
class selector <p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p> .center { text-align:center;color:red; }
p.center { text-align:center;color:red; }

"element" selector

p {  text-align:center;color:red; }

The html example is 

<p>Every paragraph will be affected by the style.</p>

Default CSS Values for HTML Elements

id selector

id selector is for one instance. 

#para1  { text-align:center;color:red; }

The html example is 

<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>

class selector, "element.class" selector

https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/sel_class.asp 

.center { text-align:center;color:red; }

You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class. 

p.center { text-align:center;color:red; }

The html example is 

<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>
<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p>

Real example in Chapter 9 <Style3Column.htm> of Creating a Website. The CSS has 

.Header {
  text-align: center;
  background-color: rgb(210,210,210);
  color: white;
}
.LeftPanel {
  position: absolute;
  top: 75px;
  left: 10px;
  width: 150px;
  background-color:#eee;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: black;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}
.RightPanel {
  position: absolute;
  top: 75px;
  right: 10px;
  width: 150px;
  background-color:#eee;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: black;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}
.CenterPanel {
  margin-left: 161px;
  margin-right: 161px;
}

The Html has 

<body>
<div class="Header"> ... </div>
<div class="LeftPanel"> ... </div>
<div class="RightPanel"> ... </div>
<div class="CenterPanel"> ... </div>
<div class="Class1 Class2"> ... </div>
</body>

group selectors

h1,h2,p { text-align:center;color:red; }

The html example is 

<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<h2>Smaller heading!</h2>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Three ways to insert CSS

External style sheet: link tag

HTML: link tag, How to Create Printer-friendly Pages with CSS. 

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>

Internal style sheet

<head>
<style>
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/background.gif");}
</style>
</head>

Inline style sheet

<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Cascading order (last one has the highest priority)

  1. Browser default
  2. External style sheet
  3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
  4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

Box Model

Border

We can create border for a paragraph or an image (CSS [attribute~=value] Selector).

Padding

Space between texts and border box. 

padding-top:25px;
padding-bottom:25px;
padding-right:50px;
padding-left:50px;

Color

body {background-color:#b0c4de;}
body {background-image:url("paper.gif");}
body {background:#ffffff url("img_tree.png") no-repeat right top;}

A simple example is this page.

Text

Color, alignment, decoration and indentation, fonts, styles 

body {color:red;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
p.ex {color:rgb(0,0,255);}

h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}

a {text-decoration:none;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}

p {text-indent:50px;}

p.serif{font-family:"Times New Roman",Times,serif;}
p.sansserif{font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;}

p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

Text shadow

How to Use CSS text-shadow: 11 Tricks and Examples

CSS font size

Links

https://www.w3schools.com/Css/css_link.asp 

a:link {color:#FF0000;}    /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;}   /* mouse over link */

Lists

ul.a {list-style-type:circle;}
ul.b {list-style-type:square;}
ol.c {list-style-type:upper-roman;}
ol.d {list-style-type:lower-alpha;}

Tables

table, td, th 
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}

See here for a link to create a fancy table.

Dimension (Width and height)

img.normal  { height:auto; }
img.big { height:120px; }
p.ex { height:100px; width:100px; }

Positioning

http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_positioning.asp How to show overflow in an element using scroll]

Float

  • An image with a caption that floats to the right
  • the example of creating a horizontal menu
  • the example of creating a homepage without tables (partition of a webpage)

F and Z-pattern

How To Build F and Z-Patterns Using HTML and CSS

Horizontal Align

Tips:

  1. Use percent (%) instead of pixels (px).
  2. Use margin:auto
.center
{
  margin:auto;
  width:70%;
  background-color:#b0e0e6;
}

How to Center Images

How to Center Images With CSS

Vertical Align

Pseudo-elements

The ::first-line pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first line of a text.

Navigation Bar

li { float:left; }
a { display:block; width:60px; }

Image gallery

Image Opacity/Transparency

  • Creating transparent images - Hover effect
  • Creating a transparent box with text on a background image
  • Text in Transparent Box

Image Sprites

An image sprite is a collection of images put into a single image.

A web page with many images can take a long time to load and generates multiple server requests.

Using image sprites will reduce the number of server requests and save bandwidth.

Sprite editor

All Examples

http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_examples.asp

30 Seconds of CSS

mentioned in this article

Printing

Using CSS to Format Documents for Printing

Grid for Magazine-Style Layouts

Using CSS Grid for Magazine-Style Layouts

CSS3

Box

2D transform

Transition

Animation

Multiple columns

Check out the last example

Free framework

9 open source CSS frameworks for frontend web development

simplecss

Simple.css {}

SASS

  • Sass (Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets).
  • https://www.w3schools.com/sass/sass_intro.asp
  • SASS is a CSS preprocessor that extends the capabilities of CSS by adding features like variables, nested rules, mixins, and functions.
    • SASS makes it easier to write and maintain complex stylesheets by providing a more powerful and flexible syntax.
    • There are two syntaxes for SASS: the older, indented syntax (Sass) and the newer, more CSS-like syntax (SCSS).
  • A preprocessor is a type of software used in programming. It processes input data, often source code, before it is passed to the compiler or another program. The preprocessor performs various tasks such as macro substitution, file inclusion, and conditional compilation. In the context of web development, preprocessors like SASS process your stylesheets before they are converted into standard CSS. This allows you to use advanced features like variables, nesting, and mixins, which are not available in regular CSS.
  • Understanding CSS Preprocessors
  • Popular CSS preprocessors with examples: Sass, Less, Stylus and more
  • Simpel example from Copilot
    • Shell 
      mkdir project; cd project
npm init  # package.json will be generated
npm install sass # node_modules directory and package-lock.json 

mkdir scss
nano scss/styles.css

nano package.json

npm run sass # Compiled scss/styles.scss to css/styles.css.
             # Sass is watching for changes. Press Ctrl-C to stop.
    • scss/styles.scss file 
      $primary-color: #3498db;
$secondary-color: #2ecc71;

body {
  font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  color: $primary-color;
}

h1 {
  color: $secondary-color;
  border-radius: 10px;
}

nav {
  ul {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    list-style: none;

    li {
      display: inline-block;
      margin-right: 10px;

      a {
        text-decoration: none;
        color: $primary-color;

        &:hover {
          color: $secondary-color;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
    • package.json file. Add "scripts": { "sass": "sass --watch scss:css" } to the file. 
      {
  "name": "myproject",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "sass": "sass --watch scss:css"
  },
  "author": "",
  "license": "ISC",
  "dependencies": {
    "sass": "^1.78.0"
  }
}
    • index.html file 
      <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>My Project</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/styles.css">
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Hello, World!</h1>
  <nav>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
      <li><a href="#">About</a></li>
      <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
    </ul>
  </nav>
</body>
</html>
    • Example directory structure 
      myproject/
├── css/
│   └── styles.css
├── node_modules/
├── scss/
│   └── styles.scss
├── package.json
└── index.html
  • NCI Design System - Getting Started for Developers
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