Apache: Difference between revisions
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* [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-apache-virtual-hosts-on-ubuntu-12-04-lts How To Set Up Apache Virtual Hosts on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS] from digitalocean.com. It teaches how to create a new virtual host file (instead of using the default one). | * [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-apache-virtual-hosts-on-ubuntu-12-04-lts How To Set Up Apache Virtual Hosts on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS] from digitalocean.com. It teaches how to create a new virtual host file (instead of using the default one). | ||
== /etc/apache2/apache2.conf == | == /etc/apache2/apache2.conf (important) == | ||
Main configuration file | Main configuration file | ||
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== /etc/apache2/envvars == | == /etc/apache2/envvars == | ||
== /etc/apache2/ports.conf == | == /etc/apache2/ports.conf (important) == | ||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
NameVirtualHost *:80 | NameVirtualHost *:80 | ||
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Symbolic link in this directory that refers to the module file in /mods-available above to enable it. | Symbolic link in this directory that refers to the module file in /mods-available above to enable it. | ||
== /etc/apache2/sites-available/ == | == /etc/apache2/sites-available/ (important) == | ||
Stores all the configuration files for the web sites serviced by Apache server. By default, only one file available, a default virtual host configuration file. | Stores all the configuration files for the web sites serviced by Apache server. By default, only one file available, a default virtual host configuration file. | ||
Revision as of 18:03, 20 February 2016
Apache2 Structure
/etc/apache2/ |-- apache2.conf |-- envvars |-- httpd.conf |-- magic |-- ports.conf |-- conf-enabled | `-- *.conf |-- mods-available | |-- *.load | `-- *.conf |-- mods-enabled | |-- *.load | `-- *.conf |-- sites-available | default, default-ssl |-- sites-enabled | |-- 000-default # points to ../sites-available/default | `-- default-ssl # points to ../sites-available/default-ssl |-- ssl | *.crt, *.key
- apache2.conf is the main configuration file. It puts the pieces together by including all remaining configuration files when starting up the web server.
- ports.conf is always included from the main configuration file. It is used to determine the listening ports for incoming connections, and this file can be customized anytime.
- Configuration files in the mods-enabled/, conf-enabled/ and sites-enabled/ directories contain particular configuration snippets which manage modules, global configuration fragments, or virtual host configurations, respectively.
- They are activated by symlinking available configuration files from their respective *-available/ counterparts. These should be managed by using our helpers a2enmod, a2dismod, a2ensite, a2dissite, and a2enconf, a2disconf . See their respective man pages for detailed information.
- The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of environment variables, in the default configuration, apache2 needs to be started/stopped with /etc/init.d/apache2 or apache2ctl. Calling /usr/bin/apache2 directly will not work with the default configuration.
By default, Ubuntu does not allow access through the web browser to any file apart of those located in /var/www, public_html directories (when enabled) and /usr/share (for web applications). If your site is using a web document root located elsewhere (such as in /srv) you may need to whitelist your document root directory in /etc/apache2/apache2.conf.
The default Ubuntu document root is /var/www/html (Ubuntu 14.04) or /var/www (Ubuntu 12.04). You can make your own virtual hosts under /var/www. This is different to previous releases which provides better security out of the box. In my case, the document roots for http and https are specified in the files </etc/apache2/sites-available/default> and </etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl>.
Important files
- http://www.basicconfig.com/linuxnetwork/ubuntu_web_server_setup Good cover
- http://www.htpcbeginner.com/how-to-setup-apache-web-server-on-ubuntu/2/. It includes how to set up DNS, running multiple websites
- How To Set Up Apache Virtual Hosts on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS from digitalocean.com. It teaches how to create a new virtual host file (instead of using the default one).
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf (important)
Main configuration file
/etc/apache2/httpd.conf
By default, this file is empty
/etc/apache2/envvars
/etc/apache2/ports.conf (important)
NameVirtualHost *:80 Listen 80 <IfModule mod_ssl.c> # If you add NameVirtualHost *:443 here, you will also have to change # the VirtualHost statement in /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl # to <VirtualHost *:443> # Server Name Indication for SSL named virtual hosts is currently not # supported by MSIE on Windows XP. Listen 443 </IfModule> <IfModule mod_gnutls.c> Listen 443 </IfModule>
/etc/apache2/mods-available/
Contains all the modules installed for your server.
/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/
Symbolic link in this directory that refers to the module file in /mods-available above to enable it.
/etc/apache2/sites-available/ (important)
Stores all the configuration files for the web sites serviced by Apache server. By default, only one file available, a default virtual host configuration file.
/etc/apache2/sites-available/default
This is the place to set up the document root for http port 80.
<VirtualHost *:80> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost ServerName taichimd.us DocumentRoot /var/www/ <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory> <Directory /var/www/> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride None Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> ... </VirtualHost>
/etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl
This is the place to set up the document root for https port 443.
<IfModule mod_ssl.c> <VirtualHost _default_:443> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost ServerName taichimd.us DocumentRoot /var/www <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory> <Directory /var/www/> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride None Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> ... # SSL Engine Switch: # Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host. SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /FullPathTo/CAName.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /FullPathTo/KeyName.key SSLCACertificateFile "/FullPathTo/bundle.crt" ... </VirtualHost>
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/
Create a symbolic link to enable sites in /etc/apache2/sites-available.
Commands
sudo a2ensite default # activate the default site /etc/apache2/sites-available/default sudo a2ensite domain2.com # activate each virtual host sudo service apache2 reload service apache2 status # check if apache2 is running sudo service apache2 start # run this if apache2 is not running
Misc
Running different sites on different ports
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/vhosts/examples.html#port
.htaccess file
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-the-htaccess-file
Set Up Mod_Rewrite
- https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-mod_rewrite-page-2 It contains an example to add www to a url.
- http://xmodulo.com/how-to-enable-mod_rewrite-in-apache2-on-debian-ubuntu.html
Error. Could not determine the server’s fully qualified domain name
http://tuxtweaks.com/2009/07/how-to-configure-apache-linux/
echo "ServerName localhost" | sudo tee /etc/apache2/conf.d/fqdn sudo service apache2 reload
How to set up a secure Apache webserver on Ubuntu
http://xmodulo.com/secure-apache-webserver-ubuntu.html
- Update TimeZone and Check Correct Time
- Disable AppArmor Conflicts
- Stop DDoS Attacks
- Stop Slowloris Attacks
- Stop DNS Injection Attacks
- Turn off Server Signature
How To Enable And Run Multiple Websites Using Apache2
we’re going to be using example.com and myexample.com domain names on a single Ubuntu server assigned IP address 192.168.20.1.
Note: As you can see from this exercise, it is perfectly OK to have multiple hostnames associated with the same IP4 address.
sudo apt-get install apache2 sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html/example.com/public_html sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html/myexample.com/public_html sudo vi /var/www/html/example.com/public_html/index.html sudo vi /var/www/html/myexample.com/public_html/index.html sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/html sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/myexample.com.conf # Change ServerName, ServerAlias and DocumentRoot entries sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/myexample.com.conf sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf sudo a2ensite example.com.conf sudo a2ensite myexample.com.conf sudo service restart apache2 sudo nano /etc/hosts # 192.168.20.1 example.com # 192.168.20.1 myexample.com
How to create multiple virtual hosts
- http://codingpad.maryspad.com/2012/03/14/how-to-create-multiple-virtual-hosts-in-ubuntu/
- http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/vhosts/examples.html Virtual host examples for different scenarios
- http://www.tecmint.com/apache-ip-based-and-name-based-virtual-hosting/
- https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-multiple-wordpress-sites-on-a-single-ubuntu-vps
- http://www.unixmen.com/setup-virtual-hosts-apache-ubuntu-14-04-lts/
25 Apache Interview Questions for Beginners and Intermediates
http://www.tecmint.com/apache-interview-questions/
Add www to your domain name for your website
https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/464510:weekend-project-create-virtual-hosts-with-apache Using ServerAlias or creating multiple virtualhost.
Disable directory browsing
Remove word Indexes from the following line in the file </etc/apache2/sites-available/default> & </etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl>
Options Includes Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
Or try the following commands
sudo a2dismod autoindex sudo service apache2 restart
List of all virtual hosts
apache2ctl -S
Diable a website through virtual host
sudo a2dissite 000-default
Show all loaded modules
apache2ctl -M /usr/sbin/apache2ctl: 87: ulimit: error setting limit (Operation not permitted) Loaded Modules: core_module (static) log_config_module (static) logio_module (static) mpm_prefork_module (static) http_module (static) so_module (static) alias_module (shared) auth_basic_module (shared) authn_file_module (shared) authz_default_module (shared) authz_groupfile_module (shared) authz_host_module (shared) authz_user_module (shared) autoindex_module (shared) cgi_module (shared) deflate_module (shared) dir_module (shared) env_module (shared) mime_module (shared) negotiation_module (shared) php5_module (shared) reqtimeout_module (shared) setenvif_module (shared) ssl_module (shared) status_module (shared) Syntax OK