DNS

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Resource

Managing DNS Essential Training from lynda.com

DNSCrypt

DNS server

setup

What is my DNS server /etc/resolv.conf or /etc/network/interfaces

Even I can change my DNS setting using the Network Manager (IPv4 -> disable Automatic -> Enter 8.8.8.8 -> Apply -> Toggle On/Off), the name solving does not work. Testing https://129.43.254.99 works but not https://brb.nci.nih.gov

Note: we are not supposed to edit /etc/resolv.conf file. See here on how to add DNS servers.

The real DNS servers IPs can be found by the network manager GUI or using the command line 

nmcli dev show | grep 'IP4.DNS'

On my home computer, it just shows one line nameserver 127.0.1.1. On work computer, it shows 

# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
#     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 127.0.1.1
search XXX.XXX.gov

On the VM of my work computer, it shows 

nameserver 127.0.0.53
search XXX.XXX.gov

It seems the /etc/resolv.conf file changes with the file on the host.

After any change, we can restart the network by using sudo service networking restart.

Note:

  • nameserver Name-server-IP-address: Point out to your your own nameserver or to ISP’s name server. Up to 3 name servers may be listed.
  • search domain.com: The search list is normally determined from the local domain name; by default, it contains only the local domain name. So when you type nslookup www, it will be matched to www.cyberciti.biz

You can also use Public Name Servers 

nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4

On Ubuntu 18.04, it uses netplan. See

dig Command Examples

dig (domain information groper) is a DNS lookup utility. 

$ dig google.com ANY
$ dig r-project.org  ANY
...
;r-project.org.                 IN      ANY

;; ANSWER SECTION:
r-project.org.          7199    IN      NS      ns2.urbanek.info.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      NS      ns1.urbanek.info.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      NS      ns2.wu-wien.ac.at.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      NS      ns3.urbanek.info.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      NS      ns4.urbanek.info.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      NS      ns1.wu-wien.ac.at.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      A       137.208.57.37
r-project.org.          7199    IN      MX      5 mc1.ethz.ch.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      MX      5 mc4.ethz.ch.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      MX      5 mc3.ethz.ch.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      MX      5 mc2.ethz.ch.
r-project.org.          7199    IN      TXT     "v=spf1 ip4:129.132.119.208/32 ~all"
r-project.org.          7199    IN      SOA     ns0.wu-wien.ac.at. postmaster.wu-wien.ac.at.

DNSmasq (DNS + DHCP server)

Local forwarding server

dnsmasq program is running on my Ubuntu and Linux/Mint machines.

See nameserver 127.0.1.1 in resolv.conf won't go away! 

$ ps -ef | grep -i dnsmasq

$ sudo netstat -anp | grep -i dnsmasq

Change DNS setting

Flush DNS cache

How to clear the DNS Cache?

Test if you are using OpenDNS

https://welcome.opendns.com/

Query DNS server

To list the current DNS servers used by my system,

Method 1: 

# Ubuntu >= 15
$ nmcli dev show | grep 'IP4.DNS'
$ nmcli device show <interfacename> | grep IP4.DNS
# Ubuntu <= 14
$ nmcli dev list iface <interfacename> | grep IP4

Method 2: 

$ cat /etc/resolv.conf

Another way is to use the R packages: gdns and dnsflare. More Options For Querying DNS From R with 1.1.1.1.

3 Ways to Check DNS Propagation Status

https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/check-dns-propagation-status/

DNS tricks

5 DNS Servers Guaranteed to Improve Your Online Safety

http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/best-dns-providers-security/

5 Nifty Ways to Use DNS to Your Advantage

http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/nifty-ways-use-dns-advantage/


DNStracer

http://www.ubuntugeek.com/dnstracer-trace-dns-queries-to-the-source.html

Dyndns and ddclient

See

nano /etc/ddclient.conf 

protocol=namecheap
ssl=yes
use=web, web=dynamicdns.park-your-domain.com/getip
server=dynamicdns.park-your-domain.com
login=yourdomain.com
password=a9438540ba8a449fb0ed09c3737b9e32
@

Note that the specification should depend on the domain name registrar (eg namecheap). For namecheap, the login/password is NOT your actual credential from your domain name registrar. The password should be obtained from the domain name registrar website. The last line is about the host. If I am setting it up for a subdomain, I should enter the subdomain name (and skip the domain name part). The ssl=yes is to ensure the connection is made over https instead of http.

And run sudo ddclient -daemon=0 -debug -verbose -noquiet to verify ddclient is working. You shall get a long return with the last line looks like 

SUCCESS:  updating YOURSUBDOMAIN: good: IP address set to XX.XXX.XXX.XXX

No matter which method we use, we can go to our DNS account (in namecheap, go to Dashboard -> MANAGE button -> Domains -> Advanced DNS) and temporarily change the global IP address to another one, run the update script and then check if the global IP address has been updated to the correct one.

namecheap

Mail

no-ip

Similar to Dyndns. It has its own client program. Needs to build it yourself.

Also see the troubleshooting guide.

See http://ducky-pond.com/posts/12 for instruction of setting autostart on Debian system.

See http://www.coulterfamily.org.uk/pages/PCs/Linux/FAQ-LINUX-NO-IP-CLIENT.php for another approach.

Note: If noip2 cannot start automatically or noip2 does not update even it can be seen from ps -ef command, use sudo crontab -e command. For some reason, after I use sudo crontab, noip2 can update IP. So the only problem right now is it cannot update every 30 minutes even sudo noip2 -S says so. The problems may be 1. ps -ef shows the command runs from nobody user 2. sudo noip2 -S says it updates every 30 minutes via /dev/eth0 with NAT enabled.

Update: An alternative is to use ddclient. However, ddclient never updates the IP.

Mail

  • Allow only one MX record for each host for free no-ip account.
  • Click Host/Redirects > Manage Hosts > Modify.
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