Anders2013

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The data is used in the paper "Count-based differential ....." by Anders et al 2013.

Required tools

The version number indicated below is the one I use. It may be updated when you are ready to download that.

  • bowtie (bowtie2-2.1.0-linux-x86_64.zip): Mac, Linux, Windows binaries
  • samtools (samtools-0.1.19.tar.bz2): require GCC to compile (build-essential) & zlib1g-dev & libncurses5-dev packages. wikipedia.
  • tophat (tophat-2.0.10.Linux_x86_64.tar.gz): Linux and Mac binaries
  • sra toolkit (sratoolkit.2.3.4-2-ubuntu64.tar.gz): Mac, Ubuntu & CentOS binaries
  • HTseq (HTSeq-0.6.1.tar.gz): require Python 2
  • IGV (IGV_2.3.26.zip): require Java and registration to download the program
  • FastQC (fastqc_v0.10.1.zip): require Java (jdk is needed, jre is not enough)

Installation

If binary executables are available, we don't need to do anything special except adding the path containing the binary to the PATH variable.

If only source code is available, make sure the required tool GCC is installed (Under Ubuntu, we can use sudo apt-get install build-essential). Then we can compile and then install the program by using ./configure, make and make install.

In this exercise, all source code or binary programs were extracted to $HOME/binary/ directory (Use mkdir ~/binary to create this new directory) where each program has its own directory.

To use a shell script to install every thing, try 

#!/bin/bash
#
# Installation script for RNA-Seq data preprocessing
# 

SRATOOLKIT_URL=http://ftp-trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sdk/2.3.5-2/sratoolkit.2.3.5-2-ubuntu64.tar.gz
BOWTIE2_URL=http://sourceforge.net/projects/bowtie-bio/files/bowtie2/2.2.2/bowtie2-2.2.2-linux-x86_64.zip/download
TOPHAT_URL=http://tophat.cbcb.umd.edu/downloads/tophat-2.0.11.Linux_x86_64.tar.gz
SAMTOOLS_URL=http://sourceforge.net/projects/samtools/files/latest/download?source=files
HTSEQ_URL=https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/H/HTSeq/HTSeq-0.6.1.tar.gz#md5=b7f4f38a9f4278b9b7f948d1efbc1f05
FASTQC_URL=http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/fastqc_v0.10.1.zip

set -e
sudo apt-get update

# download packages for samtools
sudo apt-get -y install zlib1g-dev
sudo apt-get -y install libncurses5-dev
# download packages for htseq-count
sudo apt-get -y install build-essential python2.7-dev python-numpy python-matplotlib
# download package for FastQC
sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-6-jdk

# create a new directory
mkdir ~/binary
cd binary

# sratoolkit
wget $SRATOOLKIT_URL
tar xzvf sratoolkit.2.3.5-2-ubuntu64.tar.gz

# bowtie
wget $BOWTIE2_URL -O bowtie2.zip
unzip bowtie2.zip

# tophat
wget $TOPHAT_URL
tar xzvf tophat-2.0.11.Linux_x86_64.tar.gz

# samtools (needs to compile)
wget $SAMTOOLS_URL -O samtools.tar.bz2
tar xjvf samtools.tar.bz2
cd samtools-*
make
cd ..

# htseq-count (needs to compile)
wget $HTSEQ_URL 
tar xzvf HTSeq-*
cd HTSeq-*
python setup.py install --user
cd ..

# fastqc
wget $FASTQC_URL
unzip fastqc_v0.10.1.zip

Note that there is a caution when we use wget.

Change PATH variable

Open ~/.basrhc file using any text editor (such as nano or vi) and add the path containing the binary of each program to PATH variable. 

tail ~/.bashrc
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/bowtie2-2.1.0/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/tophat-2.0.10.Linux_x86_64/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/samtools-0.1.19/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/samtools-0.1.19/bcftools/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/samtools-0.1.19/misc/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/sratoolkit.2.3.4-2-ubuntu64/bin
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/HTSeq-0.6.1/scripts/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/IGV_2.3.26/
export PATH=$PATH:~/binary/FastQC/

If we want to make these tools available for ALL users (ie system wide environment), we need to put these lines on /etc/profile file.

Data directory

Download <nprot.2013.099-S1.zip> from the paper's web site and extract it to ~/Anders2013 directory. 

brb@brbweb4:~$ mkdir Anders2013
brb@brbweb4:~$ cd Anders2013
brb@brbweb4:~/Anders2013$ wget http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v8/n9/extref/nprot.2013.099-S1.zip
brb@brbweb4:~/Anders2013$ unzip nprot.2013.099-S1.zip
brb@brbweb4:~/Anders2013$ ls
CG8144_RNAi-1.count  counts.csv             README.txt      Untreated-1.count  Untreated-6.count
CG8144_RNAi-3.count  __MACOSX               samples.csv     Untreated-3.count
CG8144_RNAi-4.count  nprot.2013.099-S1.zip  SraRunInfo.csv  Untreated-4.count

The raw data is from GSE18508 'modENCODE Drosophila RNA Binding Protein RNAi RNA-Seq Studies'.

Subdirectory

During running tophat program, several subdirectories will be generated. Each subdirectory will contain accepted_hits.bam, junctions.bed, insertions.bed, deletions.bed and other files/sub-subdirectories.

Once samtools program was run, .bam (and .bai) files will be created under Anders2013 directory.

Pipeline

The following summary is extracted from http://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2013/CSAMA2013/tuesday/afternoon/DESeq_protocol.pdf. It is the same as Anders 2013 paper but the paper requires an access permission.

It would be interesting to monitor the disk space usage before, during and after the execution.

Download example data (22 files in SRA format)

Download Supplement file and read <SraRunInfo.csv> in R. We will choose a subset of data based on "LibraryName" column. 

sri = read.csv("SraRunInfo.csv", stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
keep = grep("CG8144|Untreated-",sri$LibraryName)
sri = sri[keep,]
fs = basename(sri$download_path)
for(i in 1:nrow(sri))
 download.file(sri$download_path[i], fs[i])
names(sri)
[1] "Run"              "ReleaseDate"      "spots"            "bases"           
[5] "avgLength"        "size_MB"          "AssemblyName"     "download_path"   
[9] "Experiment"       "LibraryName"      "LibraryStrategy"  "LibrarySelection"
[13] "LibrarySource"    "LibraryLayout"    "InsertSize"       "Platform"        
[17] "Model"            "SRAStudy"         "BioProject"       "Study_Pubmed_id"
[21] "ProjectID"        "Sample"           "BioSample"        "TaxID"           
[25] "ScientificName"   "SampleName"       "Submission"       "Consent"        
apply(sri,2, function(x) length(unique(x)))
            Run      ReleaseDate            spots            bases
             22               22               22               22
      avgLength          size_MB     AssemblyName    download_path
              5               22                1               22
     Experiment      LibraryName  LibraryStrategy LibrarySelection
              7                7                1                1
  LibrarySource    LibraryLayout       InsertSize         Platform
              1                2                2                1
          Model         SRAStudy       BioProject  Study_Pubmed_id
              1                1                1                1
      ProjectID           Sample        BioSample            TaxID
              1                7                1                1
 ScientificName       SampleName       Submission          Consent
              1                1                1                1
sri[1:2,]
       Run         ReleaseDate   spots     bases avgLength size_MB
1 SRR031714 2010-01-15 10:42:00 5327425 394229450        74     396
2 SRR031715 2010-01-21 14:24:18 5248396 388381304        74     390
 AssemblyName
1           NA
2           NA
                                                                                         download_path
1 ftp://ftp-private.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sra-instant/reads/ByRun/sra/SRR/SRR031/SRR031714/SRR031714.sra
2 ftp://ftp-private.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/sra-instant/reads/ByRun/sra/SRR/SRR031/SRR031715/SRR031715.sra
 Experiment LibraryName LibraryStrategy LibrarySelection  LibrarySource
1  SRX014459 Untreated-3         RNA-Seq             cDNA TRANSCRIPTOMIC
2  SRX014459 Untreated-3         RNA-Seq             cDNA TRANSCRIPTOMIC
 LibraryLayout InsertSize Platform                       Model  SRAStudy
1        PAIRED        200 ILLUMINA Illumina Genome Analyzer II SRP001537
2        PAIRED        200 ILLUMINA Illumina Genome Analyzer II SRP001537
                     BioProject Study_Pubmed_id ProjectID    Sample BioSample
1 GEO Series accession: GSE18508        20921232    168994 SRS008447        NA
2 GEO Series accession: GSE18508        20921232    168994 SRS008447        NA
 TaxID          ScientificName              SampleName Submission Consent
1  7227 Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster  SRA010243  public
2  7227 Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila melanogaster  SRA010243  public

Convert SRA to FASTQ (sra -> fastq)

This takes a long time and it is not run in parallel. 

stopifnot( all(file.exists(fs)) ) # assure FTP download was successful
for(f in fs) {
cmd = paste("fastq-dump --split-3", f)
cat(cmd,"\n")
system(cmd) # invoke command
}

fastq-dump --split-3 SRR031714.sra
Read 5327425 spots for SRR031714.sra
Written 5327425 spots for SRR031714.sra
fastq-dump --split-3 SRR031715.sra
Read 5248396 spots for SRR031715.sra
Written 5248396 spots for SRR031715.sra
...

Note that '--split-3' option means legacy 3-file splitting for mate-pairs: First biological reads satisfying dumping conditions are placed in files *_1.fastq and *_2.fastq If only one biological read is present it is placed in *.fastq Biological reads and above are ignored. 

brb@brbweb4:~/Anders2013$ ls -lh *.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:47 SRR031708.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 812M Feb 10 12:50 SRR031709.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:56 SRR031710.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 13:02 SRR031711.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 13:08 SRR031712.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 13:14 SRR031713.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.1G Feb 10 11:48 SRR031714_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.1G Feb 10 11:48 SRR031714_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.1G Feb 10 11:54 SRR031715_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.1G Feb 10 11:54 SRR031715_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:02 SRR031716_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:02 SRR031716_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:10 SRR031717_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:10 SRR031717_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.4G Feb 10 13:21 SRR031718.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 927M Feb 10 13:25 SRR031719.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 13:32 SRR031720.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 13:39 SRR031721.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 13:45 SRR031722.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 842M Feb 10 13:49 SRR031723.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:17 SRR031724_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:17 SRR031724_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:25 SRR031725_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:25 SRR031725_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:33 SRR031726_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 12:33 SRR031726_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:41 SRR031727_1.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.2G Feb 10 12:41 SRR031727_2.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 1.3G Feb 10 13:54 SRR031728.fastq
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 3.2G Feb 10 14:07 SRR031729.fastq

Download reference genome

wget ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-70/fasta/drosophila_melanogaster/dna/Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.dna.toplevel.fa.gz
gunzip Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.dna.toplevel.fa.gz

Note that bowtie2/tophat2 indices for many commonly used reference genomes can be downloaded directly from http://tophat.cbcb.umd.edu/igenomes.html.

Structure of downloaded reference genome from Tophat

Downloaded genome from tophat takes a long time (20GB for human). Using bowtie2-build program which can takes an enormous time to run. 

$ tar xzvf Homo_sapiens_Ensembl_GRCh37.tar.gz
$ tree -L 4 Homo_sapiens
Homo_sapiens
└── Ensembl
    └── GRCh37
        ├── Annotation
        │   ├── Archives             <==== gtf file
        │   ├── Genes -> Archives/archive-current/Genes
        │   ├── README.txt -> Archives/archive-current/README.txt
        │   ├── SmallRNA -> Archives/archive-current/SmallRNA
        │   └── Variation -> Archives/archive-current/Variation
        ├── GenomeStudio
        │   ├── Archives
        │   ├── Homo_sapiens -> Archives/archive-2012-03-09-04-49-46/Homo_sapiens
        │   └── README.txt
        └── Sequence
            ├── AbundantSequences
            ├── Bowtie2Index         <==== bt2 files 
            ├── BowtieIndex
            ├── BWAIndex
            ├── Chromosomes
            ├── Squashed-Homo_sapiens-Ensembl-GRCh37
            └── WholeGenomeFasta     <==== fa file

18 directories, 2 files
$ ls -l Homo_sapiens/Ensembl/GRCh37/Annotation/Archives/archive-2013-03-06-14-23-04/Genes
total 639136
-rwxrwxr-x 1 brb brb       302 Mar 18  2013 ChromInfo.txt
-rwxrwxr-x 1 brb brb 603096976 Mar 18  2013 genes.gtf
-rwxrwxr-x 1 brb brb   8236175 Mar 18  2013 refFlat.txt.gz
-rwxrwxr-x 1 brb brb  43130092 Mar 18  2013 refGene.txt

Download GTF (gene transfer format) file (77.6 MB)

wget ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-70/gtf/drosophila_melanogaster/Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf.gz
gunzip Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf.gz

CRITICAL: Make sure that the gene annotation uses the same coordinate system as the reference FASTA le. Here, both les use BDGP5 (i. e., release 5 of the assembly provided by the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project), as is apparent from the le names. To be on the safe side here, we recommend to always download the FASTA reference sequence and the GTF annotation data from the same resource provider.

Preprocess reference FASTA files into an index (fasta -> bt2)

Alternatively, pre-built indices for many commonly-used genomes are available from http://tophat.cbcb.umd.edu/igenomes.html <Drosophila_melanogaster_Ensembl_BDGP5.tar.gz> contains genome.1.bt2, genome.2.bt2, genome.3.bt2, genome.fa, genome.rev.1.bt2, and genome.rev.2.bt2 under Drosophila_melanogaster/Ensembl/BDGP5/Sequence/Bowtie2Index/ directory. This takes about 4 minutes 37 seconds on my Core-i7 Laptop computer running xubuntu 12.04.

When I try to run bowtie2-build on mouse genome, it is extremely slow. Unfortunately bowtie2-build does not have "-p" option like bowtie2 to speed it up. 

bowtie2-build -f Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.dna.toplevel.fa Dme1_BDGP5_70
brb@brbweb4:~/Anders2013$ ls -lt *.bt2
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 58770281 Feb 10 12:06 Dme1_BDGP5_70.rev.1.bt2
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 40591960 Feb 10 12:06 Dme1_BDGP5_70.rev.2.bt2
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 58770281 Feb 10 12:04 Dme1_BDGP5_70.1.bt2
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 40591960 Feb 10 12:04 Dme1_BDGP5_70.2.bt2
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb   339200 Feb 10 12:01 Dme1_BDGP5_70.3.bt2
-rw-r--r-- 1 brb brb 40591953 Feb 10 12:01 Dme1_BDGP5_70.4.bt2

Access quality control through ShortRead or FastQC

library("ShortRead")
fqQC = qa(dirPath=".", pattern=".fastq$", type="fastq")
report(fqQC, type="html", dest="fastqQAreport")

Use a web browser to inspect the generated HTML file (here, stored in the \fastqQAreport" directory) with the quality-assessment report.

Create a metadata table called "samples"

sri$LibraryName = gsub("S2_DRSC_","",sri$LibraryName) # trim label
samples = unique(sri[,c("LibraryName","LibraryLayout")])
for(i in seq_len(nrow(samples))) {
 rw = (sri$LibraryName==samples$LibraryName[i])
 if(samples$LibraryLayout[i]=="PAIRED") {
   samples$fastq1[i] = paste0(sri$Run[rw],"_1.fastq",collapse=",")
   samples$fastq2[i] = paste0(sri$Run[rw],"_2.fastq",collapse=",")
 } else {
   samples$fastq1[i] = paste0(sri$Run[rw],".fastq",collapse=",")
   samples$fastq2[i] = ""
 }
}

samples$condition = "CTL"
samples$condition[grep("RNAi",samples$LibraryName)] = "KD"
samples$shortname = paste( substr(samples$condition,1,2),
                                         substr(samples$LibraryLayout,1,2), seq_len(nrow(samples)), sep=".")
samples
     LibraryName LibraryLayout
1     Untreated-3        PAIRED
3     Untreated-4        PAIRED
5   CG8144_RNAi-3        PAIRED
7   CG8144_RNAi-4        PAIRED
144   Untreated-1        SINGLE
150 CG8144_RNAi-1        SINGLE
156   Untreated-6        SINGLE
                                                                                            fastq1
1                                                               SRR031714_1.fastq,SRR031715_1.fastq
3                                                               SRR031716_1.fastq,SRR031717_1.fastq
5                                                               SRR031724_1.fastq,SRR031725_1.fastq
7                                                               SRR031726_1.fastq,SRR031727_1.fastq
144 SRR031708.fastq,SRR031709.fastq,SRR031710.fastq,SRR031711.fastq,SRR031712.fastq,SRR031713.fastq
150 SRR031718.fastq,SRR031719.fastq,SRR031720.fastq,SRR031721.fastq,SRR031722.fastq,SRR031723.fastq
156                                                                 SRR031728.fastq,SRR031729.fastq
                                fastq2 condition shortname
1   SRR031714_2.fastq,SRR031715_2.fastq       CTL   CT.PA.1
3   SRR031716_2.fastq,SRR031717_2.fastq       CTL   CT.PA.2
5   SRR031724_2.fastq,SRR031725_2.fastq        KD   KD.PA.3
7   SRR031726_2.fastq,SRR031727_2.fastq        KD   KD.PA.4
144                                           CTL   CT.SI.5
150                                            KD   KD.SI.6
156                                           CTL   CT.SI.7

Align the reads to the reference genome using tophat2 (fastq -> bam, bed)

Note:

  1. '-p' specifies the number of threads to use, -o specifies the output directory. The first name (bowind) is the name of the index (built in advance).
  2. It seems even the program cannot find the reference genome, it still runs.
  3. The run time is about 3 to 4 hours per sample when 7 jobs were running at the same time (5 threads for each sample).
  4. If only one sample was run it took 45 minutes as the paper said (5 threads). If I specify 1 thread, the running time is 1 hour 44 minutes.
  5. If I only run 2 jobs using batch, it takes 1 hour and 1 hour 2 mintues to finish these two jobs.
  6. The input is fastq files. The output is a directory contains 7 files (including *.bam) and 1 subdirectory of logs.
gf = "Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf"
bowind = "Dme1_BDGP5_70"
cmd = with(samples, paste("tophat2 -G", gf, "-p 5 -o", LibraryName,
          bowind, fastq1, fastq2))

cmd # Actually we want to use system() to run each line of cmd.
[1] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o Untreated-3 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031714_1.fastq,SRR031715_1.fastq SRR031714_2.fastq,SRR031715_2.fastq"                           
[2] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o Untreated-4 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031716_1.fastq,SRR031717_1.fastq SRR031716_2.fastq,SRR031717_2.fastq"                           
[3] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o CG8144_RNAi-3 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031724_1.fastq,SRR031725_1.fastq SRR031724_2.fastq,SRR031725_2.fastq"                         
[4] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o CG8144_RNAi-4 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031726_1.fastq,SRR031727_1.fastq SRR031726_2.fastq,SRR031727_2.fastq"                         
[5] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o Untreated-1 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031708.fastq,SRR031709.fastq,SRR031710.fastq,SRR031711.fastq,SRR031712.fastq,SRR031713.fastq "  
[6] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o CG8144_RNAi-1 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031718.fastq,SRR031719.fastq,SRR031720.fastq,SRR031721.fastq,SRR031722.fastq,SRR031723.fastq "
[7] "tophat2 -G Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf -p 5 -o Untreated-6 Dme1_BDGP5_70 SRR031728.fastq,SRR031729.fastq "

Output from console

[2014-04-18 16:42:12] Beginning TopHat run (v2.0.10)
-----------------------------------------------
[2014-04-18 16:42:12] Checking for Bowtie
		  Bowtie version:	 2.1.0.0
[2014-04-18 16:42:12] Checking for Samtools
		Samtools version:	 0.1.19.0
[2014-04-18 16:42:12] Checking for Bowtie index files (genome)..
[2014-04-18 16:42:12] Checking for reference FASTA file
[2014-04-18 16:42:12] Generating SAM header for genome
[2014-04-18 16:42:58] Reading known junctions from GTF file
[2014-04-18 16:43:17] Preparing reads
	 left reads: min. length=49, max. length=49, 26721504 kept reads (2587 discarded)
[2014-04-18 16:47:40] Building transcriptome data files E2_Rep2/tmp/genes
[2014-04-18 16:48:22] Building Bowtie index from genes.fa
[2014-04-18 17:12:33] Mapping left_kept_reads to transcriptome genes with Bowtie2 
[2014-04-18 17:44:09] Resuming TopHat pipeline with unmapped reads
[2014-04-18 17:44:09] Mapping left_kept_reads.m2g_um to genome genome with Bowtie2 
[2014-04-18 17:49:50] Mapping left_kept_reads.m2g_um_seg1 to genome genome with Bowtie2 (1/2)
[2014-04-18 17:51:07] Mapping left_kept_reads.m2g_um_seg2 to genome genome with Bowtie2 (2/2)
[2014-04-18 17:51:54] Searching for junctions via segment mapping
	Coverage-search algorithm is turned on, making this step very slow
	Please try running TopHat again with the option (--no-coverage-search) if this step takes too much time or memory.
[2014-04-18 18:08:13] Retrieving sequences for splices
[2014-04-18 18:10:10] Indexing splices
[2014-04-18 18:19:15] Mapping left_kept_reads.m2g_um_seg1 to genome segment_juncs with Bowtie2 (1/2)
[2014-04-18 18:21:26] Mapping left_kept_reads.m2g_um_seg2 to genome segment_juncs with Bowtie2 (2/2)
[2014-04-18 18:23:38] Joining segment hits
[2014-04-18 18:25:52] Reporting output tracks
-----------------------------------------------
[2014-04-18 18:38:05] A summary of the alignment counts can be found in E2_Rep2/align_summary.txt
[2014-04-18 18:38:05] Run complete: 01:55:52 elapsed

Organize, sort and index the BAM files and create SAM files (bam -> sam)

Note

  1. Potentially we can run the commands in parallel. This step needs lots of disk I/O so it may be better not to run the command in parallel.
  2. Four steps:
    1. first step - Input: original aligned bam file. Output: <Untreated-3_sn.bam> (1.5 GB). sort alignment file by read name (-n option).
    2. Second step - Input: sorted bam file from 1st step. Output: <Untreated-3_sn.sam> (11 GB). BAM<->SAM conversion. The SAM file generated from these 2 steps will be used in HTSEQ-count.
    3. Third step - Input: original aligned bam file. Output: <Untreated-3_s.bam> (1.2 GB). sort alignment file by chromosomal coordinates.
    4. Fourth step - Input: sorted bam file from 3rd step. Output: <Untreated-3_s.bam.bai> (375 KB). index alignment. The SAM and BAI files generated from these 2 steps together with GTF file will be used in IGV.
  3. Examples how to use. See here
for(i in seq_len(nrow(samples))) {
 lib = samples$LibraryName[i]
 ob = file.path(lib, "accepted_hits.bam")
 # sort by name, convert to SAM for htseq-count
 cat(paste0("samtools sort -n ",ob," ",lib,"_sn"),"\n")
 cat(paste0("samtools view -o ",lib,"_sn.sam ",lib,"_sn.bam"),"\n")
 # sort by position and index for IGV
 cat(paste0("samtools sort ",ob," ",lib,"_s"),"\n")
 cat(paste0("samtools index ",lib,"_s.bam"),"\n\n")
}

samtools sort -n Untreated-3/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-3_sn
samtools view -o Untreated-3_sn.sam Untreated-3_sn.bam
samtools sort Untreated-3/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-3_s
samtools index Untreated-3_s.bam

samtools sort -n Untreated-4/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-4_sn
samtools view -o Untreated-4_sn.sam Untreated-4_sn.bam
samtools sort Untreated-4/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-4_s
samtools index Untreated-4_s.bam

samtools sort -n CG8144_RNAi-3/accepted_hits.bam CG8144_RNAi-3_sn
samtools view -o CG8144_RNAi-3_sn.sam CG8144_RNAi-3_sn.bam
samtools sort CG8144_RNAi-3/accepted_hits.bam CG8144_RNAi-3_s
samtools index CG8144_RNAi-3_s.bam 

samtools sort -n CG8144_RNAi-4/accepted_hits.bam CG8144_RNAi-4_sn
samtools view -o CG8144_RNAi-4_sn.sam CG8144_RNAi-4_sn.bam
samtools sort CG8144_RNAi-4/accepted_hits.bam CG8144_RNAi-4_s
samtools index CG8144_RNAi-4_s.bam

samtools sort -n Untreated-1/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-1_sn
samtools view -o Untreated-1_sn.sam Untreated-1_sn.bam
samtools sort Untreated-1/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-1_s
samtools index Untreated-1_s.bam

samtools sort -n CG8144_RNAi-1/accepted_hits.bam CG8144_RNAi-1_sn
samtools view -o CG8144_RNAi-1_sn.sam CG8144_RNAi-1_sn.bam
samtools sort CG8144_RNAi-1/accepted_hits.bam CG8144_RNAi-1_s
samtools index CG8144_RNAi-1_s.bam

samtools sort -n Untreated-6/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-6_sn
samtools view -o Untreated-6_sn.sam Untreated-6_sn.bam
samtools sort Untreated-6/accepted_hits.bam Untreated-6_s
samtools index Untreated-6_s.bam

Output from console

[bam_sort_core] merging from 15 files...

Inspect alignments with IGV

The following screenshot was taken from another (small) dataset. There are 100 sequences in the fq file. The reference genome has only 13 sequences. See also this post.

IGV.png IGV whole.png

To use IGV, we have to run samtools twice (one is to get sorted bam file, and the other is to get bai file). Both bam and bai files are binary.

  1. Genome -> Load genome from file -> test_ref.fa
  2. File -> load from file -> read_1.fq
  • Each seq from fa file will be connected together and shown on the bottom of IGV.
  • Mouse over a sequence will show "Read name" (we can go back to fastq file to double check the sequence), "Location" (the location from mouse over), "Alignment start" (the start position).
  • If there is a mismatch from a bp, it will be shown in a different color (T-red, C-blue, A-green, G-brown).
  • The histogram-like plot is called Coverage.
  • One sequence may be splitted after alignment.
  • In this example, we can count there are 72 sequences. This matches with the file in <align_summary.txt> where it shows the number of reads in input and number of mapped reads with percentage of mapped.

The code is given below 

tophat -r 20 test_ref reads_1.fq reads_2.fq 
samtools sort tophat_out/accepted_hits.bam tophat_out_s
samtools index tophat_out_s.bam

The "-r" option is tophat is related to mate-inner-dist. See the discussion here.

Count reads using htseq-count (sam -> count)

samples$countf = paste(samples$LibraryName, "count", sep=".")
gf = "Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf"
cmd = paste0("htseq-count -s no -a 10 ",
            samples$LibraryName, "_sn.sam ",
            gf," > ", samples$countf)

cmd
[1] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 Untreated-3_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > Untreated-3.count"    
[2] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 Untreated-4_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > Untreated-4.count"    
[3] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 CG8144_RNAi-3_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > CG8144_RNAi-3.count"
[4] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 CG8144_RNAi-4_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > CG8144_RNAi-4.count"
[5] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 Untreated-1_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > Untreated-1.count"    
[6] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 CG8144_RNAi-1_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > CG8144_RNAi-1.count"
[7] "htseq-count -s no -a 10 Untreated-6_sn.sam Drosophila_melanogaster.BDGP5.70.gtf > Untreated-6.count"

Output from console

Lots of output 

....
37200000 SAM alignment records processed.
37300000 SAM alignment records processed.
37399340 SAM alignments  processed.

DESeq for DE analysis

> samplesDESeq = with(samples, data.frame(
         shortname = I(shortname),
         countf = I(countf),
         condition = condition,
         LibraryLayout = LibraryLayout))

> samplesDESeq

 shortname              countf condition LibraryLayout
1   CT.PA.1   Untreated-3.count       CTL        PAIRED
2   CT.PA.2   Untreated-4.count       CTL        PAIRED
3   KD.PA.3 CG8144_RNAi-3.count        KD        PAIRED
4   KD.PA.4 CG8144_RNAi-4.count        KD        PAIRED
5   CT.SI.5   Untreated-1.count       CTL        SINGLE
6   KD.SI.6 CG8144_RNAi-1.count        KD        SINGLE
7   CT.SI.7   Untreated-6.count       CTL        SINGLE

> library("DESeq")
cds <- newCountDataSetFromHTSeqCount(samplesDESeq) # quick, 15682 features, 7 samples
cds <- estimateSizeFactors(cds) # quick
sizeFactors(cds)

#   CT.PA.1   CT.PA.2   KD.PA.3   KD.PA.4   CT.SI.5   KD.SI.6   CT.SI.7
# 0.6991612 0.8104921 0.8217403 0.8941097 1.6431467 1.3720872 1.1041186

cds <- estimateDispersions(cds) # quick
res <- nbinomTest(cds,"CTL","KD") # 44 seconds
sum(res$pval <= .05, na.rm=T) # [1] 1574
sum(res$padj <= .05, na.rm=T) # [1] 730

options(width=100)
res[1:3,]
#            id  baseMean baseMeanA baseMeanB foldChange log2FoldChange      pval padj
# 1 FBgn0000003  0.000000  0.000000  0.000000        NaN            NaN        NA   NA
# 2 FBgn0000008 88.526695 88.486694 88.580029   1.001055    0.001520941 0.9298627    1
# 3 FBgn0000014  3.054418  2.327533  4.023599   1.728697    0.789684778 0.6839858    1

File Format

http://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQformat.html which includes a lot of common formats like BAM, BED, bedGraph, bigBed, bigWig, VCF, WIG, et al.

Other RNA-Seq data

GEO

Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez and select 'GEO Datasets' from the drop down menu, and use 'RNA-Seq' as your search term.

GSE28666

as used in DAFS paper. The timing is

  • bowtie2-build 115 minutes
  • fastq-dump 25 minutes per fastq (3.3 - 5.9GB fastq files)
  • tophat2 90 minutes per fastq
  • samtools 5 minutes
  • htseq-count 13 minutes

GSE51403

RNA-seq differential expression studies: more sequence, or more replication?

GSE37544

RNA-seq analysis of differential gene expression in liver from lactating dairy cows divergent in negative energy balance

ENCODE

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/ENCODE.html

1000 genomes

Human BodyMap 2.0 data from Illumina

Other RNA-Seq tools

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools

Galaxy

The first 3 lines will install galaxy on local computer. The last command will start Galaxy. PS. It will take a while to start the first time. 

hg clone https://bitbucket.org/galaxy/galaxy-dist/
cd galaxy-dist
hg update stable
sh run.sh

A screenshot of the available tools is given below. Strangely, I did not find "NGS: RNA Analysis" in the NGS: ToolBox on left hand side.

GalaxyInitial.png

We cannot upload > 2GB fastq data. For such large dataset (we have one 3.3 GB fastq in this case), Galaxy asks to use http or ftp to load the data. I install Apache in Ubuntu and put this fastq file there for upload.

Galaxy does not include bowtie, tophat, .... by default. See this post and Galaxy wiki about the installation. Another option is to modify line 614 of 'universe_wsgl.ini' file and enable ourselves as adminstrator. Also modify line 146 to add a path for installing tools through Galaxy Admin page.

If you submit a lot of jobs (eg each tophat2 generates 5 jobs) some of jobs cannot be run immediately. In my experience, there is a 25 jobs cap. Running jobs has a yellow background color. Waiting for run jobs has a gray background color.

Some helpful information

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