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== Install and upgrade R ==
= Install and upgrade R =
[[Install_R|Here]]
[[Install_R|Here]]


== Online Editor ==
== New release ==
* R 4.3.0
** [https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/whats-new-r43/ What's new in R 4.3.0?]
** Extracting from a pipe. The underscore _ can be used to refer to the final value from a pipeline <code style="display:inline-block;">mtcars |> lm(mpg ~ disp, data = _) |> _$coef</code>. Previously we need to use [https://stackoverflow.com/a/56038303 this way] or [https://stackoverflow.com/a/60873298 this way]. If we want to apply some (anonymous) function to each element of a list, use '''map(), map_dbl()''' from the [https://purrr.tidyverse.org/ purrr].
* R 4.2.0
** Calling if() or while() with a condition of length greater than one gives an error rather than a warning.
** [https://twitter.com/henrikbengtsson/status/1501306369319735300 use underscore (_) as a placeholder on the right-hand side (RHS) of a forward pipe]. For example, '''mtcars |> subset(cyl == 4) |> lm(mpg ~ disp, data = _) '''
** [https://developer.r-project.org/Blog/public/2022/04/08/enhancements-to-html-documentation/ Enhancements to HTML Documentation]
** [https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/new-features-r420/ New features in R 4.2.0]
* R 4.1.0
** [https://developer.r-project.org/blosxom.cgi/R-devel/2021/01/13#n2021-01-13 pipe and shorthand for creating a function]
** [https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/new-features-r410-pipe-anonymous-functions/ New features in R 4.1.0] '''anonymous functions''' (lambda function)
* R 4.0.0
** [https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2020/04/r-400-is-released.html R 4.0.0 now available, and a look back at R's history]
** [https://www.infoworld.com/article/3540989/major-r-language-update-brings-big-changes.html R 4.0.0 brings numerous and significant changes to syntax, strings, reference counting, grid units, and more], [https://www.infoworld.com/article/3541368/how-to-run-r-40-in-docker-and-3-cool-new-r-40-features.html R 4.0: 3 new features]
**# factor is not default in data frame for character vector
**# palette() function has a new default set of colours, and [[R#New_palette_in_R_4.0.0|palette.colors() & palette.pals()]] are new
**# r"(YourString)" for ''raw'' character constants. See ?Quotes
* R 3.6.0
** [https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2019/05/whats-new-in-r-360.html What's new in R 3.6.0]
*** Changes to random number generation
*** More functions now support vectors with more than 2 billion elements
* R 3.5.0
** [https://community.rstudio.com/t/error-listing-packages-error-in-readrds-pfile-cannot-read-workspace-version-3-written-by-r-3-6-0/40570/2 The default serialization format for R changed in May 2018, such that new default format (version 3) for workspaces saved can no longer be read by versions of R older than 3.5]
 
= Online Editor =
We can run R on web browsers without installing it on local machines (similar to [/ideone.com Ideone.com] for C++. It does not require an account either (cf RStudio).  
We can run R on web browsers without installing it on local machines (similar to [/ideone.com Ideone.com] for C++. It does not require an account either (cf RStudio).  


=== [https://rdrr.io/snippets/ rdrr.io] ===
== [https://rdrr.io/snippets/ rdrr.io] ==
It can produce graphics too. The package I am testing ([https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/cobs/versions/1.3-3/topics/cobs cobs]) is available too.
It can produce graphics too. The package I am testing ([https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/cobs/versions/1.3-3/topics/cobs cobs]) is available too.


=== rstudio.cloud ===
== rstudio.cloud ==


=== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/ RDocumentation] ===
== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/ RDocumentation] ==
The interactive engine is based on [https://github.com/datacamp/datacamp-light DataCamp Light]
The interactive engine is based on [https://github.com/datacamp/datacamp-light DataCamp Light]


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The packages on RDocumentation may be outdated. For example, the current stringr on CRAN is v1.2.0 (2/18/2017) but RDocumentation has v1.1.0 (8/19/2016).
The packages on RDocumentation may be outdated. For example, the current stringr on CRAN is v1.2.0 (2/18/2017) but RDocumentation has v1.1.0 (8/19/2016).


== Web Applications ==
= Web Applications =
[[R_web|R web applications]]


See also CRAN Task View: [http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/WebTechnologies.html Web Technologies and Services]
= Creating local repository for CRAN and Bioconductor =
[[R_repository|R repository]]


=== TexLive ===
= Parallel Computing =
TexLive can be installed by 2 ways
See [[R_parallel|R parallel]].
* '''sudo apt install texlive''' It includes '''tlmgr''' utility for package manager.
* [http://tug.org/texlive/ Official website]


==== texlive-latex-extra ====
= Cloud Computing =
https://packages.debian.org/sid/texlive-latex-extra


For example, framed and titling packages are included.
== Install R on Amazon EC2 ==
http://randyzwitch.com/r-amazon-ec2/


==== tlmgr - TeX Live package manager ====
== Bioconductor on Amazon EC2 ==
https://www.tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html
http://www.bioconductor.org/help/bioconductor-cloud-ami/


=== [https://yihui.name/tinytex/ TinyTex] ===
= Big Data Analysis =
https://github.com/yihui/tinytex
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/HighPerformanceComputing.html CRAN Task View: High-Performance and Parallel Computing with R]
* [http://www.xmind.net/m/LKF2/ R for big data] in one picture
* [https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/72295_692737b667614d369bd87cb0f51c9a4b.html Handling large data sets in R]
* [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/big-data-analytics/9781786466457/#toc-start Big Data Analytics with R] by Simon Walkowiak
* [https://pbdr.org/publications.html pbdR]
** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_with_Big_Data_in_R
** [https://olcf.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pbdr.pdf Programming with Big Data in R - pbdR] George Ostrouchov and Mike Matheson Oak Ridge National Laboratory


=== Rmarkdown: create HTML5 web, slides and more ===
== bigmemory, biganalytics, bigtabulate ==
[[Rmarkdown]]


=== [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol HTTP protocol] ===
== ff, ffbase ==
* tapply does not work. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16470677/using-tapply-ave-functions-for-ff-vectors-in-r Using tapply, ave functions for ff vectors in R]
* [http://www.bnosac.be/index.php/blog/12-popularity-bigdata-large-data-packages-in-r-and-ffbase-user-presentation Popularity bigdata / large data packages in R and ffbase useR presentation]
* [http://www.bnosac.be/images/bnosac/blog/user2013_presentation_ffbase.pdf ffbase: statistical functions for large datasets] in useR 2013
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/ffbase/versions/0.12.7/topics/ffbase-package ffbase] package


* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Http_request_telnet_ubuntu.png
== biglm ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string Query string]
* How to capture http header? Use '''curl -i en.wikipedia.org'''.
* [http://trac.webkit.org/wiki/WebInspector Web Inspector]. Build-in in Chrome. Right click on any page and choose 'Inspect Element'.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server Web server]
* [http://www.paulgriffiths.net/program/c/webserv.php Simple TCP/IP web server]
* [http://jmarshall.com/easy/http/ HTTP Made Really Easy]
* [http://www.manning.com/hethmon/ Illustrated Guide to HTTP]
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/systems/library/es-nweb/ nweb: a tiny, safe Web server with 200 lines]
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/tinyhttpd/ Tiny HTTPd]


An HTTP server is conceptually simple:
== data.table ==
See [[Tidyverse#data.table|data.table]].


# Open port 80 for listening
== disk.frame ==
# When contact is made, gather a little information (get mainly - you can ignore the rest for now)
[https://www.brodrigues.co/blog/2019-10-05-parallel_maxlik/ Split-apply-combine for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a linear model]
# Translate the request into a file request
# Open the file and spit it back at the client


It gets more difficult depending on how much of HTTP you want to support - POST is a little more complicated, scripts, handling multiple requests, etc.
== Apache arrow ==
* https://arrow.apache.org/docs/r/
* [https://www.infoworld.com/article/3637038/the-best-open-source-software-of-2021.html#slide17 The best open source software of 2021]


==== Example in R ====
= Reproducible Research =
<syntaxhighlight lang='r'>
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/ReproducibleResearch.html
> co <- socketConnection(port=8080, server=TRUE, blocking=TRUE)
* [[Reproducible|Reproducible]]
> # Now open a web browser and type http://localhost:8080/index.html
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "GET /index.html HTTP/1.1"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "Host: localhost:8080"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] "Connection: keep-alive"
> readLines(co,1)
[1] ""
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Example in C ([http://blog.abhijeetr.com/2010/04/very-simple-http-server-writen-in-c.html Very simple http server written in C], 187 lines) ====
== Reproducible Environments ==
https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/04/22/reproducible-environments/


Create a simple hello world html page and save it as <[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hello_world_program_examples#H index.html]> in the current directory (/home/brb/Downloads/)
== checkpoint package ==
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/checkpoint/index.html
* [https://timogrossenbacher.ch/2017/07/a-truly-reproducible-r-workflow/ A (truly) reproducible R workflow]


Launch the server program (assume we have done ''gcc http_server.c -o http_server'')
== Some lessons in R coding ==
<pre>
# don't use rand() and srand() in c. The result is platform dependent. My experience is Ubuntu/Debian/CentOS give the same result but they are different from macOS and Windows. Use [[Rcpp|Rcpp]] package and R's random number generator instead.
$ ./http_server -p 50002
# don't use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/list.files list.files()] directly. The result is platform dependent even different Linux OS. An extra [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/sort sorting] helps!
Server started at port no. 50002 with root directory as /home/brb/Downloads
</pre>


Secondly open a browser and type http://localhost:50002/index.html. The server will respond
= Useful R packages =
<pre>
* [https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/201057987-Quick-list-of-useful-R-packages Quick list of useful R packages]
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
* [https://github.com/qinwf/awesome-R awesome-R]
Host: localhost:50002
* [https://stevenmortimer.com/one-r-package-a-day/ One R package a day]
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive


file: /home/brb/Downloads/index.html
== Rcpp ==
GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/index.html. See more [[Rcpp|here]].
Host: localhost:50002
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive


file: /home/brb/Downloads/favicon.ico
== RInside : embed R in C++ code ==
GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1
* http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rinside.html
Host: localhost:50003
* http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/papers/rfinance2010_rcpp_rinside_tutorial_handout.pdf
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive


file: /home/brb/Downloads/favicon.ico
=== Ubuntu ===
</pre>
With RInside, R can be embedded in a graphical application. For example, $HOME/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/qt directory includes source code of a Qt application to show a kernel density plot with various options like kernel functions, bandwidth and an R command text box to generate the random data. See my demo on [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ8yKQcPTg0 Youtube]. I have tested this '''qtdensity''' example successfully using Qt 4.8.5.
The browser will show the page from <index.html> in server.
# Follow the instruction [[#cairoDevice|cairoDevice]] to install required libraries for cairoDevice package and then cairoDevice itself.
# Install [[Qt|Qt]]. Check 'qmake' command becomes available by typing 'whereis qmake' or 'which qmake' in terminal.
# Open Qt Creator from Ubuntu start menu/Launcher. Open the project file $HOME/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/qt/qtdensity.pro in Qt Creator.
# Under Qt Creator, hit 'Ctrl + R' or the big green triangle button on the lower-left corner to build/run the project. If everything works well, you shall see the ''interactive'' program qtdensity appears on your desktop.


The only bad thing is the code does not close the port. For example, if I have use Ctrl+C to close the program and try to re-launch with the same port, it will complain '''socket() or bind(): Address already in use'''.
[[:File:qtdensity.png]]


 
With RInside + [http://www.webtoolkit.eu/wt Wt web toolkit] installed, we can also create a web application. To demonstrate the example in ''examples/wt'' directory, we can do
==== Another Example in C (55 lines) ====
http://mwaidyanatha.blogspot.com/2011/05/writing-simple-web-server-in-c.html
 
The response is embedded in the C code.
 
If we test the server program by opening a browser and type "http://localhost:15000/", the server received the follwing 7 lines
<pre>
<pre>
GET / HTTP/1.1
cd ~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/wt
Host: localhost:15000
make
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:23.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/23.0
sudo ./wtdensity --docroot . --http-address localhost --http-port 8080
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
</pre>
</pre>
Then we can go to the browser's address bar and type ''http://localhost:8080'' to see how it works (a screenshot is in [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2011/11/30/ here]).


If we include a non-executable file's name in the url, we will be able to download that file. Try "http://localhost:15000/client.c".
=== Windows 7 ===
 
To make RInside works on Windows OS, try the following
If we use telnet program to test, wee need to type anything we want
# Make sure R is installed under '''C:\''' instead of '''C:\Program Files''' if we don't want to get an error like ''g++.exe: error: Files/R/R-3.0.1/library/RInside/include: No such file or directory''.
# Install RTools
# Instal RInside package from source (the binary version will give an [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13137770/fatal-error-unable-to-open-the-base-package error ])
# Create a DOS batch file containing necessary paths in PATH environment variable
<pre>
@echo off
set PATH=C:\Rtools\bin;c:\Rtools\gcc-4.6.3\bin;%PATH%
set PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.1\bin\i386;%PATH%
set PKG_LIBS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::LdFlags()"`
set PKG_CPPFLAGS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::CxxFlags()"`
set R_HOME=C:\R\R-3.0.1
echo Setting environment for using R
cmd
</pre>
In the Windows command prompt, run
<pre>
cd C:\R\R-3.0.1\library\RInside\examples\standard
make -f Makefile.win
</pre>
Now we can test by running any of executable files that '''make''' generates. For example, ''rinside_sample0''.
<pre>
<pre>
$ telnet localhost 15000
rinside_sample0
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
ThisCanBeAnything        <=== This is what I typed in the client and it is also shown on server
HTTP/1.1 200 OK          <=== From here is what I got from server
Content-length: 37Content-Type: text/html
 
HTML_DATA_HERE_AS_YOU_MENTIONED_ABOVE <=== The html tags are not passed from server, interesting!
Connection closed by foreign host.
$
</pre>
</pre>


See also more examples under [[C#Socket_Programming_Examples_using_C.2FC.2B.2B.2FQt|C page]].
As for the Qt application qdensity program, we need to make sure the same version of MinGW was used in building RInside/Rcpp and Qt. See some discussions in
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12280707/using-rinside-with-qt-in-windows
* http://www.mail-archive.com/rcpp-devel@lists.r-forge.r-project.org/msg04377.html
So the Qt and Wt web tool applications on Windows may or may not be possible.


==== Others  ====
== GUI ==
* http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Hello_world/ (Different languages)
=== Qt and R ===
* http://kperisetla.blogspot.com/2012/07/simple-http-web-server-in-c.html (Windows web server)
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/qtbase/index.html [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-July/071495.html QtDesigner is such a tool, and its output is compatible with the qtbase R package]
* http://css.dzone.com/articles/web-server-c (handling HTTP GET request, handling content types(txt, html, jpg, zip. rar, pdf, php etc.), sending proper HTTP error codes, serving the files from a web root, change in web root in a config file, zero copy optimization using sendfile method and php file handling.)
* http://qtinterfaces.r-forge.r-project.org
* https://github.com/gtungatkar/Simple-HTTP-server
* https://github.com/davidmoreno/onion


=== shiny ===
== tkrplot ==
See [[Shiny|Shiny]].
On Ubuntu, we need to install tk packages, such as by
<pre>
sudo apt-get install tk-dev
</pre>


=== [https://www.rplumber.io/ plumber]: Turning your R code into a RESTful Web API ===
== reticulate - Interface to 'Python' ==
* https://github.com/trestletech/plumber
[[Python#R_and_Python:_reticulate_package|Python -> reticulate]]
* https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/plumber-turning-your-r-code-into-an-api/
* [https://blog.rstudio.com/2018/10/23/rstudio-1-2-preview-plumber-integration/ RStudio 1.2 Preview: Plumber Integration]
* [https://medium.com/@skyetetra/using-docker-to-deploy-an-r-plumber-api-863ccf91516d Using docker to deploy an R plumber API]


=== Docker ===
== Hadoop (eg ~100 terabytes) ==
* There are two major Docker images. They include gcc, gfortran, .... So it can be used to install Rcpp package for example.
See also [http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/HighPerformanceComputing.html HighPerformanceComputing]
** [https://hub.docker.com/_/r-base/?tab=tags Official] which supports version tags. The official Docker image's dockerfile still points to rocker/r-base.
** [https://hub.docker.com/r/rocker/r-base rocker project] which only has the latest tag
* [https://blog.ouseful.info/2016/05/03/using-docker-as-a-personal-productvity-tool-running-command-line-apps/ Using Docker as a Personal Productivity Tool – Running Command Line Apps Bundled in Docker Containers]
* [https://peerj.com/preprints/3181.pdf#page=8 Dockerized RStudio server] from Duke University. 110 containers were set up on a cloud server (4 cores, 28GB RAM, 400GB disk). Each container has its own port number. Each student is mapped to a single container. https://github.com/mccahill/docker-rstudio
* [http://sas-and-r.blogspot.com/2016/12/rstudio-in-cloud-with-amazon-lightsail.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+SASandR+%28SAS+and+R%29 RStudio in the cloud with Amazon Lightsail and docker]
* Mark McCahill (RStudio + Docker)
** http://sites.duke.edu/researchcomputing/files/2014/09/mccahill-DockerDays.pdf
** https://github.com/mccahill/docker-rstudio
** https://hub.docker.com/r/mccahill/rstudio/~/dockerfile/
* [https://github.com/Bioconductor-notebooks/BiocImageBuilder BiocImageBuilder]
** [https://github.com/Bioconductor-notebooks/Identification-of-Differentially-Expressed-Genes-for-Ectopic-Pregnancy/blob/master/CaseStudy1_EctopicPregnancy.ipynb Reproducible Bioconductor Workflow w/ browser-based interactive notebooks+Container].
** [http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/06/01/144816 Paper]
** Original [http://www.rna-seqblog.com/reproducible-bioconductor-workflows-using-browser-based-interactive-notebooks-and-containers/ post].
* [https://www.opencpu.org/posts/opencpu-with-docker/ Why Use Docker with R? A DevOps Perspective]
* [https://www.statworx.com/de/blog/running-your-r-script-in-docker/ Running your R script in Docker]. Goal: containerizing an R script to eventually execute it automatically each time the container is started, without any user interaction. An enhanced version of the instruction is at [https://github.com/arraytools/RinDocker this page].


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/httpuv/index.html httpuv] ===
* RHadoop
http and WebSocket library.
* Hive
 
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mapReduce/ MapReduce]. Introduction by [http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/introduction-mapreduce-hadoop-linux Linux Journal].
See also the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/servr/index.html servr] package which can start an HTTP server in R to serve static files, or dynamic documents that can be converted to HTML files (e.g., R Markdown) under a given directory.
* http://www.techspritz.com/category/tutorials/hadoopmapredcue/ Single node or multinode cluster setup using Ubuntu with VirtualBox (Excellent)
 
* [http://www.michael-noll.com/tutorials/running-hadoop-on-ubuntu-linux-single-node-cluster/ Running Hadoop on Ubuntu Linux (Single-Node Cluster)]
=== [http://rapache.net/ RApache] ===
* Ubuntu 12.04 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WN2tJk_oL6E and [https://www.dropbox.com/s/05aurcp42asuktp/Chiu%20Hadoop%20Pig%20Install%20Instructions.docx instruction]
* Linux Mint http://blog.hackedexistence.com/installing-hadoop-single-node-on-linux-mint
* http://www.r-bloggers.com/search/hadoop


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gWidgetsWWW/index.html gWidgetsWWW] ===
=== [https://github.com/RevolutionAnalytics/RHadoop/wiki RHadoop] ===
* [http://www.rdatamining.com/tutorials/r-hadoop-setup-guide RDataMining.com] based on Mac.
* Ubuntu 12.04 - [http://crishantha.com/wp/?p=1414 Crishantha.com], [http://nikhilshah123sh.blogspot.com/2014/03/setting-up-rhadoop-in-ubuntu-1204.html nikhilshah123sh.blogspot.com].[http://bighadoop.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/r-and-hadoop-data-analysis-rhadoop/ Bighadoop.wordpress] contains an example.
* RapReduce in R by [https://github.com/RevolutionAnalytics/rmr2/blob/master/docs/tutorial.md RevolutionAnalytics] with a few examples.
* https://twitter.com/hashtag/rhadoop
* [http://bigd8ta.com/step-by-step-guide-to-setting-up-an-r-hadoop-system/ Bigd8ta.com] based on Ubuntu 14.04.


* http://www.jstatsoft.org/v49/i10/paper
=== Snowdoop: an alternative to MapReduce algorithm ===
* [https://github.com/jverzani/gWidgetsWWW2 gWidgetsWWW2] gWidgetsWWW based on Rook
* http://matloff.wordpress.com/2014/11/26/how-about-a-snowdoop-package/
* [http://www.r-statistics.com/2012/11/comparing-shiny-with-gwidgetswww2-rapache/ Compare shiny with gWidgetsWWW2.rapache]
* http://matloff.wordpress.com/2014/12/26/snowdooppartools-update/comment-page-1/#comment-665
 
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rook/index.html Rook] ===
 
Since R 2.13, the internal web server was exposed.
 
[https://docs.google.com/present/view?id=0AUTe_sntp1JtZGdnbjVicTlfMzFuZDQ5dmJxNw Tutorual from useR2012] and [https://github.com/rstats/RookTutorial Jeffrey Horner]
 
Here is another [http://www.rinfinance.com/agenda/2011/JeffHorner.pdf one] from http://www.rinfinance.com.
 
Rook is also supported by [rApache too. See http://rapache.net/manual.html.
 
Google group. https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/rrook
 
Advantage
* the web applications are created on desktop, whether it is Windows, Mac or Linux.
* No Apache is needed.
* create [http://jeffreyhorner.tumblr.com/post/4723187316/introducing-rook multiple applications] at the same time. This complements the limit of rApache.
 
----
 
4 lines of code [http://jeffreybreen.wordpress.com/2011/04/25/4-lines-of-r-to-get-you-started-using-the-rook-web-server-interface/ example].


== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/XML/index.html XML] ==
On Ubuntu, we need to install libxml2-dev before we can install XML package.
<pre>
<pre>
library(Rook)
sudo apt-get update
s <- Rhttpd$new()
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
s$start(quiet=TRUE)
s$print()
s$browse(1)  # OR s$browse("RookTest")
</pre>
</pre>
Notice that after s$browse() command, the cursor will return to R because the command just a shortcut to open the web page http://127.0.0.1:10215/custom/RookTest.


[[File:Rook.png|100px]]
On CentOS,
[[File:Rook2.png|100px]]
[[File:Rookapprnorm.png|100px]]
 
We can add Rook '''application''' to the server; see ?Rhttpd.
<pre>
<pre>
s$add(
yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel
    app=system.file('exampleApps/helloworld.R',package='Rook'),name='hello'
</pre>
)
s$add(
    app=system.file('exampleApps/helloworldref.R',package='Rook'),name='helloref'
)
s$add(
    app=system.file('exampleApps/summary.R',package='Rook'),name='summary'
)


s$print()
=== XML ===
* http://giventhedata.blogspot.com/2012/06/r-and-web-for-beginners-part-ii-xml-in.html. It gave an example of extracting the XML-values from each XML-tag for all nodes and save them in a data frame using '''xmlSApply()'''.
* http://www.quantumforest.com/2011/10/reading-html-pages-in-r-for-text-processing/
* https://tonybreyal.wordpress.com/2011/11/18/htmltotext-extracting-text-from-html-via-xpath/
* https://www.tutorialspoint.com/r/r_xml_files.htm
* https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/r-data-import-tutorial#xml
* [http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~statcur/Workshop2/Presentations/XML.pdf Extracting data from XML] PubMed and Zillow are used to illustrate. xmlTreeParse(),  xmlRoot(),  xmlName() and xmlSApply().
* https://yihui.name/en/2010/10/grabbing-tables-in-webpages-using-the-xml-package/
{{Pre}}
library(XML)


#Server started on 127.0.0.1:10221
# Read and parse HTML file
#[1] RookTest http://127.0.0.1:10221/custom/RookTest
doc.html = htmlTreeParse('http://apiolaza.net/babel.html', useInternal = TRUE)
#[2] helloref http://127.0.0.1:10221/custom/helloref
#[3] summary  http://127.0.0.1:10221/custom/summary
#[4] hello    http://127.0.0.1:10221/custom/hello


# Stops the server but doesn't uninstall the app
# Extract all the paragraphs (HTML tag is p, starting at
## Not run:
# the root of the document). Unlist flattens the list to
s$stop()
# create a character vector.
doc.text = unlist(xpathApply(doc.html, '//p', xmlValue))
 
# Replace all by spaces
doc.text = gsub('\n', ' ', doc.text)


## End(Not run)
# Join all the elements of the character vector into a single
s$remove(all=TRUE)
# character string, separated by spaces
rm(s)
doc.text = paste(doc.text, collapse = ' ')
</pre>
</pre>
For example, the interface and the source code of ''summary'' app are given below


[[File:Rookappsummary.png|100px]]
This post http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25315381/using-xpathsapply-to-scrape-xml-attributes-in-r can be used to monitor new releases from github.com.
{{Pre}}
> library(RCurl) # getURL()
> library(XML)  # htmlParse and xpathSApply
> xData <- getURL("https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> plain.text <- xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
  # I look at the source code and search 2.5.3a and find the tag as
  # <span class="css-truncate-target">2.5.3a</span>
> plain.text
[1] "2.5.3a"      "2.5.2b"      "2.5.2a"      "2.5.1b"      "2.5.1a"   
[6] "2.5.0c"      "2.5.0b"      "STAR_2.5.0a" "STAR_2.4.2a" "STAR_2.4.1d"
>
> # try bwa
> > xData <- getURL("https://github.com/lh3/bwa/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
[1] "v0.7.15" "v0.7.13"


<nowiki>
> # try picard
app <- function(env) {
> xData <- getURL("https://github.com/broadinstitute/picard/releases")
    req <- Rook::Request$new(env)
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
    res <- Rook::Response$new()
> xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
    res$write('Choose a CSV file:\n')
[1] "2.9.1" "2.9.0" "2.8.3" "2.8.2" "2.8.1" "2.8.0" "2.7.2" "2.7.1" "2.7.0"
    res$write('<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">\n')
[10] "2.6.0"
    res$write('<input type="file" name="data">\n')
</pre>
    res$write('<input type="submit" name="Upload">\n</form>\n<br>')
This method can be used to monitor new tags/releases from some projects like [https://github.com/Ultimaker/Cura/releases Cura], BWA, Picard, [https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/releases STAR]. But for some projects like [https://github.com/ncbi/sra-tools sratools] the '''class''' attribute in the '''span''' element ("css-truncate-target") can be different (such as "tag-name").


    if (!is.null(req$POST())){
=== xmlview ===
data <- req$POST()[['data']]
* http://rud.is/b/2016/01/13/cobble-xpath-interactively-with-the-xmlview-package/
res$write("<h3>Summary of Data</h3>");
res$write("<pre>")
res$write(paste(capture.output(summary(read.csv(data$tempfile,stringsAsFactors=FALSE)),file=NULL),collapse='\n'))
res$write("</pre>")
res$write("<h3>First few lines (head())</h3>");
res$write("<pre>")
res$write(paste(capture.output(head(read.csv(data$tempfile,stringsAsFactors=FALSE)),file=NULL),collapse='\n'))
res$write("</pre>")
    }
    res$finish()
}
</nowiki>


More example:
== RCurl ==
* http://lamages.blogspot.com/2012/08/rook-rocks-example-with-googlevis.html
On Ubuntu, we need to install the packages (the first one is for XML package that RCurl suggests)
* [http://www.road2stat.com/cn/r/rook.html Self-organizing map]
{{Pre}}
* Deploy Rook apps with rApache. [http://jeffreyhorner.tumblr.com/post/27861973339/deploy-rook-apps-with-rapache-part-i First one] and [http://jeffreyhorner.tumblr.com/post/33814488298/deploy-rook-apps-part-ii two].
# Test on Ubuntu 14.04
* [https://rud.is/b/2016/07/05/a-simple-prediction-web-service-using-the-new-firery-package/ A Simple Prediction Web Service Using the New fiery Package]
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev
</pre>


=== [https://code.google.com/p/sumo/ sumo] ===
=== Scrape google scholar results ===
Sumo is a fully-functional web application template that exposes an authenticated user's R session within java server pages. See the paper http://journal.r-project.org/archive/2012-1/RJournal_2012-1_Bergsma+Smith.pdf.
https://github.com/tonybreyal/Blog-Reference-Functions/blob/master/R/googleScholarXScraper/googleScholarXScraper.R


=== [http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~jeroen/stockplot Stockplot] ===
No google ID is required


=== [http://www.rforge.net/FastRWeb/ FastRWeb] ===
Seems not work
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/FastRWeb/index.html
<pre>
Error in data.frame(footer = xpathLVApply(doc, xpath.base, "/font/span[@class='gs_fl']",  :
  arguments imply differing number of rows: 2, 0
</pre>


=== WebDriver ===
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/devtools/index.html devtools] ===
'WebDriver' Client for 'PhantomJS'  
'''devtools''' package depends on Curl. It actually depends on some system files. If we just need to install a package, consider the [[#remotes|remotes]] package which was suggested by the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BiocManager/index.html BiocManager] package.
{{Pre}}
# Ubuntu 14.04
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev


https://github.com/rstudio/webdriver
# Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04
sudo apt-get install build-essential libcurl4-gnutls-dev libxml2-dev libssl-dev


=== [http://sysbio.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/Rwui/tutorial/Instructions.html Rwui] ===
# Ubuntu 20.04
sudo apt-get install -y libxml2-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev
</pre>


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/CGIwithR/index.html CGHWithR] and [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/WebDevelopR/ WebDevelopR] ===
[https://github.com/wch/movies/issues/3 Lazy-load database XXX is corrupt. internal error -3]. It often happens when you use install_github to install a package that's currently loaded; try restarting R and running the app again.
CGHwithR is still working with old version of R although it is removed from CRAN. Its successor is WebDevelopR. Its The vignette (year 2013) provides a review of several available methods.


=== [http://www.rstudio.com/ide/docs/advanced/manipulate manipulate] from RStudio ===
NB. According to the output of '''apt-cache show r-cran-devtools''', the binary package is very old though '''apt-cache show r-base''' and [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu/#supported-packages supported packages] like ''survival'' shows the latest version.
This is not a web application. But the '''manipulate''' package can be used to create interactive plot within R(Studio) environment easily. Its source is available at [https://github.com/rstudio/rstudio/tree/master/src/cpp/r/R/packages/manipulate here].


Mathematica also has manipulate function for plotting; see [http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/tutorial/IntroductionToManipulate.html here].
=== [https://github.com/hadley/httr httr] ===
httr imports curl, jsonlite, mime, openssl and R6 packages.


=== [https://github.com/att/rcloud RCloud] ===
When I tried to install httr package, I got an error and some message:
RCloud is an environment for collaboratively creating and sharing data analysis scripts. RCloud lets you mix analysis code in R, HTML5, Markdown, Python, and others. Much like Sage, iPython notebooks and Mathematica, RCloud provides a notebook interface that lets you easily record a session and annotate it with text, equations, and supporting images.
<pre>
Configuration failed because openssl was not found. Try installing:
* deb: libssl-dev (Debian, Ubuntu, etc)
* rpm: openssl-devel (Fedora, CentOS, RHEL)
* csw: libssl_dev (Solaris)
* brew: openssl (Mac OSX)
If openssl is already installed, check that 'pkg-config' is in your
PATH and PKG_CONFIG_PATH contains a openssl.pc file. If pkg-config
is unavailable you can set INCLUDE_DIR and LIB_DIR manually via:
R CMD INSTALL --configure-vars='INCLUDE_DIR=... LIB_DIR=...'
--------------------------------------------------------------------
ERROR: configuration failed for package ‘openssl’
</pre>
It turns out after I run '''sudo apt-get install libssl-dev''' in the terminal (Debian), it would go smoothly with installing httr package. Nice httr!


See also the [http://user2014.stat.ucla.edu/abstracts/talks/193_Harner.pdf Talk] in UseR 2014.
Real example: see [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27371372/httr-retrieving-data-with-post this post]. Unfortunately I did not get a table result; I only get an html file (R 3.2.5, httr 1.1.0 on Ubuntu and Debian).


=== [https://github.com/cloudyr cloudyr] and [https://github.com/socialcopsdev/flyio flyio] - Input Output Files in R from Cloud or Local ===
Since httr package was used in many other packages, take a look at how others use it. For example, [https://github.com/ropensci/aRxiv aRxiv] package.
https://blog.socialcops.com/inside-sc/announcements/flyio-r-package-interact-data-cloud/ Announcing flyio, an R Package to Interact with Data in the Cloud]


=== Dropbox access ===
[https://www.statsandr.com/blog/a-package-to-download-free-springer-books-during-covid-19-quarantine/ A package to download free Springer books during Covid-19 quarantine], [https://www.radmuzom.com/2020/05/03/an-update-to-an-adventure-in-downloading-books/ An update to "An adventure in downloading books"] (rvest package)
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rdrop2/index.html rdrop2] package


=== Web page scraping ===
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/curl/ curl] ===
http://www.slideshare.net/schamber/web-data-from-r#btnNext
curl is independent of RCurl package.


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/xml2/ xml2] package ====
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/curl/vignettes/intro.html
rvest package depends on xml2.
* https://www.opencpu.org/posts/curl-release-0-8/


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/purrr/index.html purrr]: Functional Programming Tools ====
{{Pre}}
* https://purrr.tidyverse.org/
library(curl)
* [http://colinfay.me/purrr-cookbook/ purrr cookbook]
h <- new_handle()
* Functional programming (cf Object-Oriented Programming)
handle_setform(h,
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLmaZxegahk Functional programming for beginners]
  name="aaa", email="bbb"
** [https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/functional-programming-languages/ 5 Functional Programming Languages You Should Know]
)
* [http://data.library.virginia.edu/getting-started-with-the-purrr-package-in-r/ Getting started with the purrr package in R], especially the [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/purrr/versions/0.2.5/topics/map map()] function.
req <- curl_fetch_memory("http://localhost/d/phpmyql3_scripts/ch02/form2.html", handle = h)
* [http://staff.math.su.se/hoehle/blog/2019/01/04/mathgenius.html Purr yourself into a math genius]
rawToChar(req$content)
</pre>


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rvest/index.html rvest] ====
=== [http://ropensci.org/packages/index.html rOpenSci] packages ===
[http://blog.rstudio.org/2014/11/24/rvest-easy-web-scraping-with-r/ Easy web scraping with R]
'''rOpenSci''' contains packages that allow access to data repositories through the R statistical programming environment


On Ubuntu, we need to install two packages first!
== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/remotes/index.html remotes] ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
Download and install R packages stored in 'GitHub', 'BitBucket', or plain 'subversion' or 'git' repositories. This package is a lightweight replacement of the 'install_*' functions in 'devtools'. Also remotes does not require any extra OS level library (at least on Ubuntu 16.04).
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev # OR libcurl4-gnutls-dev


sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
Example:
</syntaxhighlight>
{{Pre}}
# https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/matrixstats
remotes::install_github('HenrikBengtsson/matrixStats@develop')
</pre>


* https://github.com/hadley/rvest
== DirichletMultinomial ==
* [http://datascienceplus.com/visualizing-obesity-across-united-states-by-using-data-from-wikipedia/ Visualizing obesity across United States by using data from Wikipedia]
On Ubuntu, we do
* [https://stat4701.github.io/edav/2015/04/02/rvest_tutorial/ rvest tutorial: scraping the web using R]
<pre>
* https://renkun.me/pipeR-tutorial/Examples/rvest.html
sudo apt-get install libgsl0-dev
* http://zevross.com/blog/2015/05/19/scrape-website-data-with-the-new-r-package-rvest/
</pre>
* [https://datascienceplus.com/google-scholar-scraping-with-rvest/ Google scholar scraping with rvest package]


==== Animate ====
== Create GUI ==
* [https://guyabel.com/post/football-kits/ Animating Changes in Football Kits using R]: rvest, tidyverse, xml2, purrr & magick
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gWidgets/index.html gWidgets] ===
* [https://guyabel.com/post/animated-directional-chord-diagrams/ Animated Directional Chord Diagrams] tweenr & magick
* [http://smarterpoland.pl/index.php/2019/01/x-mas-trees-with-gganimate-ggplot-plotly-and-friends/ x-mas tRees with gganimate, ggplot, plotly and friends]
* [https://www.listendata.com/2019/05/create-animation-in-r-learn-with.html Create animation in R]: learn by examples (gganimate)


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/V8/index.html V8]: Embedded JavaScript Engine for R ====
== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GenOrd/index.html GenOrd]: Generate ordinal and discrete variables with given correlation matrix and marginal distributions ==
[https://rud.is/b/2017/07/25/r%E2%81%B6-general-attys-distributions/ R⁶ — General (Attys) Distributions]: V8, rvest, ggbeeswarm, hrbrthemes and tidyverse packages are used.
[http://statistical-research.com/simulating-random-multivariate-correlated-data-categorical-variables/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=simulating-random-multivariate-correlated-data-categorical-variables here]


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pubmed.mineR/index.html pubmed.mineR] ====
== json ==
Text mining of PubMed Abstracts (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). The algorithms are designed for two formats (text and XML) from PubMed.
[[R_web#json|R web -> json]]


[https://github.com/jtleek/swfdr R code for scraping the P-values from pubmed, calculating the Science-wise False Discovery Rate, et al] (Jeff Leek)
== Map ==
=== [https://rstudio.github.io/leaflet/ leaflet] ===
* rstudio.github.io/leaflet/#installation-and-use
* https://metvurst.wordpress.com/2015/07/24/mapview-basic-interactive-viewing-of-spatial-data-in-r-6/


=== These R packages import sports, weather, stock data and more ===
=== choroplethr ===
* https://www.computerworld.com/article/3109890/data-analytics/these-r-packages-import-sports-weather-stock-data-and-more.html
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2014/01/easy-data-maps-with-r-the-choroplethr-package-.html
* https://github.com/ALShum/rwunderground
* http://www.arilamstein.com/blog/2015/06/25/learn-to-map-census-data-in-r/
* [https://tophcito.blogspot.com/2015/11/accessing-apis-from-r-and-little-r.html Accessing APIs from R (and a little R programming)]. A personal key is required. 500 times per day for a free account.
* http://www.arilamstein.com/blog/2015/09/10/user-question-how-to-add-a-state-border-to-a-zip-code-map/
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rnoaa/index.html. A personal API key (token) is required. 10,000 requests per day
* <strike>http://ram-n.github.io/weatherData/ </strike>  (not working)


=== Diving Into Dynamic Website Content with splashr ===
=== ggplot2 ===
https://rud.is/b/2017/02/09/diving-into-dynamic-website-content-with-splashr/
[https://randomjohn.github.io/r-maps-with-census-data/ How to make maps with Census data in R]


=== Send email ===
== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/googleVis/index.html googleVis] ==
==== [https://github.com/rpremraj/mailR/ mailR] ====
See an example from [[R#RJSONIO|RJSONIO]] above.
Easiest. Require rJava package (not trivial to install, see [[#RJava|rJava]]). mailR is an interface to Apache Commons Email to send emails from within R. See also [http://unamatematicaseltigre.blogspot.com/2016/12/how-to-send-bulk-email-to-your-students.html send bulk email]


Before we use the mailR package, we have followed [https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/6010255?hl=en here] to have '''Allow less secure apps: 'ON' '''; or you might get an error ''Error: EmailException (Java): Sending the email to the following server failed : smtp.gmail.com:465''. Once we turn on this option, we may get an email for the notification of this change. Note that the recipient can be other than a gmail.
== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/googleAuthR/index.html googleAuthR] ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
Create R functions that interact with OAuth2 Google APIs easily, with auto-refresh and Shiny compatibility.
> send.mail(from = "[email protected]",
  to = c("[email protected]", "Recipient 2 <[email protected]>"),
  replyTo = c("Reply to someone else <[email protected]>")
  subject = "Subject of the email",
  body = "Body of the email",
  smtp = list(host.name = "smtp.gmail.com", port = 465, user.name = "gmail_username", passwd = "password", ssl = TRUE),
  attach.files ="./myattachment.txt",
  authenticate = TRUE,
  send = TRUE)
[1] "Java-Object{org.apache.commons.mail.SimpleEmail@7791a895}"
</syntaxhighlight>


[https://r-bar.net/mailr-smtp-webmail-starttls-tls-ssl/ MailR SMTP Setup (Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo) | STARTTLS]
== gtrendsR - Google Trends ==
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/12/download-and-plot-google-trends-data-with-r.html Download and plot Google Trends data with R]
* [https://datascienceplus.com/analyzing-google-trends-data-in-r/ Analyzing Google Trends Data in R]
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=microarray%20analysis microarray analysis] from 2004-04-01
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=ngs%20next%20generation%20sequencing ngs next generation sequencing] from 2004-04-01
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=dna%20sequencing dna sequencing] from 2004-01-01.
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=rna%20sequencing rna sequencing] from 2004-01-01. It can be seen RNA sequencing >> DNA sequencing.
* [http://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/09/python-vs-r-data-science-machine-learning.html?utm_content=buffere1df7&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer Python vs R – Who Is Really Ahead in Data Science, Machine Learning?] and [https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/09/06/incredible-growth-python/ The Incredible Growth of Python] by [https://twitter.com/drob?lang=en David Robinson]


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gmailr/index.html gmailr] ====
== quantmod ==
More complicated. gmailr provides access the Google's gmail.com RESTful API. [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gmailr/vignettes/sending_messages.html Vignette] and an example on [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30144876/send-html-message-using-gmailr here]. Note that it does not use a password; it uses a '''json''' file for oauth authentication downloaded from https://console.cloud.google.com/. See also https://github.com/jimhester/gmailr/issues/1.
[http://www.thertrader.com/2015/12/13/maintaining-a-database-of-price-files-in-r/ Maintaining a database of price files in R]. It consists of 3 steps.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(gmailr)
gmail_auth('mysecret.json', scope = 'compose')


test_email <- mime() %>%
# Initial data downloading
  to("[email protected]") %>%
# Update existing data
  from("[email protected]") %>%
# Create a batch file
  subject("This is a subject") %>%
  html_body("<html><body>I wish <b>this</b> was bold</body></html>")
send_message(test_email)
</syntaxhighlight>


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sendmailR/index.html sendmailR] ====
== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/caret/index.html caret] ==
sendmailR provides a simple SMTP client. It is not clear how to use the package (i.e. where to enter the password).
* http://topepo.github.io/caret/index.html & https://github.com/topepo/caret/
* https://www.r-project.org/conferences/useR-2013/Tutorials/kuhn/user_caret_2up.pdf
* https://github.com/cran/caret source code mirrored on github
* Cheatsheet https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/
* [https://daviddalpiaz.github.io/r4sl/the-caret-package.html Chapter 21 of "R for Statistical Learning"]


==== emayili ====
== Tool for connecting Excel with R ==
[https://datawookie.netlify.com/blog/2019/05/emayili-sending-email-from-r/ emayili: Sending Email from R]
* https://bert-toolkit.com/
* [http://www.thertrader.com/2016/11/30/bert-a-newcomer-in-the-r-excel-connection/ BERT: a newcomer in the R Excel connection]
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2018/08/how-to-use-r-with-excel.html


=== [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus)] ===
== write.table ==
See [[GEO#R_packages|this internal link]].
=== Output a named vector ===
<pre>
vec <- c(a = 1, b = 2, c = 3)
write.csv(vec, file = "my_file.csv", quote = F)
x = read.csv("my_file.csv", row.names = 1)
vec2 <- x[, 1]
names(vec2) <- rownames(x)
all.equal(vec, vec2)


=== Interactive html output ===
# one liner: row names of a 'matrix' become the names of a vector
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sendplot/index.html sendplot] ====
vec3 <- as.matrix(read.csv('my_file.csv', row.names = 1))[, 1]
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RIGHT/index.html RIGHT] ====
all.equal(vec, vec3)
The supported plot types include scatterplot, barplot, box plot, line plot and pie plot.
</pre>


In addition to tooltip boxes, the package can create a [http://righthelp.github.io/tutorial/interactivity table showing all information about selected nodes].
=== Avoid leading empty column to header ===
 
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/2478624 write.table writes unwanted leading empty column to header when has rownames]
==== r2d3 ====
<pre>
[https://blog.rstudio.com/2018/10/05/r2d3-r-interface-to-d3-visualizations/ r2d3] - R Interface to D3 Visualizations
write.table(a, 'a.txt', col.names=NA)
 
</pre>
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/d3Network/index.html d3Network] ====
* http://christophergandrud.github.io/d3Network/ (old)
* https://christophergandrud.github.io/networkD3/ (new)
<source lang="rsplus">
library(d3Network)
 
Source <- c("A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "C", "C", "D")
Target <- c("B", "C", "D", "J", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I")
NetworkData <- data.frame(Source, Target)
 
d3SimpleNetwork(NetworkData, height = 800, width = 1024, file="tmp.html")
</source>
 
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/htmlwidgets/ htmlwidgets for R] ====
Embed widgets in R Markdown documents and Shiny web applications.
 
* Official website http://www.htmlwidgets.org/.
* [http://deanattali.com/blog/htmlwidgets-tips/ How to write a useful htmlwidgets in R: tips and walk-through a real example]
 
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/networkD3/index.html networkD3] ====
This is a port of Christopher Gandrud's [http://christophergandrud.github.io/d3Network/ d3Network] package to the htmlwidgets framework.
 
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/scatterD3/index.html scatterD3] ====
scatterD3 is an HTML R widget for interactive scatter plots visualization. It is based on the htmlwidgets R package and on the d3.js javascript library.
 
==== dygraphs ====
* https://github.com/rstudio/dygraphs
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/visualizations-for-algorithmic-trading-in-r/ Visualizations for Algorithmic Trading in R]
 
==== [https://github.com/bwlewis/rthreejs rthreejs] - Create interactive 3D scatter plots, network plots, and globes ====
[http://bwlewis.github.io/rthreejs/ Examples]
 
==== d3heatmap ====
See [[Heatmap#d3heatmap|R]]
 
==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/svgPanZoom/index.html svgPanZoom] ====
This 'htmlwidget' provides pan and zoom interactivity to R graphics, including 'base', 'lattice', and 'ggplot2'. The interactivity is provided through the 'svg-pan-zoom.js' library.
 
==== DT: An R interface to the DataTables library ====
* http://blog.rstudio.org/2015/06/24/dt-an-r-interface-to-the-datatables-library/
 
==== plotly ====
* [http://moderndata.plot.ly/power-curves-r-plotly-ggplot2/ Power curves] and ggplot2.
* [http://moderndata.plot.ly/time-series-charts-by-the-economist-in-r-using-plotly/ TIME SERIES CHARTS BY THE ECONOMIST IN R USING PLOTLY] & [https://moderndata.plot.ly/interactive-r-visualizations-with-d3-ggplot2-rstudio/ FIVE INTERACTIVE R VISUALIZATIONS WITH D3, GGPLOT2, & RSTUDIO]
* [http://moderndata.plot.ly/filled-chord-diagram-in-r-using-plotly/ Filled chord diagram]
* [https://moderndata.plot.ly/dashboards-in-r-with-shiny-plotly/ DASHBOARDS IN R WITH SHINY & PLOTLY]
* [https://plot.ly/r/shiny-tutorial/ Plotly Graphs in Shiny],  
** [https://plot.ly/r/shiny-gallery/ Gallery]
** [https://plot.ly/r/shinyapp-UN-simple/ Single time series]
** [https://plot.ly/r/shinyapp-UN-advanced/ Multiple time series]
* [https://www.r-exercises.com/2017/09/28/how-to-plot-basic-charts-with-plotly/ How to plot basic charts with plotly]
* [https://www.displayr.com/how-to-add-trend-lines-in-r-using-plotly/?utm_medium=Feed&utm_source=Syndication How to add Trend Lines in R Using Plotly]
* [https://blog.methodsconsultants.com/posts/introduction-to-interactive-graphics-in-r-with-plotly/ Introduction to Interactive Graphics in R with plotly]


=== Amazon ===
=== Add blank field AND column names in write.table ===
[https://github.com/56north/Rmazon Download product information and reviews from Amazon.com]
* '''write.table'''(, row.names = TRUE) will miss one element on the 1st row when "row.names = TRUE" which is enabled by default.
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
** Suppose x is (n x 2)
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
** write.table(x, sep="\t") will generate a file with 2 element on the 1st row
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev
** read.table(file) will return an object with a size (n x 2)
** read.delim(file) and read.delim2(file) will also be correct
* Note that '''write.csv'''() does not have this issue that write.table() has
** Suppose x is (n x 2)
** Suppose we use write.csv(x, file). The csv file will be ((n+1) x 3) b/c the header row.
** If we use read.csv(file), the object is (n x 3). So we need to use '''read.csv(file, row.names = 1)'''
* adding blank field AND column names in write.table(); [https://stackoverflow.com/a/2478624 write.table writes unwanted leading empty column to header when has rownames]
:<syntaxhighlight lang="rsplus">
write.table(a, 'a.txt', col.names=NA)
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>
and in R
* '''readr::write_tsv'''() does not include row names in the output file
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
install.packages("devtools")
install.packages("XML")
install.packages("pbapply")
install.packages("dplyr")
devtools::install_github("56north/Rmazon")
product_info <- Rmazon::get_product_info("1593273843")
reviews <- Rmazon::get_reviews("1593273843")
reviews[1,6] # only show partial characters from the 1st review
nchar(reviews[1,6])
as.character(reviews[1,6]) # show the complete text from the 1st review


reviews <- Rmazon::get_reviews("B07BNGJXGS")
=== read.delim(, row.names=1) and write.table(, row.names=TRUE) ===
# Fetching 30 reviews of 'BOOX Note Ereader,Android 6.0 32 GB 10.3" Dual Touch HD Display'
[https://www.statology.org/read-delim-in-r/ How to Use read.delim Function in R]
#  |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| 100% elapsed = 02s
reviews
# A tibble: 30 x 6
  reviewRating reviewDate reviewFormat Verified_Purcha… reviewHeadline
          <dbl> <chr>      <lgl>        <lgl>            <chr>       
1           4 May 23, 2… NA          TRUE            Good for PDF …
2            3 May 8, 20… NA          FALSE            The reading s…
3            5 May 17, 2… NA          TRUE            E-reader and
4            3 May 24, 2… NA          TRUE             Good hardware…
5            3 June 21, … NA          TRUE            Poor QC     
6            5 August 5,… NA          TRUE            Excellent for…
7            5 May 31, 2… NA          TRUE            Especially li…
8            5 July 4, 2… NA          TRUE            Android 6 rea…
9            4 July 15, … NA          TRUE            Remember the …
10            4 June 9, 2… NA          TRUE            Overall fanta…
# ... with 20 more rows, and 1 more variable: reviewText <chr>
reviews[1, 6] # 6-th column is the review text
</syntaxhighlight>


=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gutenbergr/index.html gutenbergr] ===
Case 1: no row.names
[https://blog.jumpingrivers.com/posts/2018/tidytext_edinbr_2018/ Edinbr: Text Mining with R]
 
=== Twitter ===
[http://www.masalmon.eu/2017/03/19/facesofr/ Faces of #rstats Twitter]
 
=== OCR ===
* [http://ropensci.org/blog/blog/2016/11/16/tesseract Tesseract package: High Quality OCR in R], [https://www.r-bloggers.com/how-to-do-optical-character-recognition-ocr-of-non-english-documents-in-r-using-tesseract/ How to do Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of non-English documents in R using Tesseract?]
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/abbyyR/index.html
 
=== Wikipedia ===
[https://github.com/ironholds/wikipedir WikipediR]: R's MediaWiki API client library
 
== Creating local repository for CRAN and Bioconductor ==
[[R_repository|R repository]]
 
== Parallel Computing ==
 
# [http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920021421.do Example code] for the book Parallel R by McCallum and Weston.
# [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2016/01/parallel-computing-in-r/ A gentle introduction to parallel computing in R]
# [http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/scf/paciorek-distribComp.pdf An introduction to distributed memory parallelism in R and C]
# [http://danielmarcelino.com/parallel-processing/Parallel Processing: When does it worth?]
 
=== Security warning from Windows/Mac ===
It seems it is safe to choose 'Cancel' when Windows Firewall tried to block R program when we use '''makeCluster()''' to create a socket cluster.
<pre>
<pre>
library(parallel)
write.table(df, 'my_data.txt', quote=FALSE, sep='\t', row.names=FALSE)
cl <- makeCluster(2)
my_df <- read.delim('my_data.txt') # the rownames will be 1, 2, 3, ...
clusterApply(cl, 1:2, get("+"), 3)
stopCluster(cl)
</pre>
</pre>
[[File:WindowsSecurityAlert.png|100px]]  [[File:RegisterDoParallel mac.png|150px]]
Case 2: with row.names. '''Note:''' if we open the text file in Excel, we'll see the 1st row is missing one header at the end. It is actually missing the column name for the 1st column.
 
If we like to see current firewall settings, just click Windows Start button, search 'Firewall' and choose 'Windows Firewall with Advanced Security'. In the 'Inbound Rules', we can see what programs (like, R for Windows GUI front-end, or Rserve) are among the rules. These rules are called 'private' in the 'Profile' column. Note that each of them may appear twice because one is 'TCP' protocol and the other one has a 'UDP' protocol.
 
=== Detect number of cores ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
parallel::detectCores()
</syntaxhighlight>
Don't use the default option getOption("mc.cores", 2L) (PS it only returns 2.) in mclapply() unless you are a developer for a package.
 
However, it is a different story when we run the R code in HPC cluster. Read the discussion [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28954991/whether-to-use-the-detectcores-function-in-r-to-specify-the-number-of-cores-for Whether to use the detectCores function in R to specify the number of cores for parallel processing?]
 
On NIH's biowulf, even I specify an interactive session with 4 cores, the parallel::detectCores() function returns 56. This number is the same as the output from the bash command '''grep processor /proc/cpuinfo''' or (better) '''lscpu'''. The '''free -hm''' also returns a full 125GB size instead of my requested size (4GB by default). The '''future::availableCores()''' fixes the problem. See [https://hpc.nih.gov/apps/R.html#parallel Biowulf's R webpage] for a detailed instructure.
 
=== How can I print when using %dopar% ===
https://stackoverflow.com/a/15078540
 
Create and register your cluster with something like:
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(doParallel)
cl<-makeCluster(4, outfile = "debugParallel.txt")
registerDoParallel(cl)
foreach(x=list(1, 2, "a"))  %dopar% 
{
  print(x)
}
stopCluster(cl)
</syntaxhighlight>
And the ''debugParallel.txt'' will look like
<pre>
<pre>
starting worker pid=17718 on localhost:11704 at 15:10:29.665
write.table(df, 'my_data.txt', quote=FALSE, sep='\t', row.names=TRUE)
starting worker pid=17733 on localhost:11704 at 15:10:29.850
my_df <- read.delim('my_data.txt')  # it will automatically assign the rownames
starting worker pid=17747 on localhost:11704 at 15:10:30.025
starting worker pid=17761 on localhost:11704 at 15:10:30.183
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] "a"
</pre>
</pre>
Setting outfile to the empty string ("") will prevent doParallel (or snow whatever) from redirecting the output, often resulting in the output from your print messages showing up on the terminal of the master process. Your foreach loop doesn't need to change at all.


=== parallel package (including parLapply, parSapply) ===
== Read/Write Excel files package ==
Parallel package was included in R 2.14.0. It is derived from the snow and multicore packages and provides many of the same functions as those packages.
* http://www.milanor.net/blog/?p=779
 
* [https://www.displayr.com/how-to-read-an-excel-file-into-r/?utm_medium=Feed&utm_source=Syndication flipAPI]. One useful feature of DownloadXLSX, which is not supported by the readxl package, is that it can read Excel files directly from the URL.
The parallel package provides several *apply functions for R users to quickly modify their code using parallel computing.
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/xlsx/index.html xlsx]: depends on Java
 
** [https://stackoverflow.com/a/17976604 Export both Image and Data from R to an Excel spreadsheet]
* makeCluster(makePSOCKcluster, makeForkCluster), stopCluster. Other cluster types are passed to package '''snow'''.
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/openxlsx/index.html openxlsx]: not depend on Java. Depend on zip application. On Windows, it seems to be OK without installing Rtools. But it can not read xls file; it works on xlsx file.  
* '''clusterCall''', clusterEvalQ: source R files and/or load libraries
** It can't be used to open .xls or .xlm files.
* clusterSplit
** When I try the package to read an xlsx file, I got a warning: No data found on worksheet. 6/28/2018
* '''clusterApply''', '''clusterApplyLB''' (vs the foreach package)
** [https://fabiomarroni.wordpress.com/2018/08/07/use-r-to-write-multiple-tables-to-a-single-excel-file/ Use R to write multiple tables to a single Excel file]
* '''clusterExport''': export variables
* [https://github.com/hadley/readxl readxl]: it does not depend on anything although it can only read but not write Excel files. 
* clusterMap
** It is part of tidyverse package. The [https://readxl.tidyverse.org/index.html readxl] website provides several articles for more examples.
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/parallel/html/mclapply.html parallel::mclapply()] and [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/parallel/html/clusterApply.html parallel::parLapply()]
** [https://github.com/rstudio/webinars/tree/master/36-readxl readxl webinar].
* parLapply, parSapply, parApply, parRapply, parCapply. Note that
** One advantage of read_excel (as with read_csv in the readr package) is that the data imports into an easy to print object with three attributes a '''tbl_df''', a '''tbl''' and a '''data.frame.'''
** '''parSapply()''' can be used to as a parallel version of the replicate() function. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19281010/simplest-way-to-do-parallel-replicate?answertab=active#tab-top this example].  
** For writing to Excel formats, use writexl or openxlsx package.
** An iteration parameter needs to be added to the first parameter of the main function.
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* parLapplyLB, parSapplyLB (load balance version)
library(readxl)
* clusterSetRNGStream, nextRNGStream, nextRNGSubStream
read_excel(path, sheet = NULL, range = NULL, col_names = TRUE,  
 
    col_types = NULL, na = "", trim_ws = TRUE, skip = 0, n_max = Inf,
Examples (See ?[http://www.inside-r.org/r-doc/parallel/clusterApply clusterApply])
    guess_max = min(1000, n_max), progress = readxl_progress(),  
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
    .name_repair = "unique")
library(parallel)
# Example
cl <- makeCluster(2, type = "SOCK")
read_excel(path, range = cell_cols("c:cx"), col_types = "numeric")
clusterApply(cl, 1:2, function(x) x*3)   # OR clusterApply(cl, 1:2, get("*"), 3)
# [[1]]
# [1] 3
#
# [[2]]
# [1] 6
parSapply(cl, 1:20, get("+"), 3)
#  [1]  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
stopCluster(cl)
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>
An example of using clusterCall() or clusterEvalQ()
* [https://ropensci.org/blog/technotes/2017/09/08/writexl-release writexl]: zero dependency xlsx writer for R
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(parallel)
library(writexl)
 
mylst <- list(sheet1name = df1, sheet2name = df2)
cl <- makeCluster(4)
write_xlsx(mylst, "output.xlsx")
clusterCall(cl, function() {
  source("test.R")
})
# clusterEvalQ(cl, {
#    source("test.R")
# })
 
## do some parallel work
stopCluster(cl)
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>


==== mclapply() from the 'parallel' package is a mult-core version of lapply() ====
For the Chromosome column, integer values becomes strings (but converted to double, so 5 becomes 5.000000) or NA (empty on sheets).
* Be providing the number of cores in mclapply() using '''mc.cores''' argument (2 is used by default)
{{Pre}}
* Be careful on the need and the side-effect of using "L'Ecuyer-CMRG" seed.
> head(read_excel("~/Downloads/BRCA.xls", 4)[ , -9], 3)
* '''[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15070377/r-doesnt-reset-the-seed-when-lecuyer-cmrg-rng-is-used R doesn't reset the seed when “L'Ecuyer-CMRG” RNG is used?]''' <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
  UniqueID (Double-click) CloneID UGCluster
library(parallel)
1                  HK1A1  21652 Hs.445981
system.time(mclapply(1:1e4L, function(x) rnorm(x)))
2                  HK1A2  22012 Hs.119177
system.time(mclapply(1:1e4L, function(x) rnorm(x), mc.cores = 4))
3                  HK1A4  22293 Hs.501376
                                                    Name Symbol EntrezID
1 Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa CTNNA1    1495
2                              ADP-ribosylation factor 3  ARF3      377
3                          Uroporphyrinogen III synthase  UROS    7390
  Chromosome      Cytoband ChimericClusterIDs Filter
1  5.000000        5q31.2              <NA>      1
2  12.000000        12q13              <NA>      1
3      <NA> 10q25.2-q26.3              <NA>      1
</pre>


set.seed(1234)
The hidden worksheets become visible (Not sure what are those first rows mean in the output).
mclapply(1:3, function(x) rnorm(x))
{{Pre}}
set.seed(1234)
> excel_sheets("~/Downloads/BRCA.xls")
mclapply(1:3, function(x) rnorm(x)) # cannot reproduce the result
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 01 00 00 00 9a 0c 00 00 1a 00
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 03 00 00 00 9b 0c 00 00 0a 00
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 02 00 00 00 9a 0c 00 00 06 00
[1] "Experiment descriptors" "Filtered log ratio"    "Gene identifiers"     
[4] "Gene annotations"      "CollateInfo"            "GeneSubsets"         
[7] "GeneSubsetsTemp"     
</pre>


set.seed(123, "L'Ecuyer")
The Chinese character works too.
mclapply(1:3, function(x) rnorm(x))
{{Pre}}
mclapply(1:3, function(x) rnorm(x)) # results are not changed once we have run set.seed( , "L'Ecuyer")
> read_excel("~/Downloads/testChinese.xlsx", 1)
  中文 B C
1     a b c
2    1 2 3
</pre>


set.seed(1234)                     # use set.seed() in order to get a new reproducible result
To read all worksheets we need a convenient function
mclapply(1:3, function(x) rnorm(x))  
{{Pre}}
mclapply(1:3, function(x) rnorm(x)) # results are not changed
read_excel_allsheets <- function(filename) {
</syntaxhighlight>
    sheets <- readxl::excel_sheets(filename)
* An example of using [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2019/02/23/gradient-free-optimization-for-glmnet-parameters/ parallel::mcMap()].
    sheets <- sheets[-1] # Skip sheet 1
    x <- lapply(sheets, function(X) readxl::read_excel(filename, sheet = X, col_types = "numeric"))
    names(x) <- sheets
    x
}
dcfile <- "table0.77_dC_biospear.xlsx"
dc <- read_excel_allsheets(dcfile)
# Each component (eg dc[[1]]) is a tibble.
</pre>


Note
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/readr/ readr] ===
# [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15070377/r-doesnt-reset-the-seed-when-lecuyer-cmrg-rng-is-used R doesn't reset the seed when “L'Ecuyer-CMRG” RNG is used?]
# Windows OS can not use mclapply(). The mclapply() implementation relies on forking and Windows does not support forking. mclapply from the parallel package is implemented as a serial function on Windows systems. The ''parallelsugar'' package was created based on the above idea.
# Another choice for Windows OS is to use parLapply() function in parallel package.
# [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17196261/understanding-the-differences-between-mclapply-and-parlapply-in-r Understanding the differences between mclapply and parLapply in R] You don't have to worry about '''reproducing''' your environment on each of the cluster workers if mclapply() is used. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
ncores <- as.integer( Sys.getenv('NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS') )
cl <- makeCluster(getOption("cl.cores", ncores))
LLID2GOIDs2 <- parLapply(cl, rLLID, function(x) {
                                    library(org.Hs.eg.db); get("org.Hs.egGO")[[x]]}
                        )
stopCluster(cl)
</syntaxhighlight>It does work. Cut the computing time from 100 sec to 29 sec on 4 cores.


==== mclapply() vs foreach() ====
Compared to base equivalents like '''read.csv()''', '''readr''' is much faster and gives more convenient output: it never converts strings to factors, can parse date/times, and it doesn’t munge the column names.
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44806048/r-mclapply-vs-foreach


==== parallel vs doParallel package ====
[https://blog.rstudio.org/2016/08/05/readr-1-0-0/ 1.0.0] released. [https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2021/07/readr-2-0-0/ readr 2.0.0] adds built-in support for reading multiple files at once, fast multi-threaded lazy reading and automatic guessing of delimiters among other changes.
doParallel is a '''foreach''' parallel adaptor for the '''parallel''' package.


doParallel provides a parallel backend for the '''%dopar%''' function using the parallel package.
Consider a [http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~juris/data/cmapbatch/instmatx.21.txt text file] where the table (6100 x 22) has duplicated row names and the (1,1) element is empty. The column names are all unique.
* read.delim() will treat the first column as rownames but it does not allow duplicated row names. Even we use row.names=NULL, it still does not read correctly. It does give warnings (EOF within quoted string & number of items read is not a multiple of the number of columns). The dim is 5177 x 22.
* readr::read_delim(Filename, "\t") will miss the last column. The dim is 6100 x 21.
* '''data.table::fread(Filename, sep = "\t")''' will detect the number of column names is less than the number of columns. Added 1 extra default column name for the first column which is guessed to be row names or an index. The dim is 6100 x 22. (Winner!)


doParallel depends on foreach, iterators, parallel and utils packages.
The '''readr::read_csv()''' function is as fast as '''data.table::fread()''' function. ''For files beyond 100MB in size fread() and read_csv() can be expected to be around 5 times faster than read.csv().'' See 5.3 of Efficient R Programming book.


==== parallelsugar package ====
Note that '''data.table::fread()''' can read a selection of the columns.
* http://edustatistics.org/nathanvan/2015/10/14/parallelsugar-an-implementation-of-mclapply-for-windows/


If we load parallelsugar, the default implementation of parallel::mclapply, which used fork based clusters, will be overwritten by parallelsugar::mclapply, which is implemented with socket clusters.  
=== Speed comparison ===
[https://predictivehacks.com/the-fastest-way-to-read-and-write-file-in-r/ The Fastest Way To Read And Write Files In R]. data.table >> readr >> base.


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html ggplot2] ==
library(parallel)
See [[Ggplot2|ggplot2]]


system.time( mclapply(1:4, function(xx){ Sys.sleep(10) }) )
== Data Manipulation & Tidyverse ==
##    user  system elapsed
See [[Tidyverse|Tidyverse]].
##    0.00    0.00  40.06


library(parallelsugar)
== Data Science ==
##
See [[Data_science|Data science]] page
## Attaching package: ‘parallelsugar’
##
## The following object is masked from ‘package:parallel’:
##
##    mclapply


system.time( mclapply(1:4, function(xx){ Sys.sleep(10) }) )
== microbenchmark & rbenchmark ==
##    user  system elapsed
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/microbenchmark/index.html microbenchmark]
##    0.04    0.08  12.98
** [https://www.r-bloggers.com/using-the-microbenchmark-package-to-compare-the-execution-time-of-r-expressions/ Using the microbenchmark package to compare the execution time of R expressions]
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rbenchmark/index.html rbenchmark] (not updated since 2012)


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/snow/index.html snow] package ===
== Plot, image ==
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/jpeg/index.html jpeg] ===
If we want to create the image on this wiki left hand side panel, we can use the '''jpeg''' package to read an existing plot and then edit and save it.


Supported cluster types are "SOCK", "PVM", "MPI", and "NWS".
We can also use the jpeg package to import and manipulate a jpg image. See [http://moderndata.plot.ly/fun-with-heatmaps-and-plotly/ Fun with Heatmaps and Plotly].


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/multicore/index.html multicore] package ===
=== png and resolution ===
This package is removed from CRAN.  
It seems people use '''res=300''' as a definition of high resolution.  


Consider using package ‘parallel’ instead.
<ul>
<li>Bottom line: fix res=300 and adjust height/width as needed. The default is res=72, height=width=480. If we increase res=300, the text font size will be increased, lines become thicker and the plot looks like a zoom-in.
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/51194014 Saving high resolution plot in png].
<pre>
png("heatmap.png", width = 8, height = 6, units='in', res = 300)
# we can adjust width/height as we like
# the pixel values will be width=8*300 and height=6*300 which is equivalent to
# 8*300 * 6*300/10^6 = 4.32 Megapixels (1M pixels = 10^6 pixels) in camera's term
# However, if we use png(, width=8*300, height=6*300, units='px'), it will produce
# a plot with very large figure body and tiny text font size.


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/foreach/index.html foreach] package ===
# It seems the following command gives the same result as above
This package depends on one of the following
png("heatmap.png", width = 8*300, height = 6*300, res = 300) # default units="px"
* doParallel - Foreach parallel adaptor for the parallel package
</pre>
* doSNOW - Foreach parallel adaptor for the snow package
<li>Chapter 14.5 [https://r-graphics.org/recipe-output-bitmap Outputting to Bitmap (PNG/TIFF) Files] by R Graphics Cookbook
* doMC - Foreach parallel adaptor for the multicore package. Used in [https://web.stanford.edu/~hastie/glmnet/glmnet_alpha.html glmnet] vignette.
* Changing the resolution affects the size (in pixels) of graphical objects like text, lines, and points.
* doMPI - Foreach parallel adaptor for the Rmpi package
<li>[https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2009/01/10-tips-for-making-your-r-graphics-look-their-best.html 10 tips for making your R graphics look their best] David Smith
* doRedis - Foreach parallel adapter for the rredis package
* In Word you can resize the graphic to an appropriate size, but the high resolution gives you the flexibility to choose a size while not compromising on the quality.  I'd recommend '''at least 1200 pixels''' on the longest side for standard printers.
as a backend.
<li>[https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/grDevices/html/png.html ?png]. The png function has default settings ppi=72, height=480, width=480, units="px".
* By default no resolution is recorded in the file, except for BMP.
* [https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/file-types/image/comparison/bmp-vs-png.html BMP vs PNG format]. If you need a smaller file size and don’t mind a lossless compression, PNG might be a better choice. If you need to retain as much detail as possible and don’t mind a larger file size, BMP could be the way to go.
** '''Compression''': BMP files are raw and uncompressed, meaning they’re large files that retain as much detail as possible. On the other hand, PNG files are compressed but still lossless. This means you can reduce or expand PNGs without losing any information.
** '''File size''': BMPs are larger than PNGs. This is because PNG files automatically compress, and can be compressed again to make the file even smaller.
** '''Common uses''': BMP contains a maximum amount of details while PNGs are good for small illustrations, sketches, drawings, logos and icons.
** '''Quality''': No difference
** '''Transparency''': PNG supports transparency while BMP doesn't
<li>Some comparison about the ratio
* 11/8.5=1.29  (A4 paper)
* 8/6=1.33    (plot output)
* 1440/900=1.6 (my display)
<li>[https://babichmorrowc.github.io/post/2019-05-23-highres-figures/ Setting resolution and aspect ratios in R]
<li>The difference of '''res''' parameter for a simple plot. [https://www.tutorialspoint.com/how-to-change-the-resolution-of-a-plot-in-base-r How to change the resolution of a plot in base R?]
<li>[https://danieljhocking.wordpress.com/2013/03/12/high-resolution-figures-in-r/ High Resolution Figures in R].
<li>[https://magesblog.com/post/2013-10-29-high-resolution-graphics-with-r/ High resolution graphics with R]
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8399100/r-plot-size-and-resolution R plot: size and resolution]
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/22815896 How can I increase the resolution of my plot in R?], [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/devEMF/index.html devEMF] package
<li>See [[Images#Anti-alias_%E4%BF%AE%E9%82%8A|Images -> Anti-alias]].
<li>How to check DPI on PNG
* '''The width of a PNG file in terms of inches cannot be determined directly from the file itself''', as the file contains pixel dimensions, not physical dimensions. However, '''you can calculate the width in inches if you know the resolution (DPI, dots per inch) of the image'''. Remember that converting pixel measurements to physical measurements like inches involves a specific resolution (DPI), and different devices may display the same image at different sizes due to having different resolutions.
<li>[https://community.rstudio.com/t/save-high-resolution-figures-from-r-300dpi/62016/3 Cairo] case.
</ul>


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== PowerPoint ===
library(foreach)
<ul>
library(doParallel)
<li>For PP presentation, I found it is useful to use svg() to generate a small size figure. Then when we enlarge the plot, the text font size can be enlarged too. According to [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/grDevices/versions/3.6.2/topics/cairo svg], by default, width = 7, height = 7, pointsize = 12, family = '''sans'''.
<li>Try the following code. The font size is the same for both plots/files. However, the first plot can be enlarged without losing its quality.
<pre>
svg("svg4.svg", width=4, height=4)
plot(1:10, main="width=4, height=4")
dev.off()


m <- matrix(rnorm(9), 3, 3)
svg("svg7.svg", width=7, height=7) # default
plot(1:10, main="width=7, height=7")
dev.off()
</pre>
</ul>


cl <- makeCluster(2, type = "SOCK")
=== magick ===
registerDoParallel(cl) # register the parallel backend with the foreach package
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/magick/
foreach(i=1:nrow(m), .combine=rbind) %dopar%
  (m[i,] / mean(m[i,]))


stopCluster(cl)
See an example [[:File:Progpreg.png|here]] I created.
</syntaxhighlight>


See also this post [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/10/updates-to-the-foreach-package-and-its-friends.html Updates to the foreach package and its friends] on Oct 2015.
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Cairo/index.html Cairo] ===
See [[Heatmap#White_strips_.28artifacts.29|White strips problem]] in png() or tiff().


* [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2015/12/13/calculate-leave-one-out-prediction-for-glm/ Cross validation in prediction for glm]
=== geDevices ===
* [http://gforge.se/2015/02/how-to-go-parallel-in-r-basics-tips/#The_foreach_package How-to go parallel in R – basics + tips]
* [https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/r-graphics-cairo-png-pdf-saving/ Saving R Graphics across OSs]. Use png(type="cairo-png") or the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ragg/index.html ragg] package which can be incorporated into RStudio.
* [https://www.jumpingrivers.com/blog/r-knitr-markdown-png-pdf-graphics/ Setting the Graphics Device in a RMarkdown Document]


==== combine list of lists ====
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cairoDevice/ cairoDevice] ===
* .combine argument https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27279164/output-list-of-two-rbinded-data-frames-with-foreach-in-r
PS. Not sure the advantage of functions in this package compared to R's functions (eg. Cairo_svg() vs svg()).
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9519543/merge-two-lists-in-r Merge lists] by mapply() or base::Map()


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
For ubuntu OS, we need to install 2 libraries and 1 R package '''RGtk2'''.
comb <- function(...) {
<pre>
  mapply('cbind', ..., SIMPLIFY=FALSE)
sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev libcairo2-dev
}
</pre>


library(foreach)
On Windows OS, we may got the error: '''unable to load shared object 'C:/Program Files/R/R-3.0.2/library/cairoDevice/libs/x64/cairoDevice.dll' '''. We need to follow the instruction in [http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/e6/help/09/05/15613.html here].
library(doParallel)


cl <- makeCluster(2)
=== dpi requirement for publication ===
registerDoParallel(cl) # register the parallel backend with the foreach package
[http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/Output_to_a_file/ For import into PDF-incapable programs (MS Office)]


m <- rbind(rep(1,3), rep(2,3))
=== sketcher: photo to sketch effects ===
https://htsuda.net/sketcher/


# nrow(m) can represents number of permutations (2 in this toy example)
=== httpgd ===
tmp <- foreach(i=1:nrow(m)) %dopar% {
* https://nx10.github.io/httpgd/ A graphics device for R that is accessible via network protocols. Display graphics on browsers.
  a <- m[i, ]
* [https://youtu.be/uxyhmhRVOfw Three tricks to make IDEs other than Rstudio better for R development]
  b <- a * 10
  list(a, b)
}; tmp
# [[1]]
# [[1]][[1]]
# [1] 1 1 1
#
# [[1]][[2]]
# [1] 10 10 10
#
#
# [[2]]
# [[2]][[1]]
# [1] 2 2 2
#
# [[2]][[2]]
# [1] 20 20 20


foreach(i=1:nrow(m), .combine = "comb") %dopar% {
== [http://igraph.org/r/ igraph] ==
  a <- m[i,]
[https://shiring.github.io/genome/2016/12/14/homologous_genes_part2_post creating directed networks with igraph]
  b <- a * 10
  list(a, b)
}
# [[1]]
#      [,1] [,2]
# [1,]    1    2
# [2,]    1    2
# [3,]    1    2
#
# [[2]]
#      [,1] [,2]
# [1,]  10  20
# [2,]  10  20
# [3,]  10  20
stopCluster(cl)
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Replacing double loops ====
== Identifying dependencies of R functions and scripts ==
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30927693/how-can-i-parallelize-a-double-for-loop-in-r
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8761857/identifying-dependencies-of-r-functions-and-scripts
* http://www.exegetic.biz/blog/2013/08/the-wonders-of-foreach/
{{Pre}}
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(mvbutils)
library(foreach)
foodweb(where = "package:batr")
library(doParallel)


nc <- 4
foodweb( find.funs("package:batr"), prune="survRiskPredict", lwd=2)
nr <- 2


cores=detectCores()
foodweb( find.funs("package:batr"), prune="classPredict", lwd=2)
cl <- makeCluster(cores[1]-1)
</pre>
registerDoParallel(cl)
# set.seed(1234) # not work
# set.seed(1234, "L'Ecuyer-CMRG") # not work either
# library("doRNG")
# registerDoRNG(seed = 1985)    # not work with nested foreach
# Error in list(e1 = list(args = (1:nr)(), argnames = "i", evalenv = <environment>,  :
#  nested/conditional foreach loops are not supported yet.
m <- foreach (i = 1:nr, .combine='rbind') %:% # nesting operator
  foreach (j = 1:nc) %dopar% {
    rnorm(1, i*5, j) # code to parallelise
}
m
stopCluster(cl)
</syntaxhighlight>
Note that since the random seed (see the next session) does not work on nested loop, it is better to convert nested loop (two indices) to a single loop (one index).


==== set seed and [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/doRNG/ doRNG] package ====
== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/iterators/ iterators] ==
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/doRNG/vignettes/doRNG.pdf Vignette], [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/doRNG/versions/1.7.1/topics/doRNG-package Documentation]
Iterator is useful over for-loop if the data is already a '''collection'''. It can be used to iterate over a vector, data frame, matrix, file
* [http://michaeljkoontz.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/9/4/19940979/parallel.pdf#page=4 doRNG] package example
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8358098/how-to-set-seed-for-random-simulations-with-foreach-and-domc-packages How to set seed for random simulations with foreach and doMC packages?]
* Use '''clusterSetRNGStream()''' from the parallel package; see [http://gforge.se/2015/02/how-to-go-parallel-in-r-basics-tips/ How-to go parallel in R – basics + tips]
* http://www.stat.colostate.edu/~scharfh/CSP_parallel/handouts/foreach_handout.html#random-numbers <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library("doRNG") # doRNG does not need to be loaded after doParallel
library("doParallel")


cl <- makeCluster(2)
Iterator can be combined to use with foreach package http://www.exegetic.biz/blog/2013/11/iterators-in-r/ has more elaboration.
registerDoParallel(cl)


registerDoRNG(seed = 1234) # works for a single loop
== Colors ==
m1 <- foreach(i = 1:5, .combine = 'c') %dopar% rnorm(1)
* [https://scales.r-lib.org/ scales] package. This is used in ggplot2 package.
registerDoRNG(seed = 1234)
<ul>
m2 <- foreach(i = 1:5, .combine = 'c') %dopar% rnorm(1)
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/colorspace/index.html colorspace]: A Toolbox for Manipulating and Assessing Colors and Palettes. Popular! Many reverse imports/suggests; e.g. ComplexHeatmap. See my [[Ggplot2#colorspace_package|ggplot2]] page.
identical(m1, m2)
<pre>
stopCluster(cl)
hcl_palettes(plot = TRUE) # a quick overview
 
hcl_palettes(palette = "Dark 2", n=5, plot = T)
attr(m1, "rng") <- NULL # remove rng attribute
q4 <- qualitative_hcl(4, palette = "Dark 3")
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
* Another way to use the seed is to supply '''[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/doRNG/versions/1.7.1/topics/%25dorng%25 .options.RNG]''' in foreach() function. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
</ul>
r1 <- foreach(i=1:4, .options.RNG=1234) %dorng% { runif(1) }
* [https://statisticsglobe.com/create-color-range-between-two-colors-in-r Create color range between two colors in R] using colorRampPalette()
</syntaxhighlight>
* [http://novyden.blogspot.com/2013/09/how-to-expand-color-palette-with-ggplot.html How to expand color palette with ggplot and RColorBrewer]
 
* palette_explorer() function from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tmaptools/index.html tmaptools] package. See [https://www.computerworld.com/article/3184778/data-analytics/6-useful-r-functions-you-might-not-know.html selecting color palettes with shiny].
==== Export libraries, variables, functions ====
* [http://www.cookbook-r.com/ Cookbook for R]
* http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/parallel/html/clusterApply.html
* [http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_brewer.html Sequential, diverging and qualitative colour scales/palettes from colorbrewer.org]: scale_colour_brewer(), scale_fill_brewer(), ...
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* http://colorbrewer2.org/
clusterEvalQ(cl, {
* It seems there is no choice of getting only 2 colors no matter which set name we can use
  library(biospear)
* To see the set names used in brewer.pal, see
  library(glmnet)
** [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/RColorBrewer/versions/1.1-2/topics/RColorBrewer RColorBrewer::display.brewer.all()]
  library(survival)
** [https://rpubs.com/flowertear/224344 Output]
})
** Especially, '''[http://colorbrewer2.org/#type=qualitative&scheme=Set1&n=4 Set1]''' from http://colorbrewer2.org/
clusterExport(cl, list("var1", "foo2"))
* To list all R color names, colors().
</syntaxhighlight>
** [http://research.stowers.org/mcm/efg/R/Color/Chart/ColorChart.pdf Color Chart] (include Hex and RGB) & [http://research.stowers.org/mcm/efg/Report/UsingColorInR.pdf Using Color in R] from http://research.stowers.org
** Code to generate rectangles with colored background https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/42-colors-names/
* http://www.bauer.uh.edu/parks/truecolor.htm Interactive RGB, Alpha and Color Picker
* http://deanattali.com/blog/colourpicker-package/ Not sure what it is doing
* [http://www.lifehack.org/484519/how-to-choose-the-best-colors-for-your-data-charts How to Choose the Best Colors For Your Data Charts]
* [http://novyden.blogspot.com/2013/09/how-to-expand-color-palette-with-ggplot.html How to expand color palette with ggplot and RColorBrewer]
* [http://sape.inf.usi.ch/quick-reference/ggplot2/colour Color names in R]
<ul>
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28461326/convert-hex-color-code-to-color-name convert hex value to color names]
{{Pre}}
library(plotrix)
sapply(rainbow(4), color.id) # color.id is a function
          # it is used to identify closest match to a color
sapply(palette(), color.id)
sapply(RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(4, "Set1"), color.id)
</pre>
</li></ul>
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/grDevices/versions/3.5.3/topics/hsv hsv()] function. [https://eranraviv.com/matrix-style-screensaver-in-r/ Matrix-style screensaver in R]


==== Summary the result ====
Below is an example using the option ''scale_fill_brewer''(palette = "[http://colorbrewer2.org/#type=qualitative&scheme=Paired&n=9 Paired]"). See the source code at [https://gist.github.com/JohannesFriedrich/c7d80b4e47b3331681cab8e9e7a46e17 gist]. Note that only '''set1''' and '''set3''' palettes in '''qualitative scheme''' can support up to 12 classes.  
foreach returns the result in a list. For example, if each component is a matrix we can use


* Reduce("+", res)/length(res) # Reduce("+", res, na.rm = TRUE) not working
According to the information from the colorbrew website, '''qualitative''' schemes do not imply magnitude differences between legend classes, and hues are used to create the primary visual differences between classes.
* apply(simplify2array(res), 1:2, mean, na.rm = TRUE)


to get the average of matrices over the list.
[[:File:GgplotPalette.svg]]


==== Read a list files ====
=== [http://rpubs.com/gaston/colortools colortools] ===
[https://danielmarcelino.github.io/2018/reading-list-faster.html Reading List Faster With parallel, doParallel, and pbapply]
Tools that allow users generate color schemes and palettes


==== Don't use too many cores: Error in unserialize(socklist<nowiki>[[n]]</nowiki>) ====
=== [https://github.com/daattali/colourpicker colourpicker] ===
error reading from connection. See https://stackoverflow.com/a/24352032
A Colour Picker Tool for Shiny and for Selecting Colours in Plots


==== Why is foreach() sometimes slower than for? ====
=== eyedroppeR ===
See https://stackoverflow.com/a/10414280 or https://stackoverflow.com/q/16963808
[http://gradientdescending.com/select-colours-from-an-image-in-r-with-eyedropper/ Select colours from an image in R with {eyedroppeR}]


* foreach is only advisable if you have relatively few rounds through very time consuming functions.
== [https://github.com/kevinushey/rex rex] ==
* foreach() is best when the number of jobs does not hugely exceed the number of processors you will be using.
Friendly Regular Expressions
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(foreach)
library(parallel)
nCores <- future::availableCores()
cl <- makeCluster(nCores[[1]])
registerDoParallel(cl)


B<-10000
== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/formatR/index.html formatR] ==
'''The best strategy to avoid failure is to put comments in complete lines or after complete R expressions.'''


myFunc<-function() for(i in 1:B) sqrt(i)
See also [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3017877/tool-to-auto-format-r-code this discussion] on stackoverflow talks about R code reformatting.


myFunc2<-function() foreach(i = 1:B) %do% sqrt(i)
<pre>
library(formatR)
tidy_source("Input.R", file = "output.R", width.cutoff=70)
tidy_source("clipboard")  
# default width is getOption("width") which is 127 in my case.
</pre>


myParFunc<-function() foreach(i = 1:B) %dopar% sqrt(i)
Some issues
 
* Comments appearing at the beginning of a line within a long complete statement. This will break tidy_source().
system.time(myFunc())
<pre>
#  user  system elapsed
cat("abcd",
#  0.001  0.002  0.004
    # This is my comment
system.time(myFunc2())
    "defg")
#   user  system elapsed
</pre>
2.473  0.005  2.477
will result in
system.time(myParFunc())
<pre>
#  user  system elapsed
> tidy_source("clipboard")
3.560  0.242  3.829
Error in base::parse(text = code, srcfile = NULL) :
 
   3:1: unexpected string constant
stopCluster(cl)
2: invisible(".BeGiN_TiDy_IdEnTiFiEr_HaHaHa# This is my comment.HaHaHa_EnD_TiDy_IdEnTiFiEr")
</syntaxhighlight>
3: "defg"
 
  ^
Another example: reduce the probe sets corresponding to the same gene symbol by taking the probe set with the largest gene expression. It is not just the speed problem; it runs out of memory on a 44928x393 matrix with a PC has 8GB RAM. On a smaller data with 5000 genes and 100 arrays it took 0.071 seconds using split() + sapply() but it took 39 seconds using the foreach method.
</pre>
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* Comments appearing at the end of a line within a long complete statement ''won't break'' tidy_source() but tidy_source() cannot re-locate/tidy the comma sign.  
require(magrittr)
<pre>
x <- matrix(rnorm(5000*100), nr=5000) # gene expression
cat("abcd"
y <- sample(3000, 5000, replace = TRUE) # gene symbol
    ,"defg"  # This is my comment
rownames(x) <- names(y) <- 1:5000 # probe sets name
  ,"ghij")
 
</pre>
spt <- apply(x,1,mean,na.rm=TRUE) %>% split(., y)
will become
ind <- sapply(spt, function(a) names(which.max(a)))
<pre>
x.reduced <- x[ind, ]; rownames(x.reduced) <- names(spt)
cat("abcd", "defg"  # This is my comment
</syntaxhighlight>
, "ghij")  
 
</pre>
==== Progress bar (doSNOW + foreach) ====
Still bad!!
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/40687156 How to show the progress of code in parallel computation in R?] It looks great.
* Comments appearing at the end of a line within a long complete statement ''breaks'' tidy_source() function. For example,
* [https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/02/monitoring-progress-of-a-foreach-parallel-job.html Monitoring progress of a foreach parallel job] It also works on doSNOW but not doParallel backend.
<pre>
 
cat("</p>",
=== snowfall package ===
"<HR SIZE=5 WIDTH=\"100%\" NOSHADE>",
http://www.imbi.uni-freiburg.de/parallel/docs/Reisensburg2009_TutParallelComputing_Knaus_Porzelius.pdf
ifelse(codeSurv == 0,"<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes which are differentially expressed among classes:</u></b></a></h3>", #4/9/09
 
                    "<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes significantly associated with survival:</u></b></a></h3>"),
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rmpi/index.html Rmpi] package ===
file=ExternalFileName, sep="\n", append=T)
Some examples/tutorials
</pre>
 
will result in
* http://trac.nchc.org.tw/grid/wiki/R-MPI_Install
<pre>
* http://www.arc.vt.edu/resources/software/r/index.php
> tidy_source("clipboard", width.cutoff=70)
* https://www.sharcnet.ca/help/index.php/Using_R_and_MPI
Error in base::parse(text = code, srcfile = NULL) :
* http://math.acadiau.ca/ACMMaC/Rmpi/examples.html
  3:129: unexpected SPECIAL
* http://www.umbc.edu/hpcf/resources-tara/how-to-run-R.html
2: "<HR SIZE=5 WIDTH=\"100%\" NOSHADE>" ,
* [http://www.slideshare.net/bytemining/taking-r-to-the-limit-high-performance-computing-in-r-part-1-parallelization-la-r-users-group-727 Ryan Rosario]
3: ifelse ( codeSurv == 0 , "<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes which are differentially expressed among classes:</u></b></a></h3>" , %InLiNe_IdEnTiFiEr%
* http://pj.freefaculty.org/guides/Rcourse/parallel-1/parallel-1.pdf
</pre>
* * http://biowulf.nih.gov/apps/R.html
* ''width.cutoff'' parameter is not always working. For example, there is no any change for the following snippet though I hope it will move the cat() to the next line.
 
<pre>
=== OpenMP ===
if (codePF & !GlobalTest & !DoExactPermTest) cat(paste("Multivariate Permutations test was computed based on",
* [http://www.parallelr.com/r-and-openmp-boosting-compiled-code-on-multi-core-cpu-s/ R and openMP: boosting compiled code on multi-core cpu-s] from parallelr.com.
    NumPermutations, "random permutations"), "<BR>", " ", file = ExternalFileName,
 
    sep = "\n", append = T)
=== [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/BiocParallel.html BiocParallel] ===
</pre>
* [http://rpubs.com/seandavi/KallistoFromR Orchestrating a small, parallel, RNA-seq pre-processing workflow using R]
* It merges lines though I don't always want to do that. For example
 
<pre>
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RcppParallel/index.html RcppParallel] ===
cat("abcd"
 
    ,"defg" 
=== future & [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/future.apply/index.html future.apply] & doFuture packages ===
  ,"ghij")
* [https://alexioannides.com/2016/11/02/asynchronous-and-distributed-programming-in-r-with-the-future-package/ Asynchronous and Distributed Programming in R with the Future Package]
</pre>
* [https://www.jottr.org/2018/06/23/future.apply_1.0.0/ Parallelize Any Base R Apply Function]
will become
* [https://www.jottr.org/2019/01/11/parallelize-a-for-loop-by-rewriting-it-as-an-lapply-call/ Parallelize a For-Loop by Rewriting it as an Lapply Call]
<pre>
* [https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2019/01/future-package.html Use foreach with HPC schedulers thanks to the future package]
cat("abcd", "defg", "ghij")  
 
</pre>
=== Apache Spark ===
* [http://files.meetup.com/3576292/Dubravko%20Dulic%20SparkR%20June%202016.pdf Introduction to Apache Spark]
 
=== Microsoft R Server ===
* [http://files.meetup.com/3576292/Stefan%20Cronjaeger%20R%20Server.pdf Microsoft R '''Server'''] (not Microsoft R Open)
 
=== GPU ===
* [http://www.parallelr.com/r-gpu-programming-for-all-with-gpur/ GPU Programming for All with ‘gpuR] from parallelr.com. The gpuR is available on [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gpuR/index.html CRAN].
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gputools/index.html gputools]
 
=== Threads ===
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rdsm/index.html Rdsm] package
* [https://random-remarks.net/2016/12/11/a-very-experimental-threading-in-r/ (A Very) Experimental Threading in R] and a post from [https://matloff.wordpress.com/2016/12/11/threading-in-r/ Mad Scientist]
 
=== Benchmark ===
[http://rpsychologist.com/benchmark-parallel-sim Are parallel simulations in the cloud worth it? Benchmarking my MBP vs my Workstation vs Amazon EC2]
 
R functions to run timing
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Method 1
system.time( invisible(rnorm(10000)))
 
# Method 2
btime <- Sys.time()
invisible(rnorm(10000))
Sys.time() - btime
</syntaxhighlight>
 
== Cloud Computing ==
 
=== Install R on Amazon EC2 ===
http://randyzwitch.com/r-amazon-ec2/


=== Bioconductor on Amazon EC2 ===
== styler ==
http://www.bioconductor.org/help/bioconductor-cloud-ami/
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/styler/index.html Pretty-prints R code without changing the user's formatting intent.


== Big Data Analysis ==
== Download papers ==
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/HighPerformanceComputing.html CRAN Task View: High-Performance and Parallel Computing with R]
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/biorxivr/index.html biorxivr] ===
* [http://www.xmind.net/m/LKF2/ R for big data] in one picture
Search and Download Papers from the bioRxiv Preprint Server (biology)
* [https://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/72295_692737b667614d369bd87cb0f51c9a4b.html Handling large data sets in R]
* [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/big-data-analytics/9781786466457/#toc-start Big Data Analytics with R] by Simon Walkowiak
* [https://pbdr.org/publications.html pbdR]
** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_with_Big_Data_in_R
** [https://olcf.ornl.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pbdr.pdf Programming with Big Data in R - pbdR] George Ostrouchov and Mike Matheson Oak Ridge National Laboratory


=== bigmemory, biganalytics, bigtabulate ===
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/aRxiv/index.html aRxiv] ===
Interface to the arXiv API


=== ff, ffbase ===
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pdftools/index.html pdftools] ===
* tapply does not work. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16470677/using-tapply-ave-functions-for-ff-vectors-in-r Using tapply, ave functions for ff vectors in R]
* http://ropensci.org/blog/2016/03/01/pdftools-and-jeroen
* [http://www.bnosac.be/index.php/blog/12-popularity-bigdata-large-data-packages-in-r-and-ffbase-user-presentation Popularity bigdata / large data packages in R and ffbase useR presentation]
* http://r-posts.com/how-to-extract-data-from-a-pdf-file-with-r/
* [http://www.bnosac.be/images/bnosac/blog/user2013_presentation_ffbase.pdf ffbase: statistical functions for large datasets] in useR 2013
* https://ropensci.org/technotes/2018/12/14/pdftools-20/
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/ffbase/versions/0.12.7/topics/ffbase-package ffbase] package
 
== [https://github.com/ColinFay/aside aside]: set it aside ==
An RStudio addin to run long R commands aside your current session.


=== biglm ===
== Teaching ==
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/smovie/vignettes/smovie-vignette.html smovie]: Some Movies to Illustrate Concepts in Statistics


=== data.table ===
== Organize R research project ==
See [[#data.table_2|data.table]].
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/ReproducibleResearch.html CRAN Task View: Reproducible Research]
* [https://ntguardian.wordpress.com/2019/02/04/organizing-r-research-projects-cpat-case-study/ Organizing R Research Projects: CPAT, A Case Study]
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2017/12/workflow-vs-script/ Project-oriented workflow]. It suggests the [https://github.com/r-lib/here here] package. Don't use '''setwd()''' and '''rm(list = ls())'''.
** [https://rstats.wtf/safe-paths.html Practice safe paths]. Use projects and the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/here/index.html here] package.
** In RStudio, if we try to send a few lines of code and one of the line contains '''setwd()''', it will give a message: ''The working directory was changed to XXX inside a notebook chunk. The working directory will be reset when the chunk is finished running. Use the knitr root.dir option in the setup chunk to change the working directory for notebook chunks.''
** [http://jenrichmond.rbind.io/post/how-to-use-the-here-package/ how to use the `here` package]
** No update for the ''here'' package after 2020-12. Consider [https://github.com/r-lib/usethis usethis] package (Automate project and package setup).
* drake project
** [https://ropensci.org/blog/2018/02/06/drake/ The prequel to the drake R package]
** [https://ropenscilabs.github.io/drake-manual/index.html The drake R Package User Manual]
* [https://docs.ropensci.org/targets/ targets] package
* [http://projecttemplate.net/ ProjectTemplate]


== Reproducible Research ==
=== How to save (and load) datasets in R (.RData vs .Rds file) ===
http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/ReproducibleResearch.html
[https://rcrastinate.rbind.io/post/how-to-save-and-load-data-in-r-an-overview/ How to save (and load) datasets in R: An overview]


=== Reproducible Environments ===
=== Naming convention ===
https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/04/22/reproducible-environments/
<ul>
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/1946879 What is your preferred style for naming variables in R?]
* Use of period separator: they can get mixed up in simple method dispatch. However, it is used by base R ([https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/make.names make.names()], read.table(), et al)
* Use of underscores: really annoying for ESS users
* '''camelCase''': Winner
<li>However, the [https://stackoverflow.com/a/13413278 survey] said (no surprises perhaps) that
* '''lowerCamelCase''' was most often used for function names,
* '''period.separated''' names most often used for parameters.
<li>[https://datamanagement.hms.harvard.edu/collect/file-naming-conventions What are file naming conventions?]
<li>[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2014/07/consistent-naming-conventions-in-r/ Consistent naming conventions in R]
<li>http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Style.html
<li>[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2011/07/testing-for-valid-variable-names/ Testing for valid variable names]
<li>R reserved words ?Reserved
* [https://www.datamentor.io/r-programming/reserved-words/ R Reserved Words]
* Among these words, if, else, repeat, while, function, for, '''in''', next and break are used for conditions, loops and user defined functions.
<li>Microarray/RNA-seq data
<pre>
clinicalDesignData  # clnDesignData
geneExpressionData  # gExpData
geneAnnotationData  # gAnnoData


== Useful R packages ==
dataClinicalDesign
* [https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/201057987-Quick-list-of-useful-R-packages Quick list of useful R packages]
dataGeneExpression
* [https://github.com/qinwf/awesome-R awesome-R]
dataAnnotation
* [https://stevenmortimer.com/one-r-package-a-day/ One R package a day]
</pre>
<pre>
# Search all variables ending with .Data
ls()[grep("\\.Data$", ls())]
# Search all variables starting with data_
ls()[grep("^data_", ls())]
</pre>
</ul>


=== RInside ===
=== Efficient Data Management in R ===
* http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rinside.html
[https://www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de/socialsciencedatalab/article/efficient-data-r/ Efficient Data Management in R]. .Rprofile, renv package and dplyr package.
* http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/papers/rfinance2010_rcpp_rinside_tutorial_handout.pdf


==== Ubuntu ====
== Text to speech ==
With RInside, R can be embedded in a graphical application. For example, $HOME/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/qt directory includes source code of a Qt application to show a kernel density plot with various options like kernel functions, bandwidth and an R command text box to generate the random data. See my demo on [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ8yKQcPTg0 Youtube]. I have tested this '''qtdensity''' example successfully using Qt 4.8.5.
[https://shirinsplayground.netlify.com/2018/06/googlelanguager/ Text-to-Speech with the googleLanguageR package]
# Follow the instruction [[#cairoDevice|cairoDevice]] to install required libraries for cairoDevice package and then cairoDevice itself.
# Install [[Qt|Qt]]. Check 'qmake' command becomes available by typing 'whereis qmake' or 'which qmake' in terminal.
# Open Qt Creator from Ubuntu start menu/Launcher. Open the project file $HOME/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/qt/qtdensity.pro in Qt Creator.
# Under Qt Creator, hit 'Ctrl + R' or the big green triangle button on the lower-left corner to build/run the project. If everything works well, you shall see the ''interactive'' program qtdensity appears on your desktop.
[[File:qtdensity.png|100px]].


With RInside + [http://www.webtoolkit.eu/wt Wt web toolkit] installed, we can also create a web application. To demonstrate the example in ''examples/wt'' directory, we can do
== Speech to text ==
<pre>
https://github.com/ggerganov/whisper.cpp and an R package [https://github.com/bnosac/audio.whisper audio.whisper]
cd ~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/wt
make
sudo ./wtdensity --docroot . --http-address localhost --http-port 8080
</pre>
Then we can go to the browser's address bar and type ''http://localhost:8080'' to see how it works (a screenshot is in [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2011/11/30/ here]).


==== Windows 7 ====
== Weather data ==
To make RInside works on Windows OS, try the following
* [https://github.com/ropensci/prism prism] package
# Make sure R is installed under '''C:\''' instead of '''C:\Program Files''' if we don't want to get an error like ''g++.exe: error: Files/R/R-3.0.1/library/RInside/include: No such file or directory''.
* [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=507781&cityname=Rockville-Maryland-United-States-of-America Weatherbase]
# Install RTools
# Instal RInside package from source (the binary version will give an [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13137770/fatal-error-unable-to-open-the-base-package error ])
# Create a DOS batch file containing necessary paths in PATH environment variable
<pre>
@echo off
set PATH=C:\Rtools\bin;c:\Rtools\gcc-4.6.3\bin;%PATH%
set PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.1\bin\i386;%PATH%
set PKG_LIBS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::LdFlags()"`
set PKG_CPPFLAGS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::CxxFlags()"`
set R_HOME=C:\R\R-3.0.1
echo Setting environment for using R
cmd
</pre>
In the Windows command prompt, run
<pre>
cd C:\R\R-3.0.1\library\RInside\examples\standard
make -f Makefile.win
</pre>
Now we can test by running any of executable files that '''make''' generates. For example, ''rinside_sample0''.
<pre>
rinside_sample0
</pre>


As for the Qt application qdensity program, we need to make sure the same version of MinGW was used in building RInside/Rcpp and Qt. See  some discussions in
== logR ==
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12280707/using-rinside-with-qt-in-windows
https://github.com/jangorecki/logR
* http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg04377.html
So the Qt and Wt web tool applications on Windows may or may not be possible.


=== GUI ===
== Progress bar ==
==== Qt and R ====
https://github.com/r-lib/progress#readme
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/qtbase/index.html [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-July/071495.html QtDesigner is such a tool, and its output is compatible with the qtbase R package]
* http://qtinterfaces.r-forge.r-project.org


=== tkrplot ===
Configurable Progress bars, they may include percentage, elapsed time, and/or the estimated completion time. They work in terminals, in 'Emacs' 'ESS', 'RStudio', 'Windows' 'Rgui' and the 'macOS'.
On Ubuntu, we need to install tk packages, such as by
<pre>
sudo apt-get install tk-dev
</pre>


=== reticulate - Interface to 'Python' ===
== cron ==
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/reticulate/index.html, [https://github.com/rstudio/reticulate Github]
* [https://github.com/bnosac/cronr cronR]
** Using Python in R markdown
* [https://mathewanalytics.com/building-a-simple-pipeline-in-r/ Building a Simple Pipeline in R]
** Importing Python modules and call its functions directly from R — '''import()''' function
** Sourcing Python scripts — '''source_python()''' function
** Python REPL — The '''repl_python()''' function creates an interactive Python console within R.
* Install Python packages https://rstudio.github.io/reticulate/articles/python_packages.html
** Better to have [https://www.anaconda.com/distribution/ anaconda3] installed. 2.26G space is required on macOS.
** Direct running py_install("pandas") would ask me to upgrade virtualenv
** Running virtualenv_create("r-reticulate") and then py_install("pandas") works
* [https://blog.rstudio.com/2018/03/26/reticulate-r-interface-to-python/ reticulate: R interface to Python] JJ Allaire
* [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/ Cheat sheet]
* [https://www.brodrigues.co/blog/2018-12-30-reticulate/ R or Python? Why not both? Using Anaconda Python within R with {reticulate}]
* [https://www.listendata.com/2018/03/run-python-from-r.html?m=1 Run Python from R]
* [https://www.statworx.com/de/blog/r-and-python-using-reticulate-to-get-the-best-of-both-worlds/ R and Python: Using reticulate to get the best of both worlds]. Note
** [https://rstudio.github.io/reticulate/articles/r_markdown.html RStudio v1.2 preview release includes support for using reticulate to execute Python chunks within R Notebooks]
** Error from my execution: ''ValueError: 'RBF' is not in list''
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/03/18/the-reticulate-package-solves-the-hardest-problem-in-data-science-people/ The reticulate package solves the hardest problem in data science: people]
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/06/10/reticulate-virtualenv-and-python-in-linux/ reticulate, virtualenv, and Python in Linux]
* Bugs
** [https://stackoverflow.com/a/49556037 Pass Python objects to R]: Works. Or use py_run_string()
** [https://stackoverflow.com/a/52542230 Cannot pass R variables to Python]: use source_python()
* [https://github.com/matloff/R-vs.-Python-for-Data-Science R vs Python for data science] by Norm Matloff.
* Test python and markdown files
<syntaxhighlight lang='python'>
def add_three(x):
    z = x + 3
    return z
</syntaxhighlight>


<pre>
== beepr: Play A Short Sound ==
---
https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/beepr/versions/1.3/topics/beep. Try sound=3 "fanfare", 4 "complete", 5 "treasure", 7 "shotgun", 8 "mario".
title: "R Notebook"
output: html_notebook
---


```{r}
== utils package ==
library(reticulate)
https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/versions/3.6.2
py_discover_config()
x <- 5
source_python("test.py")
y <- add_three(x)
print(y)
```


Pass R variables to Python. Works
== tools package ==
```{python}
* https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tools/versions/3.6.2
a = 7
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/08/three-four-r-functions-i-enjoyed-this-week/ Where in the file are there non ASCII characters?], [https://rdocumentation.org/packages/tools/versions/3.6.2/topics/showNonASCII tools::showNonASCIIfile(<filename>)]
print(r.x)
```


Pass python variables to R. Works.
= Different ways of using R =
```{r}
[https://www.amazon.com/Extending-Chapman-Hall-John-Chambers/dp/1498775713 Extending R] by John M. Chambers (2016)
py$a
py_run_string("y = 10"); py$y
```
</pre>


=== Hadoop (eg ~100 terabytes) ===
== 10 things R can do that might surprise you ==
See also [http://cran.r-project.org/web/views/HighPerformanceComputing.html HighPerformanceComputing]
https://simplystatistics.org/2019/03/13/10-things-r-can-do-that-might-surprise-you/


* RHadoop
== R call C/C++ ==
* Hive
Mainly talks about .C() and .Call().
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mapReduce/ MapReduce]. Introduction by [http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/introduction-mapreduce-hadoop-linux Linux Journal].
 
* http://www.techspritz.com/category/tutorials/hadoopmapredcue/ Single node or multinode cluster setup using Ubuntu with VirtualBox (Excellent)
Note that scalars and arrays must be passed using pointers. So if we want to access a function not exported from a package, we may need to modify the function to make the arguments as pointers.
* [http://www.michael-noll.com/tutorials/running-hadoop-on-ubuntu-linux-single-node-cluster/ Running Hadoop on Ubuntu Linux (Single-Node Cluster)]
* Ubuntu 12.04 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WN2tJk_oL6E and [https://www.dropbox.com/s/05aurcp42asuktp/Chiu%20Hadoop%20Pig%20Install%20Instructions.docx instruction]
* Linux Mint http://blog.hackedexistence.com/installing-hadoop-single-node-on-linux-mint
* http://www.r-bloggers.com/search/hadoop


==== [https://github.com/RevolutionAnalytics/RHadoop/wiki RHadoop] ====
* [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html R-Extension manual] of course.
* [http://www.rdatamining.com/tutorials/r-hadoop-setup-guide RDataMining.com] based on Mac.
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/src.html Compiled Code] chapter from 'R Packages' by Hadley Wickham
* Ubuntu 12.04 - [http://crishantha.com/wp/?p=1414 Crishantha.com], [http://nikhilshah123sh.blogspot.com/2014/03/setting-up-rhadoop-in-ubuntu-1204.html nikhilshah123sh.blogspot.com].[http://bighadoop.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/r-and-hadoop-data-analysis-rhadoop/ Bighadoop.wordpress] contains an example.
* http://faculty.washington.edu/kenrice/sisg-adv/sisg-07.pdf
* RapReduce in R by [https://github.com/RevolutionAnalytics/rmr2/blob/master/docs/tutorial.md RevolutionAnalytics] with a few examples.
* http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/scf/paciorek-cppWorkshop.pdf (Very useful)
* https://twitter.com/hashtag/rhadoop
* http://www.stat.harvard.edu/ccr2005/
* [http://bigd8ta.com/step-by-step-guide-to-setting-up-an-r-hadoop-system/ Bigd8ta.com] based on Ubuntu 14.04.
* http://mazamascience.com/WorkingWithData/?p=1099
* [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwc48KSH3D1OkObQ22NHbFwEzof2CguJJ Make an R package with C++ code] (a playlist from youtube)
* [https://working-with-data.mazamascience.com/2021/07/16/using-r-calling-c-code-hello-world/ Using R – Calling C code ‘Hello World!’]
* [http://www.haowulab.org//pages/computing.html Computing tip] by Hao Wu


==== Snowdoop: an alternative to MapReduce algorithm ====
=== .Call ===
* http://matloff.wordpress.com/2014/11/26/how-about-a-snowdoop-package/
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/CallExternal ?.Call]
* http://matloff.wordpress.com/2014/12/26/snowdooppartools-update/comment-page-1/#comment-665
* [http://mazamascience.com/WorkingWithData/?p=1099 Using R — .Call(“hello”)]
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/C-interface.html
* [https://working-with-data.mazamascience.com/2021/07/16/using-r-callhello/ Using R – .Call(“hello”)]


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/XML/index.html XML] ===
Be sure to add the ''PACKAGE'' parameter to avoid an error like
On Ubuntu, we need to install libxml2-dev before we can install XML package.
<pre>
<pre>
sudo apt-get update
cvfit <- cv.grpsurvOverlap(X, Surv(time, event), group,
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
                            cv.ind = cv.ind, seed=1, penalty = 'cMCP')
Error in .Call("standardize", X) :
  "standardize" not resolved from current namespace (grpreg)
</pre>
</pre>


On CentOS,
=== NAMESPACE file & useDynLib ===
<pre>
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html#useDynLib
yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel
* We don't need to include double quotes around the C/Fortran subroutines in .C() or .Fortran()
* digest package example: [https://github.com/cran/digest/blob/master/NAMESPACE NAMESPACE] and [https://github.com/cran/digest/blob/master/R/digest.R R functions] using .Call().
* stats example: [https://github.com/wch/r-source/blob/trunk/src/library/stats/NAMESPACE NAMESPACE]
 
(From [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html#dyn_002eload-and-dyn_002eunload Writing R Extensions manual]) Loading is most often done automatically based on the '''useDynLib()''' declaration in the '''NAMESPACE''' file, but may be done explicitly via a call to '''library.dynam()'''. This has the form
{{Pre}}
library.dynam("libname", package, lib.loc)
</pre>
</pre>


==== XML ====
=== library.dynam.unload() ===
* http://giventhedata.blogspot.com/2012/06/r-and-web-for-beginners-part-ii-xml-in.html. It gave an example of extracting the XML-values from each XML-tag for all nodes and save them in a data frame using '''xmlSApply()'''.
* https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/library.dynam.html
* http://www.quantumforest.com/2011/10/reading-html-pages-in-r-for-text-processing/
* http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/src.html. The '''library.dynam.unload()''' function should be placed in '''.onUnload()''' function. This function can be saved in any R files.
* https://tonybreyal.wordpress.com/2011/11/18/htmltotext-extracting-text-from-html-via-xpath/
* digest package example [https://github.com/cran/digest/blob/master/R/zzz.R zzz.R]
* https://www.tutorialspoint.com/r/r_xml_files.htm
 
* https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/r-data-import-tutorial#xml
=== gcc ===
* [http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~statcur/Workshop2/Presentations/XML.pdf Extracting data from XML] PubMed and Zillow are used to illustrate. xmlTreeParse(),  xmlRoot(),  xmlName() and xmlSApply().
[http://rorynolan.rbind.io/2019/06/30/strexgcc/ Coping with varying `gcc` versions and capabilities in R packages]
* https://yihui.name/en/2010/10/grabbing-tables-in-webpages-using-the-xml-package/
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(XML)


# Read and parse HTML file
=== Primitive functions ===
doc.html = htmlTreeParse('http://apiolaza.net/babel.html', useInternal = TRUE)
[https://nathaneastwood.github.io/2020/02/01/primitive-functions-list/ Primitive Functions List]


# Extract all the paragraphs (HTML tag is p, starting at
== SEXP ==
# the root of the document). Unlist flattens the list to
Some examples from packages
# create a character vector.
doc.text = unlist(xpathApply(doc.html, '//p', xmlValue))


# Replace all by spaces
* [https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/sva.html sva] package has one C code function
doc.text = gsub('\n', ' ', doc.text)


# Join all the elements of the character vector into a single
== R call Fortran ==
# character string, separated by spaces
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-March/070851.html R call Fortran 90]
doc.text = paste(doc.text, collapse = ' ')
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/the-need-for-speed-part-1-building-an-r-package-with-fortran-or-c/ The Need for Speed Part 1: Building an R Package with Fortran (or C)] (Very detailed)
</syntaxhighlight>


This post http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25315381/using-xpathsapply-to-scrape-xml-attributes-in-r can be used to monitor new releases from github.com.
== Embedding R ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> library(RCurl) # getURL()
> library(XML)  # htmlParse and xpathSApply
> xData <- getURL("https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> plain.text <- xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
  # I look at the source code and search 2.5.3a and find the tag as
  # <span class="css-truncate-target">2.5.3a</span>
> plain.text
[1] "2.5.3a"      "2.5.2b"      "2.5.2a"      "2.5.1b"      "2.5.1a"   
[6] "2.5.0c"      "2.5.0b"      "STAR_2.5.0a" "STAR_2.4.2a" "STAR_2.4.1d"
>
> # try bwa
> > xData <- getURL("https://github.com/lh3/bwa/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
[1] "v0.7.15" "v0.7.13"


> # try picard
* See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Linking-GUIs-and-other-front_002dends-to-R Writing for R Extensions] Manual Chapter 8.
> xData <- getURL("https://github.com/broadinstitute/picard/releases")
* [http://www.ci.tuwien.ac.at/Conferences/useR-2004/abstracts/supplements/Urbanek.pdf Talk by Simon Urbanek] in UseR 2004.
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
* [http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2085/1/tr012.pdf Technical report] by Friedrich Leisch in 2007.
> xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/attachments/20110729/b7d86ed7/attachment.pl
[1] "2.9.1" "2.9.0" "2.8.3" "2.8.2" "2.8.1" "2.8.0" "2.7.2" "2.7.1" "2.7.0"
[10] "2.6.0"
</syntaxhighlight>
This method can be used to monitor new tags/releases from some projects like [https://github.com/Ultimaker/Cura/releases Cura], BWA, Picard, [https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/releases STAR]. But for some projects like [https://github.com/ncbi/sra-tools sratools] the '''class''' attribute in the '''span''' element ("css-truncate-target") can be different (such as "tag-name").


==== xmlview ====
=== An very simple example (do not return from shell) from Writing R Extensions manual ===
* http://rud.is/b/2016/01/13/cobble-xpath-interactively-with-the-xmlview-package/
The command-line R front-end, R_HOME/bin/exec/R, is one such example. Its source code is in file <src/main/Rmain.c>.
 
This example can be run by
<pre>R_HOME/bin/R CMD R_HOME/bin/exec/R</pre>


=== RCurl ===
Note:
On Ubuntu, we need to install the packages (the first one is for XML package that RCurl suggests)
# '''R_HOME/bin/exec/R''' is the R binary. However, it couldn't be launched directly unless R_HOME and LD_LIBRARY_PATH are set up. Again, this is explained in Writing R Extension manual.
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
# '''R_HOME/bin/R''' is a shell-script front-end where users can invoke it. It sets up the environment for the executable. It can be copied to ''/usr/local/bin/R''. When we run ''R_HOME/bin/R'', it actually runs ''R_HOME/bin/R CMD R_HOME/bin/exec/R'' (see line 259 of ''R_HOME/bin/R'' as in R 3.0.2) so we know the important role of ''R_HOME/bin/exec/R''.
# Test on Ubuntu 14.04
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Scrape google scholar results ====
More examples of embedding can be found in ''tests/Embedding'' directory. Read <index.html> for more information about these test examples.
https://github.com/tonybreyal/Blog-Reference-Functions/blob/master/R/googleScholarXScraper/googleScholarXScraper.R


No google ID is required
=== An example from Bioconductor workshop ===
* What is covered in this section is different from [[R#Create_a_standalone_Rmath_library|Create and use a standalone Rmath library]].
* Use eval() function. See R-Ext [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Embedding-R-under-Unix_002dalikes 8.1] and [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Embedding-R-under-Windows 8.2] and [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Evaluating-R-expressions-from-C 5.11].
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2463437/r-from-c-simplest-possible-helloworld (obtained from searching R_tryEval on google)
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7457635/calling-r-function-from-c


Seems not work
Example:
Create [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/7d32d92fee88ffc029365d178bc09e75#file-embed-c embed.c] file.
Then build the executable. Note that I don't need to create R_HOME variable.
<pre>
<pre>
Error in data.frame(footer = xpathLVApply(doc, xpath.base, "/font/span[@class='gs_fl']",  :
cd
  arguments imply differing number of rows: 2, 0  
tar xzvf
cd R-3.0.1
./configure --enable-R-shlib
make
cd tests/Embedding
make
~/R-3.0.1/bin/R CMD ./Rtest
 
nano embed.c
# Using a single line will give an error and cannot not show the real problem.
# ../../bin/R CMD gcc -I../../include -L../../lib -lR embed.c
# A better way is to run compile and link separately
gcc -I../../include -c embed.c
gcc -o embed embed.o -L../../lib -lR -lRblas
../../bin/R CMD ./embed
</pre>
</pre>


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/devtools/index.html devtools] ====
Note that if we want to call the executable file ./embed directly, we shall set up R environment by specifying '''R_HOME''' variable and including the directories used in linking R in '''LD_LIBRARY_PATH'''. This is based on the inform provided by [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-devel/R-exts.html Writing R Extensions].
'''devtools''' package depends on Curl. It actually depends on some system files. If we just need to install a package, consider the [[#remotes|remotes]] package which was suggested by the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BiocManager/index.html BiocManager] package.
<pre>
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
export R_HOME=/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2
# Ubuntu 14.04
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev
./embed # No need to include R CMD in front.
</pre>


# Ubuntu 16.04
Question: Create a data frame in C? Answer: [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-August/067107.html Use data.frame() via an eval() call from C]. Or see the code is stats/src/model.c, as part of model.frame.default. Or using Rcpp as [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-August/067109.html here].
sudo apt-get install build-essential libcurl4-gnutls-dev libxml2-dev libssl-dev
</syntaxhighlight>


[https://github.com/wch/movies/issues/3 Lazy-load database XXX is corrupt. internal error -3]. It often happens when you use install_github to install a package that's currently loaded; try restarting R and running the app again.
Reference http://bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2012/Seattle-Oct-2012/AdvancedR.pdf


==== [https://github.com/hadley/httr httr] ====
=== Create a Simple Socket Server in R ===
httr imports curl, jsonlite, mime, openssl and R6 packages.
This example is coming from this [http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2085/1/tr012.pdf paper].  


When I tried to install httr package, I got an error and some message:
Create an R function
<pre>
<pre>
Configuration failed because openssl was not found. Try installing:
simpleServer <- function(port=6543)
* deb: libssl-dev (Debian, Ubuntu, etc)
{
* rpm: openssl-devel (Fedora, CentOS, RHEL)
  sock <- socketConnection ( port=port , server=TRUE)
* csw: libssl_dev (Solaris)
  on.exit(close( sock ))
* brew: openssl (Mac OSX)
  cat("\nWelcome to R!\nR>" ,file=sock )
If openssl is already installed, check that 'pkg-config' is in your
  while(( line <- readLines ( sock , n=1)) != "quit")
PATH and PKG_CONFIG_PATH contains a openssl.pc file. If pkg-config
  {
is unavailable you can set INCLUDE_DIR and LIB_DIR manually via:
    cat(paste("socket >" , line , "\n"))
R CMD INSTALL --configure-vars='INCLUDE_DIR=... LIB_DIR=...'
    out<- capture.output (try(eval(parse(text=line ))))
--------------------------------------------------------------------
    writeLines ( out , con=sock )
ERROR: configuration failed for package ‘openssl’
    cat("\nR> " ,file =sock )
  }
}
</pre>
</pre>
It turns out after I run '''sudo apt-get install libssl-dev''' in the terminal (Debian), it would go smoothly with installing httr package. Nice httr!
Then run simpleServer(). Open another terminal and try to communicate with the server
 
<pre>
Real example: see [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27371372/httr-retrieving-data-with-post this post]. Unfortunately I did not get a table result; I only get an html file (R 3.2.5, httr 1.1.0 on Ubuntu and Debian).
$ telnet localhost 6543
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.


Since httr package was used in many other packages, take a look at how others use it. For example, [https://github.com/ropensci/aRxiv aRxiv] package.
Welcome to R!
R> summary(iris[, 3:5])
  Petal.Length    Petal.Width          Species 
Min.  :1.000  Min.  :0.100  setosa    :50 
1st Qu.:1.600  1st Qu.:0.300  versicolor:50 
Median :4.350  Median :1.300  virginica :50 
Mean  :3.758  Mean  :1.199                 
3rd Qu.:5.100  3rd Qu.:1.800                 
Max.  :6.900  Max.   :2.500                 


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/curl/ curl] ====
R> quit
curl is independent of RCurl package.
Connection closed by foreign host.
</pre>


* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/curl/vignettes/intro.html
=== [http://www.rforge.net/Rserve/doc.html Rserve] ===
* https://www.opencpu.org/posts/curl-release-0-8/
Note the way of launching Rserve is like the way we launch C program when R was embedded in C. See [[R#An_example_from_Bioconductor_workshop|Example from Bioconductor workshop]].


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
See my [[Rserve]] page.
library(curl)
h <- new_handle()
handle_setform(h,
  name="aaa", email="bbb"
)
req <- curl_fetch_memory("http://localhost/d/phpmyql3_scripts/ch02/form2.html", handle = h)
rawToChar(req$content)
</syntaxhighlight>


==== [http://ropensci.org/packages/index.html rOpenSci] packages ====
=== outsider ===
'''rOpenSci''' contains packages that allow access to data repositories through the R statistical programming environment
* [https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.02038 outsider]: Install and run programs, outside of R, inside of R
* [https://github.com/stephenturner/om..bcftools Run bcftools with outsider in R]


=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/remotes/index.html remotes] ===
=== (Commercial) [http://www.statconn.com/ StatconnDcom] ===
Download and install R packages stored in 'GitHub', 'BitBucket', or plain 'subversion' or 'git' repositories. This package is a lightweight replacement of the 'install_*' functions in 'devtools'. Also remotes does not require any extra OS level library (at least on Ubuntu 16.04).


Example:
=== [http://rdotnet.codeplex.com/ R.NET] ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/matrixstats
remotes::install_github('HenrikBengtsson/matrixStats@develop')
</syntaxhighlight>


=== DirichletMultinomial ===
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rJava/index.html rJava] ===
On Ubuntu, we do
* [https://jozefhajnala.gitlab.io/r/r901-primer-java-from-r-1/ A primer in using Java from R - part 1]
<pre>
* Note rJava is needed by [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/xlsx/index.html xlsx] package.
sudo apt-get install libgsl0-dev
 
Terminal
{{Pre}}
# jdk 7
sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-*
update-alternatives --config java
# oracle jdk 8
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 select true | sudo debconf-set-selections
echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 seen true | sudo debconf-set-selections
sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-8-jdk
</pre>
and then run the following (thanks to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12872699/error-unable-to-load-installed-packages-just-now) to fix an error: libjvm.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory.
* Create the file '''/etc/ld.so.conf.d/java.conf''' with the following entries:
<pre>
/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/jre/lib/amd64
/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/jre/lib/amd64/server
</pre>
</pre>
* And then run '''sudo ldconfig'''


=== Create GUI ===
Now go back to R
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gWidgets/index.html gWidgets] ====
{{Pre}}
install.packages("rJava")
</pre>
Done!


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GenOrd/index.html GenOrd]: Generate ordinal and discrete variables with given correlation matrix and marginal distributions ===
If above does not work, a simple way is by (under Ubuntu) running
[http://statistical-research.com/simulating-random-multivariate-correlated-data-categorical-variables/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=simulating-random-multivariate-correlated-data-categorical-variables here]
<pre>
sudo apt-get install r-cran-rjava
</pre>
which will create new package 'default-jre' (under '''/usr/lib/jvm''') and 'default-jre-headless'.


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rjson/index.html rjson] ===
=== RCaller ===
http://heuristically.wordpress.com/2013/05/20/geolocate-ip-addresses-in-r/


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RJSONIO/index.html RJSONIO] ===
=== RApache ===
==== Accessing Bitcoin Data with R ====
* http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~jeroen/files/seminar.pdf
http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/11/accessing-bitcoin-data-with-r.html


==== Plot IP on google map ====
=== Rscript, arguments and commandArgs() ===
* http://thebiobucket.blogspot.com/2011/12/some-fun-with-googlevis-plotting-blog.html#more  (RCurl, RJONIO, plyr, googleVis)
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/passing-arguments-to-an-r-script-from-command-lines/ Passing arguments to an R script from command lines]
* http://devblog.icans-gmbh.com/using-the-maxmind-geoip-api-with-r/ (RCurl, RJONIO, maps)
Syntax:
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/geoPlot/index.html (geoPlot package (deprecated as 8/12/2013))
<pre>
* http://archive09.linux.com/feature/135384  (Not R) ApacheMap
$ Rscript --help
* http://batchgeo.com/features/geolocation-ip-lookup/    (Not R)  (Enter a spreadsheet of adress, city, zip or a column of IPs and it will show the location on google map)
Usage: /path/to/Rscript [--options] [-e expr [-e expr2 ...] | file] [args]
* http://code.google.com/p/apachegeomap/
</pre>


The following example is modified from the first of above list.
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
require(RJSONIO) # fromJSON
args = commandArgs(trailingOnly=TRUE)
require(RCurl)  # getURL
# test if there is at least one argument: if not, return an error
 
if (length(args)==0) {
temp = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6743826/raw/23c8b0bc4b8f0d1bfe1c2fad985ca2e091aeb916/ip.txt",  
  stop("At least one argument must be supplied (input file).n", call.=FALSE)
                          ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
} else if (length(args)==1) {
ip <- read.table(textConnection(temp), as.is=TRUE)
   # default output file
names(ip) <- "IP"
   args[2] = "out.txt"
nr = nrow(ip)
Lon <- as.numeric(rep(NA, nr))
Lat <- Lon
Coords <- data.frame(Lon, Lat)
ip2coordinates <- function(ip) {
  api <- "http://freegeoip.net/json/"
  get.ips <- getURL(paste(api, URLencode(ip), sep=""))
   # result <- ldply(fromJSON(get.ips), data.frame)
  result <- data.frame(fromJSON(get.ips))
   names(result)[1] <- "ip.address"
  return(result)
}
}
cat("args[1] = ", args[1], "\n")
cat("args[2] = ", args[2], "\n")
</pre>
<pre>
Rscript --vanilla sillyScript.R iris.txt out.txt
# args[1] =  iris.txt
# args[2] =  out.txt
</pre>


for (i in 1:nr){
=== Rscript, #! Shebang and optparse package ===
  cat(i, "\n")
<ul>
  try(
<li>Writing [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2014/05/r-scripts/ R scripts] like linux bash files.
  Coords[i, 1:2] <- ip2coordinates(ip$IP[i])[c("longitude", "latitude")]
<li>[https://www.makeuseof.com/shebang-in-linux/ What Is the Shebang (#!) Character Sequence in Linux?]
  )
<li>[https://blog.rmhogervorst.nl/blog/2020/04/14/where-does-the-output-of-rscript-go/ Where does the output of Rscript go?]
}
<li>Create a file <shebang.R>.
<pre>
# append to log-file:
#!/usr/bin/env Rscript
logfile <- data.frame(ip, Lat = Coords$Lat, Long = Coords$Lon,
print ("shebang works")
                                      LatLong = paste(round(Coords$Lat, 1), round(Coords$Lon, 1), sep = ":"))  
</pre>
log_gmap <- logfile[!is.na(logfile$Lat), ]
Then in the command line
 
<pre>
require(googleVis) # gvisMap
chmod u+x shebang.R
gmap <- gvisMap(log_gmap, "LatLong",
./shebang.R
                options = list(showTip = TRUE, enableScrollWheel = TRUE,
                              mapType = 'hybrid', useMapTypeControl = TRUE,
                              width = 1024, height = 800))
plot(gmap)
</pre>
</pre>
[[File:GoogleVis.png|200px]]
<li>[http://www.cureffi.org/2014/01/15/running-r-batch-mode-linux/ Running R in batch mode on Linux]
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/optparse/index.html optparse] package. Check out its vignette.
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/getopt/index.html getopt]: C-Like 'getopt' Behavior.
</ul>


The plot.gvis() method in googleVis packages also teaches the startDynamicHelp() function in the tools package, which was used to launch a http server. See
=== [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/littler.html littler] ===
[http://jeffreyhorner.tumblr.com/page/3 Jeffrey Horner's note about deploying Rook App].
Provides hash-bang (#!) capability for R


=== Map ===
FAQs:
==== [https://rstudio.github.io/leaflet/ leaflet] ====
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3205302/difference-between-rscript-and-littler Difference between Rscript and littler]
* rstudio.github.io/leaflet/#installation-and-use
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3412911/r-exe-rcmd-exe-rscript-exe-and-rterm-exe-whats-the-difference Whats the difference between Rscript and R CMD BATCH]
* https://metvurst.wordpress.com/2015/07/24/mapview-basic-interactive-viewing-of-spatial-data-in-r-6/
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21969145/why-or-when-is-rscript-or-littler-better-than-r-cmd-batch Why (or when) is Rscript (or littler) better than R CMD BATCH?]
{{Pre}}
root@ed5f80320266:/# ls -l /usr/bin/{r,R*}
# R 3.5.2 docker container
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 82632 Jan 26 18:26 /usr/bin/r        # binary, can be used for 'shebang' lines, r --help
                                              # Example: r --verbose -e "date()"


==== choroplethr ====
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  8722 Dec 20 11:35 /usr/bin/R        # text, R --help
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2014/01/easy-data-maps-with-r-the-choroplethr-package-.html
                                              # Example: R -q -e "date()"
* http://www.arilamstein.com/blog/2015/06/25/learn-to-map-census-data-in-r/
* http://www.arilamstein.com/blog/2015/09/10/user-question-how-to-add-a-state-border-to-a-zip-code-map/


==== ggplot2 ====
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14552 Dec 20 11:35 /usr/bin/Rscript  # binary, can be used for 'shebang' lines, Rscript --help
[https://randomjohn.github.io/r-maps-with-census-data/ How to make maps with Census data in R]
                                              # It won't show the startup message when it is used in the command line.
                                              # Example: Rscript -e "date()"
</pre>


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/googleVis/index.html googleVis] ===
We can install littler using two ways.
See an example from [[R#RJSONIO|RJSONIO]] above.
* install.packages("littler"). This will install the latest version but the binary 'r' program is only available under the package/bin directory (eg ''~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4/littler/bin/r''). You need to create a soft link in order to access it globally.
* sudo apt install littler. This will install 'r' globally; however, the installed version may be old.


=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/googleAuthR/index.html googleAuthR] ===
After the installation, vignette contains several examples. The off-line vignette has a table of contents. Nice! The [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/littler.examples.html web version of examples] does not have the TOC.
Create R functions that interact with OAuth2 Google APIs easily, with auto-refresh and Shiny compatibility.


=== gtrendsR - Google Trends ===
'''r''' was not meant to run interactively like '''R'''. See ''man r''.
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/12/download-and-plot-google-trends-data-with-r.html Download and plot Google Trends data with R]
* [https://datascienceplus.com/analyzing-google-trends-data-in-r/ Analyzing Google Trends Data in R]
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=microarray%20analysis microarray analysis] from 2004-04-01
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=ngs%20next%20generation%20sequencing ngs next generation sequencing] from 2004-04-01
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=dna%20sequencing dna sequencing] from 2004-01-01.
* [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2004-01-01%202017-09-04&q=rna%20sequencing rna sequencing] from 2004-01-01. It can be seen RNA sequencing >> DNA sequencing.
* [http://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/09/python-vs-r-data-science-machine-learning.html?utm_content=buffere1df7&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer Python vs R – Who Is Really Ahead in Data Science, Machine Learning?] and [https://stackoverflow.blog/2017/09/06/incredible-growth-python/ The Incredible Growth of Python] by [https://twitter.com/drob?lang=en David Robinson]


=== quantmod ===
=== RInside: Embed R in C++ ===
[http://www.thertrader.com/2015/12/13/maintaining-a-database-of-price-files-in-r/ Maintaining a database of price files in R]. It consists of 3 steps.
See [[R#RInside|RInside]]


# Initial data downloading
(''From RInside documentation'') The RInside package makes it easier to embed R in your C++ applications. There is no code you would execute directly from the R environment. Rather, you write C++ programs that embed R which is illustrated by some the included examples.
# Update existing data
# Create a batch file


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/index.html Rcpp] ===
The included examples are armadillo, eigen, mpi, qt, standard, threads and wt.


* [http://lists.r-forge.r-project.org/pipermail/rcpp-devel/ Discussion archive]
To run 'make' when we don't have a global R, we should modify the file <Makefile>. Also if we just want to create one executable file, we can do, for example, 'make rinside_sample1'.
* (Video) [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/extending-r-with-c-a-brief-introduction-to-rcpp/ Extending R with C++: A Brief Introduction to Rcpp]
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2017/06/13/#007_c++14_r_travis C++14, R and Travis -- A useful hack]


It may be necessary to install dependency packages for RcppEigen.
To run any executable program, we need to specify '''LD_LIBRARY_PATH''' variable, something like
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib </pre>
sudo apt-get install libblas-dev liblapack-dev
sudo apt-get install gfortran
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Speed Comparison ====
The real build process looks like (check <Makefile> for completeness)
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/06/a-comparison-of-high-performance-computing-techniques-in-r.html A comparison of high-performance computing techniques in R]. It compares Rcpp to an R looping operator (like mapply), a parallelized version of a looping operator (like mcmapply), explicit parallelization, via the parallel package or the ParallelR suite.
<pre>
* In the following example, C++ avoids the overhead of creating an intermediate object (eg vector of the same length as the original vector). The c++ uses an intermediate scalar. So C++ wins R over memory management in this case. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
g++ -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/include \
# http://blog.mckuhn.de/2016/03/avoiding-unnecessary-memory-allocations.html
    -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/include \
library(Rcpp)
    -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/include -g -O2 -Wall \
    -I/usr/local/include  \
    rinside_sample0.cpp  \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib -lR  -lRblas -lRlapack \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/lib -lRcpp \
    -Wl,-rpath,/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/lib \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/lib -lRInside \
    -Wl,-rpath,/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/lib \
    -o rinside_sample0
</pre>


`%count<%` <- cppFunction('
Hello World example of embedding R in C++.
size_t count_less(NumericVector x, NumericVector y) {
<pre>
  const size_t nx = x.size();
#include <RInside.h>                    // for the embedded R via RInside
  const size_t ny = y.size();
  if (nx > 1 & ny > 1) stop("Only one parameter can be a vector!");
  size_t count = 0;
  if (nx == 1) {
    double c = x[0];
    for (int i = 0; i < ny; i++) count += c < y[i];
  } else {
    double c = y[0];
    for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++) count += x[i] < c;
  }
  return count;
}
')


set.seed(42)
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {


N <- 10^7
    RInside R(argc, argv);              // create an embedded R instance
v <- runif(N, 0, 10000)


# Testing on my ODroid xu4 running ubuntu 15.10
    R["txt"] = "Hello, world!\n"; // assign a char* (string) to 'txt'
system.time(sum(v < 5000))
#  user  system elapsed
#  1.135  0.305  1.453
system.time(v %count<% 5000)
#  user  system elapsed
#  0.535  0.000  0.540
</syntaxhighlight>
* [http://blog.ephorie.de/why-r-for-data-science-and-not-python Why R for data science – and not Python?]<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(Rcpp)
bmi_R <- function(weight, height) {
  weight / (height * height)
}
bmi_R(80, 1.85) # body mass index of person with 80 kg and 185 cm
## [1] 23.37473
cppFunction("
  float bmi_cpp(float weight, float height) {
    return weight / (height * height);
  }
")
bmi_cpp(80, 1.85) # same with cpp function
## [1] 23.37473
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://www.enchufa2.es/archives/boost-the-speed-of-r-calls-from-rcpp.html Boost the speed of R calls from Rcpp]


==== Use Rcpp in RStudio ====
    R.parseEvalQ("cat(txt)");          // eval the init string, ignoring any returns
RStudio makes it easy to use Rcpp package.


Open RStudio, click New File -> C++ File. It will create a C++ template on the RStudio editor
    exit(0);
<pre>
}
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp;
 
// Below is a simple example of exporting a C++ function to R. You can
// source this function into an R session using the Rcpp::sourceCpp
// function (or via the Source button on the editor toolbar)
 
// For more on using Rcpp click the Help button on the editor toolbar
 
// [[Rcpp::export]]
int timesTwo(int x) {
  return x * 2;
}
</pre>
</pre>
Now in R console, type
<pre>
library(Rcpp)
sourceCpp("~/Downloads/timesTwo.cpp")
timesTwo(9)
# [1] 18
</pre>
See more examples on http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Rcpp.html and [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/08/kmeans-r-rcpp.html Calculating a fuzzy kmeans membership matrix]


If we wan to test Boost library, we can try it in RStudio. Consider the following example in [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19034564/can-the-bh-r-package-link-to-boost-math-and-numeric stackoverflow.com].
The above can be compared to the Hello world example in Qt.
<pre>
<pre>
// [[Rcpp::depends(BH)]]
#include <QApplication.h>
#include <Rcpp.h>
#include <QPushButton.h>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp>
#include <boost/math/special_functions/gamma.hpp>


#define foreach BOOST_FOREACH
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
    QApplication app( argc, argv );


using namespace boost::math;
    QPushButton hello( "Hello world!", 0 );
    hello.resize( 100, 30 );


//[[Rcpp::export]]
    app.setMainWidget( &hello );
Rcpp::NumericVector boost_gamma( Rcpp::NumericVector x ) {
     hello.show();
  foreach( double& elem, x ) {
     elem = boost::math::tgamma(elem);
  };


  return x;
    return app.exec();
}
}
</pre>
</pre>
Then the R console
<pre>
boost_gamma(0:10 + 1)
#  [1]      1      1      2      6      24    120    720    5040  40320
# [10]  362880 3628800


identical( boost_gamma(0:10 + 1), factorial(0:10) )
=== [http://www.rfortran.org/ RFortran] ===
# [1] TRUE
RFortran is an open source project with the following aim:
</pre>
 
''To provide an easy to use Fortran software library that enables Fortran programs to transfer data and commands to and from R.''


==== Example 1. convolution example ====
It works only on Windows platform with Microsoft Visual Studio installed:(
First, Rcpp package should be installed (I am working on Linux system). Next we try one example shipped in Rcpp package.


PS. If R was not available in global environment (such as built by ourselves), we need to modify 'Makefile' file by replacing 'R' command with its complete path (4 places).
== Call R from other languages ==
<pre>
=== C ===
cd ~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/Rcpp/examples/ConvolveBenchmarks/
[http://sebastian-mader.net/programming/using-r-from-c-c/ Using R from C/C++]
make
R
</pre>
Then type the following in an R session to see how it works. Note that we don't need to issue '''library(Rcpp)''' in R.
<pre>
dyn.load("convolve3_cpp.so")
x <- .Call("convolve3cpp", 1:3, 4:6)
x # 4 13 28 27 18
</pre>


If we have our own cpp file, we need to use the following way to create dynamic loaded library file. Note that the  character ([http://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Command_substitution grave accent]) ` is not (single quote)'. If you mistakenly use ', it won't work.
Error: [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43662542/not-resolved-from-current-namespace-error-when-calling-c-routines-from-r “not resolved from current namespace” error, when calling C routines from R]
<pre>
export PKG_CXXFLAGS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::CxxFlags()"`
export PKG_LIBS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::LdFlags()"`
R CMD SHLIB xxxx.cpp
</pre>


==== Example 2. Use together with inline package ====
Solution: add '''getNativeSymbolInfo()''' around your C/Fortran symbols. Search Google:r dyn.load not resolved from current namespace
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/C-interface.html#calling-c-functions-from-r
<pre>
library(inline)
src <-'
Rcpp::NumericVector xa(a);
Rcpp::NumericVector xb(b);
int n_xa = xa.size(), n_xb = xb.size();


Rcpp::NumericVector xab(n_xa + n_xb - 1);
=== JRI ===
for (int i = 0; i < n_xa; i++)
http://www.rforge.net/JRI/
for (int j = 0; j < n_xb; j++)
xab[i + j] += xa[i] * xb[j];
return xab;
'
fun <- cxxfunction(signature(a = "numeric", b = "numeric"),
src, plugin = "Rcpp")
fun(1:3, 1:4)
# [1]  1  4 10 16 17 12
</pre>


==== Example 3. Calling an R function ====
=== ryp2 ===
http://rpy.sourceforge.net/rpy2.html


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RcppParallel/index.html RcppParallel] ====
== Create a standalone Rmath library ==
R has many math and statistical functions. We can easily use these functions in our C/C++/Fortran. The definite guide of doing this is on Chapter 9 "The standalone Rmath library" of [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html#The-standalone-Rmath-library R-admin manual].


==== rTRNG: parallel RNG in R ====
Here is my experience based on R 3.0.2 on Windows OS.
[https://mirai-solutions.ch/news/2019/06/10/rTRNG-avanced-parallel-RNG-R/ rTRNG: ADVANCED PARALLEL RNG IN R]


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/caret/index.html caret] ===
=== Create a static library <libRmath.a> and a dynamic library <Rmath.dll> ===
* http://topepo.github.io/caret/index.html & https://github.com/topepo/caret/
Suppose we have downloaded R source code and build R from its source. See [[R#Build_R_from_its_source|Build_R_from_its_source]]. Then the following 2 lines will generate files <libRmath.a> and <Rmath.dll> under C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone directory.
* https://www.r-project.org/conferences/useR-2013/Tutorials/kuhn/user_caret_2up.pdf
<pre>
* https://github.com/cran/caret source code mirrored on github
cd C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone
* Cheatsheet https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/
make -f Makefile.win
</pre>
 
=== Use Rmath library in our code ===
<pre>
set CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\include
set LIBRARY_PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone
# It is not LD_LIBRARY_PATH in above.


=== Tool for connecting Excel with R ===
# Created <RmathEx1.cpp> from the book "Statistical Computing in C++ and R" web site
* https://bert-toolkit.com/
# http://math.la.asu.edu/~eubank/CandR/ch4Code.cpp
* [http://www.thertrader.com/2016/11/30/bert-a-newcomer-in-the-r-excel-connection/ BERT: a newcomer in the R Excel connection]
# It is OK to save the cpp file under any directory.
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2018/08/how-to-use-r-with-excel.html


=== Read/Write Excel files package ===
# Force to link against the static library <libRmath.a>
* http://www.milanor.net/blog/?p=779
g++ RmathEx1.cpp -lRmath -lm -o RmathEx1.exe
* [https://www.displayr.com/how-to-read-an-excel-file-into-r/?utm_medium=Feed&utm_source=Syndication flipAPI]. One useful feature of DownloadXLSX, which is not supported by the readxl package, is that it can read Excel files directly from the URL.  
# OR
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/xlsx/index.html xlsx]: depends on Java
g++ RmathEx1.cpp -Wl,-Bstatic -lRmath -lm -o RmathEx1.exe
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/openxlsx/index.html openxlsx]: not depend on Java. Depend on zip application. On Windows, it seems to be OK without installing Rtools. But it can not read xls file; it works on xlsx file.
** It can't be used to open .xls or .xlm files.
** When I try the package to read an xlsx file, I got a warning: No data found on worksheet. 6/28/2018
** [https://fabiomarroni.wordpress.com/2018/08/07/use-r-to-write-multiple-tables-to-a-single-excel-file/ Use R to write multiple tables to a single Excel file]
* [https://github.com/hadley/readxl readxl]: it does not depend on anything although it can only read but not write Excel files. 
** It is part of tidyverse package. The [https://readxl.tidyverse.org/index.html readxl] website provides several articles for more examples.
** [https://github.com/rstudio/webinars/tree/master/36-readxl readxl webinar].
** One advantage of read_excel (as with read_csv in the readr package) is that the data imports into an easy to print object with three attributes a '''tbl_df''', a '''tbl''' and a '''data.frame.'''
** For writing to Excel formats, use writexl or openxlsx package.
* [https://ropensci.org/blog/technotes/2017/09/08/writexl-release writexl]: zero dependency xlsx writer for R


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Force to link against dynamic library <Rmath.dll>
library(readxl)
g++ RmathEx1.cpp Rmath.dll -lm -o RmathEx1Dll.exe
read_excel(path, sheet = NULL, range = NULL, col_names = TRUE,
</pre>
    col_types = NULL, na = "", trim_ws = TRUE, skip = 0, n_max = Inf,
Test the executable program. Note that the executable program ''RmathEx1.exe'' can be transferred to and run in another computer without R installed. Isn't it cool!
    guess_max = min(1000, n_max), progress = readxl_progress(),
<pre>
    .name_repair = "unique")
c:\R>RmathEx1
# Example
Enter a argument for the normal cdf:
read_excel(path, range = cell_cols("c:cx"), col_types = "numeric")
1
</syntaxhighlight>
Enter a argument for the chi-squared cdf:
For the Chromosome column, integer values becomes strings (but converted to double, so 5 becomes 5.000000) or NA (empty on sheets).  
1
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
Prob(Z <= 1) = 0.841345
> head(read_excel("~/Downloads/BRCA.xls", 4)[ , -9], 3)
Prob(Chi^2 <= 1)= 0.682689
  UniqueID (Double-click) CloneID UGCluster
</pre>
1                   HK1A1  21652 Hs.445981
 
2                  HK1A2  22012 Hs.119177
Below is the cpp program <RmathEx1.cpp>.
3                  HK1A4  22293 Hs.501376
<pre>
                                                    Name Symbol EntrezID
//RmathEx1.cpp
1 Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa CTNNA1    1495
#define MATHLIB_STANDALONE
2                             ADP-ribosylation factor 3  ARF3      377
#include <iostream>
3                          Uroporphyrinogen III synthase  UROS    7390
#include "Rmath.h"
  Chromosome      Cytoband ChimericClusterIDs Filter
1   5.000000        5q31.2              <NA>     1
2  12.000000        12q13              <NA>     1
3      <NA> 10q25.2-q26.3              <NA>     1
</syntaxhighlight>


The hidden worksheets become visible (Not sure what are those first rows mean in the output).
using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl;
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> excel_sheets("~/Downloads/BRCA.xls")
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 01 00 00 00 9a 0c 00 00 1a 00
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 03 00 00 00 9b 0c 00 00 0a 00
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 02 00 00 00 9a 0c 00 00 06 00
[1] "Experiment descriptors" "Filtered log ratio"    "Gene identifiers"     
[4] "Gene annotations"      "CollateInfo"            "GeneSubsets"         
[7] "GeneSubsetsTemp"     
</syntaxhighlight>


The Chinese character works too.
int main()
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{
> read_excel("~/Downloads/testChinese.xlsx", 1)
  double x1, x2;
  中文 B C
  cout << "Enter a argument for the normal cdf:" << endl;
1    a b c
  cin >> x1;
2    1 2 3
  cout << "Enter a argument for the chi-squared cdf:" << endl;
</syntaxhighlight>
  cin >> x2;


To read all worksheets we need a convenient function
  cout << "Prob(Z <= " << x1 << ") = " <<
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
     pnorm(x1, 0, 1, 1, 0) << endl;
read_excel_allsheets <- function(filename) {
  cout << "Prob(Chi^2 <= " << x2 << ")= " <<
     sheets <- readxl::excel_sheets(filename)
     pchisq(x2, 1, 1, 0) << endl;
    sheets <- sheets[-1] # Skip sheet 1
  return 0;
    x <- lapply(sheets, function(X) readxl::read_excel(filename, sheet = X, col_types = "numeric"))
     names(x) <- sheets
    x
}
}
dcfile <- "table0.77_dC_biospear.xlsx"
</pre>
dc <- read_excel_allsheets(dcfile)
# Each component (eg dc[[1]]) is a tibble.
</syntaxhighlight>


=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/readr/ readr] (it is not designed to read Excel files) ===
== Calling R.dll directly ==
See Chapter 8.2.2 of [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Calling-R_002edll-directly|Writing R Extensions]. This is related to embedding R under Windows. The file <R.dll> on Windows is like <libR.so> on Linux.


Compared to base equivalents like '''read.csv()''', '''readr''' is much faster and gives more convenient output: it never converts strings to factors, can parse date/times, and it doesn’t munge the column names.
== Create HTML report ==
[http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ReportingTools.html ReportingTools] (Jason Hackney) from Bioconductor. See [[Genome#ReportingTools|Genome->ReportingTools]].


[https://blog.rstudio.org/2016/08/05/readr-1-0-0/ 1.0.0] released.
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/htmlTable/index.html htmlTable] package ===
The htmlTable package is intended for generating tables using HTML formatting. This format is compatible with Markdown when used for HTML-output. The most basic table can easily be created by just passing a matrix or a data.frame to the htmlTable-function.


The '''read_csv()''' function from the '''readr''' package is as fast as '''fread()''' function from '''data.table''' package. ''For files beyond 100MB in size fread() and read_csv() can be expected to be around 5 times faster than read.csv().'' See 5.3 of Efficient R Programming book.
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/htmlTable/vignettes/general.html
* http://gforge.se/2014/01/fast-track-publishing-using-knitr-part-iv/
* [http://gforge.se/2020/07/news-in-htmltable-2-0/ News in htmlTable 2.0]


Note that '''fread()''' can read-n a selection of the columns.
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/formattable/index.html formattable] ===
* https://github.com/renkun-ken/formattable
* http://www.magesblog.com/2016/01/formatting-table-output-in-r.html
* [https://www.displayr.com/formattable/ Make Beautiful Tables with the Formattable Package]


=== Colors ===
=== [https://github.com/crubba/htmltab htmltab] package ===
* [https://scales.r-lib.org/ scales] package. This is used in ggplot2 package.
This package is NOT used to CREATE html report but EXTRACT html table.
* [http://colorspace.r-forge.r-project.org/articles/colorspace.html colorspace]: A Toolbox for Manipulating and Assessing Colors and Palettes.
* [http://novyden.blogspot.com/2013/09/how-to-expand-color-palette-with-ggplot.html How to expand color palette with ggplot and RColorBrewer]
* palette_explorer() function from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tmaptools/index.html tmaptools] package. See [https://www.computerworld.com/article/3184778/data-analytics/6-useful-r-functions-you-might-not-know.html selecting color palettes with shiny].
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~zctpep9/Archived%20webpages/Cookbook%20for%20R%20%C2%BB%20Colors%20(ggplot2).htm Cookbook for R]
* [http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_brewer.html Sequential, diverging and qualitative colour scales/palettes from colorbrewer.org]: scale_colour_brewer(), scale_fill_brewer(), ...
* http://colorbrewer2.org/
* It seems there is no choice of getting only 2 colors no matter which set name we can use
* To see the set names used in brewer.pal, see
** RColorBrewer::display.brewer.all()
** For example, [http://colorbrewer2.org/#type=qualitative&scheme=Set1&n=4 Set1] from http://colorbrewer2.org/
* To list all R color names, colors().
** [http://research.stowers.org/mcm/efg/R/Color/Chart/ColorChart.pdf Color Chart] (include Hex and RGB) & [http://research.stowers.org/mcm/efg/Report/UsingColorInR.pdf Using Color in R] from http://research.stowers.org
** Code to generate rectangles with colored background https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/42-colors-names/
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28461326/convert-hex-color-code-to-color-name convert hex value to color names] <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(plotrix)
sapply(rainbow(4), color.id)
sapply(RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(4, "Set1"), color.id)
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/grDevices/versions/3.5.3/topics/hsv hsv()] function. [https://eranraviv.com/matrix-style-screensaver-in-r/ Matrix-style screensaver in R]


Below is an example using the option ''scale_fill_brewer''(palette = "[http://colorbrewer2.org/#type=qualitative&scheme=Paired&n=9 Paired]"). See the source code at [https://gist.github.com/JohannesFriedrich/c7d80b4e47b3331681cab8e9e7a46e17 gist]. Note that only 'set1' and 'set3' palettes in '''qualitative scheme''' can support up to 12 classes.  
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ztable/index.html ztable] package ===
Makes zebra-striped tables (tables with alternating row colors) in LaTeX and HTML formats easily from a data.frame, matrix, lm, aov, anova, glm or coxph objects.


According to the information from the colorbrew website, '''qualitative''' schemes do not imply magnitude differences between legend classes, and hues are used to create the primary visual differences between classes.
== Create academic report ==
[http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/reports/index.html reports] package in CRAN and in [https://github.com/trinker/reports github] repository. The youtube video gives an overview of the package.


[[File:GgplotPalette.svg|300px]]
== Create pdf and epub files ==
 
{{Pre}}
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html ggplot2] ===
# Idea:
See [[Ggplot2|ggplot2]]
#        knitr        pdflatex
 
#  rnw -------> tex ----------> pdf
=== Data Manipulation & Tidyverse ===
library(knitr)
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/ Tidyverse] Homepage
knit("example.rnw") # create example.tex file
* [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/webinars/pipelines-for-data-analysis-in-r/ Pipelines for data analysis in R], [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/data-science-in-the-tidyverse/ Data Science in the Tidyverse]
</pre>
<pre>
* A very simple example <002-minimal.Rnw> from [http://yihui.name/knitr/demo/minimal/ yihui.name] works fine on linux.
  Import
{{Pre}}
    |
git clone https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples.git
    | readr, readxl
    | haven, DBI, httr  +----- Visualize ------+
    |                    |    ggplot2, ggvis    |
    |                    |                      |
  Tidy ------------- Transform
  tibble              dplyr                  Model
  tidyr                  |                    broom
                          +------ Model ---------+
</pre>
</pre>
* [http://r4ds.had.co.nz/ R for Data Science] and [http://tidyverse.org/ tidyverse] package (it is a collection of '''ggplot2, tibble, tidyr, readr, purrr''' & '''dplyr''' packages).
* <knitr-minimal.Rnw>. I have no problem to create pdf file on Windows but still cannot generate pdf on Linux from tex file. Some people suggested to run '''sudo apt-get install texlive-fonts-recommended''' to install missing fonts. It works!
** tidyverse, among others, was used at [http://juliasilge.com/blog/Mining-CRAN-DESCRIPTION/ Mining CRAN DESCRIPTION Files] (tbl_df(), %>%, summarise(), count(), mutate(), arrange(), unite(), ggplot(), filter(), select(), ...). Note that there is a problem to reproduce the result. I need to run ''cran <- cran[, -14]'' to remove the MD5sum column.
** [http://brettklamer.com/diversions/statistical/compile-r-for-data-science-to-a-pdf/ Compile R for Data Science to a PDF]
* [https://www.rstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/data-wrangling-cheatsheet.pdf Data Wrangling with dplyr and tidyr Cheat Sheet]
* [https://hbctraining.github.io/Intro-to-R/lessons/07_intro_tidyverse.html Data Wrangling with Tidyverse] from the Harvard Chan School of Public Health.
* [http://datascienceplus.com/best-packages-for-data-manipulation-in-r/ Best packages for data manipulation in R]. It demonstrates to perform the same tasks using '''data.table''' and '''dplyr''' packages. '''data.table''' is faster and it may be a go-to package when performance and memory are the constraints.
* [https://www.datanovia.com/en/courses/data-manipulation-in-r/ DATA MANIPULATION IN R] by Alboukadel Kassambara
** subset data frame columns: pull(), select(), select_if(), other helper functions
** subset (filter) data frame rows: slice(), filter(), filter_all(), filter_if(), filter_at(), sample_n(), top_n()
** identify and remove duplicate rows: duplicated(), unique(), distinct()
** ordering rows: arrange(), desc()
** renaming and adding columns: rename()
** compute and add new variables to a data frame: mutate(), transmutate()
** computing summary statistics (pay to view)


==== Install on Ubuntu ====
To see a real example, check out [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DESeq2.html DESeq2] package (inst/doc subdirectory). In addition to DESeq2, I also need to install '''DESeq, BiocStyle, airway, vsn, gplots''', and '''pasilla''' packages from Bioconductor. Note that, it is best to use sudo/admin account to install packages.
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/46983233 How to install Tidyverse on Ubuntu 16.04 and 17.04]
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
# Ubuntu >= 18.04. However, I get unmet dependencies errors on R 3.5.3.
# r-cran-curl : Depends: r-api-3.4
sudo apt-get install r-cran-curl r-cran-openssl r-cran-xml2


# Works fine on Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04
Or starts with markdown file. Download the example <001-minimal.Rmd> and remove the last line of getting png file from internet.
sudo apt install libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev libxml2-dev
{{Pre}}
</syntaxhighlight>
# Idea:
#        knitr        pandoc
#  rmd -------> md ----------> pdf


80 R packages will be installed after ''tidyverse'' has been installed.
git clone https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples.git
 
cd knitr-examples
==== Install on Raspberry Pi/(ARM based) Chromebook ====
R -e "library(knitr); knit('001-minimal.Rmd')"
In additional to the requirements of installing on Ubuntu, I got an error when it is installing a dependent package [https://github.com/r-lib/fs/issues/146 fs]: '''undefined symbol: pthread_atfork'''. The [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/fs/index.html fs] package version is 1.2.6. The [https://github.com/r-lib/fs/issues/128#issuecomment-435552967 solution] is to add one line in fs/src/Makevars file and then install the "fs" package using the source on the local machine.
pandoc 001-minimal.md -o 001-minimal.pdf # require pdflatex to be installed !!
</pre>


==== [http://rpubs.com/danmirman/Rgroup-part1 5 most useful data manipulation functions] ====
To create an epub file (not success yet on Windows OS, missing figures on Linux OS)
* subset() for making subsets of data (natch)
{{Pre}}
* merge() for combining data sets in a smart and easy way
# Idea:
* '''melt()'''-reshape2 package for converting from wide to long data formats. See an example [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28426026/plotting-boxplots-of-multiple-y-variables-using-ggplot2-qplot-or-others here] where we want to combine multiple columns of values into 1 column. melt() is replaced by gather().
#        knitr        pandoc
* dcast()-reshape2 package for converting from long to wide data formats (or just use [https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/ tapply()]), and for making summary tables
#  rnw -------> tex ----------> markdown or epub
* ddply()-plyr package for doing split-apply-combine operations, which covers a huge swath of the most tricky data operations


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/data.table/index.html data.table] ====
library(knitr)
Fast aggregation of large data (e.g. 100GB in RAM or just several GB size file), fast ordered joins, fast add/modify/delete of columns by group using no copies at all, list columns and a fast file reader (fread).
knit("DESeq2.Rnw") # create DESeq2.tex
system("pandoc  -f latex -t markdown -o DESeq2.md DESeq2.tex")
</pre>


Some resources:
Convert tex to epub
* https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/data.table/versions/1.12.0
* http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/156668/tex-to-epub-conversion
* [https://www.waldrn.com/dplyr-vs-data-table/ R Packages: dplyr vs data.table]
* [https://github.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/raw/master/datatable.pdf Cheat sheet] from [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/cheatsheets/ RStudio]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/importing-data-into-r-part-two/ Reading large data tables in R]. fread(FILENAME)
* Note that '''x[, 2]'' always return 2. If you want to do the thing you want, use ''x[, 2, with=FALSE]'' or ''x[, V2]'' where V2 is the header name. See the FAQ #1 in [http://datatable.r-forge.r-project.org/datatable-faq.pdf data.table].
* [http://r-norberg.blogspot.com/2016/06/understanding-datatable-rolling-joins.html Understanding data.table Rolling Joins]
* [https://rollingyours.wordpress.com/2016/06/14/fast-aggregation-of-large-data-with-the-data-table-package/ Intro to The data.table Package]
** Subsetting rows and/or columns
** Alternative to using tapply(), aggregate(), table() to summarize data
** Similarities to SQL, DT[i, j, by]
* [https://www.listendata.com/2016/10/r-data-table.html R : data.table (with 50 examples)] from ListenData
** Describe Data
** Selecting or Keeping Columns
** Rename Variables
** Subsetting Rows / Filtering
** Faster Data Manipulation with Indexing
** Performance Comparison
** Sorting Data
** Adding Columns (Calculation on rows)
** How to write Sub Queries (like SQL)
** Summarize or Aggregate Columns
** GROUP BY (Within Group Calculation)
** Remove Duplicates
** Extract values within a group
** SQL's RANK OVER PARTITION
** Cumulative SUM by GROUP
** Lag and Lead
** Between and LIKE Operator
** Merging / Joins
** Convert a data.table to data.frame
* [https://www.dezyre.com/data-science-in-r-programming-tutorial/r-data-table-tutorial R Tutorial: data.table] from dezyre.com
** Syntax: DT[where, select|update|do, by]
** Keys and setkey()
** Fast grouping using j and by: DT[,sum(v),by=x]
** Fast ordered joins: X[Y,roll=TRUE]
* In the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/data.table/vignettes/datatable-intro-vignette.html Introduction to data.table] vignette, the data.table::order() function is SLOWER than base::order() from my Odroid xu4 (running Ubuntu 14.04.4 trusty on uSD) <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
odt = data.table(col=sample(1e7))
(t1 <- system.time(ans1 <- odt[base::order(col)]))  ## uses order from base R
#  user  system elapsed
#  2.730  0.210  2.947
(t2 <- system.time(ans2 <- odt[order(col)]))        ## uses data.table's order
#  user  system elapsed
#  2.830  0.215  3.052
(identical(ans1, ans2))
# [1] TRUE
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://jangorecki.github.io/blog/2016-06-30/Boost-Your-Data-Munging-with-R.html Boost Your Data Munging with R]
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/data.table/versions/1.12.0/topics/rbindlist rbindlist()]. One problem, it uses too much memory. In fact, when I try to analyze R package downloads, the command "dat <- rbindlist(logs)" uses up my 64GB memory (OS becomes unresponsive).


[https://github.com/Rdatatable/data.table/wiki/Installation#openmp-enabled-compiler-for-mac OpenMP enabled compiler for Mac]. This instruction works on my Mac El Capitan (10.11.6) when I need to upgrade the data.table version from 1.11.4 to 1.11.6.
=== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/knitr/versions/1.20/topics/kable kable()] for tables ===
Create Tables In LaTeX, HTML, Markdown And ReStructuredText


Question: how to make use multicore with data.table package?
* https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/lesson-7.html
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20942466/creating-good-kable-output-in-rstudio
* http://kbroman.org/knitr_knutshell/pages/figs_tables.html
* https://blogs.reed.edu/ed-tech/2015/10/creating-nice-tables-using-r-markdown/
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/kableExtra/vignettes/awesome_table_in_html.html kableExtra] package


==== reshape & reshape2 (superceded by tidyr package) ====
== Create Word report ==
* [http://r-exercises.com/2016/07/06/data-shape-transformation-with-reshape/ Data Shape Transformation With Reshape()]
* Use '''acast()''' function in reshape2 package. It will convert data.frame used for analysis to a table-like data.frame good for display.
* http://lamages.blogspot.com/2013/10/creating-matrix-from-long-dataframe.html


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidyr/index.html tidyr] and benchmark ====
=== Using the power of Word ===
An evolution of reshape2. It's designed specifically for data tidying (not general reshaping or aggregating) and works well with dplyr data pipelines.
[https://www.rforecology.com/post/exporting-tables-from-r-to-microsoft-word/ How to go from R to nice tables in Microsoft Word]


* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidyr/vignettes/tidy-data.html vignette("tidy-data")] & [https://github.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/blob/master/data-import.pdf Cheat sheet]
=== knitr + pandoc ===
* Main functions
* http://www.r-statistics.com/2013/03/write-ms-word-document-using-r-with-as-little-overhead-as-possible/
** Reshape data: [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tidyr/versions/0.8.3/topics/gather gather()] & [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tidyr/versions/0.8.3/topics/spread spread()]. [https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/dev/articles/pivot.html These two will be deprecated]
* http://www.carlboettiger.info/2012/04/07/writing-reproducibly-in-the-open-with-knitr.html
** Split cells: [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tidyr/versions/0.8.3/topics/separate separate()] & [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/tidyr/versions/0.8.3/topics/unite unite()]
* http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/articles_docx.html
** Handle missing: drop_na() & fill() & replace_na()
* Other functions
** tidyr::separate() function. If a cell contains many elements separated by ",", we can use this function to create more columns. The opposite function is unite().
** [https://rpubs.com/maraaverick/tidyr-separate-rows-FTW tidyr::separate_rows()]. If a cell contains many elements separated by ",", we can use this function to create one more row. See the cheat sheet link above.
* http://blog.rstudio.org/2014/07/22/introducing-tidyr/
* http://rpubs.com/seandavi/GEOMetadbSurvey2014
* http://timelyportfolio.github.io/rCharts_factor_analytics/factors_with_new_R.html
* [http://www.milanor.net/blog/reshape-data-r-tidyr-vs-reshape2/ tidyr vs reshape2]
* [https://data.library.virginia.edu/a-tidyr-tutorial/ A tidyr Tutorial] from U of Virginia
* [http://r-posts.com/benchmarking-cast-in-r-from-long-data-frame-to-wide-matrix/ Benchmarking cast in R from long data frame to wide matrix]


Make wide tables long with '''gather()''' (see 6.3.1 of Efficient R Programming)
It is better to create rmd file in RStudio. Rstudio provides a template for rmd file and it also provides a quick reference to R markdown language.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>
library(tidyr)
# Idea:
library(efficient)
#       knitr      pandoc
data(pew) # wide table
#   rmd -------> md --------> docx
dim(pew) # 18 x 10,  (religion, '<$10k', '$10--20k', '$20--30k', ..., '>150k')
library(knitr)
pewt <- gather(data = pew, key = Income, value = Count, -religion)
knit2html("example.rmd") #Create md and html files
dim(pew) # 162 x 3,  (religion, Income, Count)
</pre>
 
and then
args(gather)
# function(data, key, value, ..., na.rm = FALSE, convert = FALSE, factor_key = FALSE)
</syntaxhighlight>
where the three arguments of gather() requires:
* data: a data frame in which column names will become row vaues
* key: the name of the categorical variable into which the column names in the original datasets are converted.
* value: the name of cell value columns
 
In this example, the 'religion' column will not be included (-religion).
 
==== dplyr, plyr packages ====
* plyr package suffered from being slow in some cases. dplyr addresses this by porting much of the computation to C++. Another additional feature is the ability to work with data stored directly in an external '''database'''. The benefits of doing this are the data can be managed natively in a relational database, queries can be conducted on that database, and only the results of query returned.
* Essential functions: 3 rows functions, 3 column functions and 1 mixed function.
<pre>
<pre>
          select, mutate, rename
FILE <- "example"
            +------------------+
system(paste0("pandoc -o ", FILE, ".docx ", FILE, ".md"))
filter      +                  +
arrange    +                  +
group_by    +                  +
drop_na    +                  +
            + summarise        +
            +------------------+
</pre>
</pre>
* These functions works on data frames and tibble objects.
Note. For example reason, if I play around the above 2 commands for several times, the knit2html() does not work well. However, if I click 'Knit HTML' button on the RStudio, it then works again.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
iris %>% filter(Species == "setosa") %>% count()
head(iris %>% filter(Species == "setosa") %>% arrange(Sepal.Length))
</syntaxhighlight>
* [http://genomicsclass.github.io/book/pages/dplyr_tutorial.html dplyr tutorial] from PH525x series (Biomedical Data Science by Rafael Irizarry and Michael Love). For select() function, some additional options to select columns based on a specific criteria include
** start_with()/ ends_with() = Select columns that start/end with a character string
** contains() = Select columns that contain a character string
** matches() = Select columns that match a regular expression
** one_of() = Select columns names that are from a group of names
* [http://r4ds.had.co.nz/transform.html Data Transformation] in the book '''R for Data Science'''. Five key functions in the '''dplyr''' package:
** Filter rows: filter()
** Arrange rows: arrange()
** Select columns: select()
** Add new variables: mutate()
** Grouped summaries: group_by() & summarise()
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# filter
jan1 <- filter(flights, month == 1, day == 1)
filter(flights, month == 11 | month == 12)
filter(flights, arr_delay <= 120, dep_delay <= 120)
df <- tibble(x = c(1, NA, 3))
filter(df, x > 1)
filter(df, is.na(x) | x > 1)


# arrange
Another way is
arrange(flights, year, month, day)
<pre>
arrange(flights, desc(arr_delay))
library(pander)
name = "demo"
knit(paste0(name, ".Rmd"), encoding = "utf-8")
Pandoc.brew(file = paste0(name, ".md"), output = paste0(-name, "docx"), convert = "docx")
</pre>


# select
Note that once we have used knitr command to create a md file, we can use pandoc shell command to convert it to different formats:
select(flights, year, month, day)
* A pdf file: pandoc -s report.md -t latex -o report.pdf
select(flights, year:day)
* A html file: pandoc -s report.md -o report.html (with the -c flag html files can be added easily)
select(flights, -(year:day))
* Openoffice: pandoc report.md -o report.odt
* Word docx: pandoc report.md -o report.docx


# mutate
We can also create the epub file for reading on Kobo ereader. For example, download [https://gist.github.com/jeromyanglim/2716336 this file] and save it as example.Rmd. I need to remove the line containing the link to http://i.imgur.com/RVNmr.jpg since it creates an error when I run pandoc (not sure if it is the pandoc version I have is too old). Now we just run these 2 lines to get the epub file. Amazing!
flights_sml <- select(flights,
<pre>
  year:day,
knit("example.Rmd")
  ends_with("delay"),
pandoc("example.md", format="epub")
  distance,
</pre>
  air_time
)
mutate(flights_sml,
  gain = arr_delay - dep_delay,
  speed = distance / air_time * 60
)
# if you only want to keep the new variables
transmute(flights,
  gain = arr_delay - dep_delay,
  hours = air_time / 60,
  gain_per_hour = gain / hours
)


# summarise()
PS. If we don't remove the link, we will get an error message (pandoc 1.10.1 on Windows 7)
by_day <- group_by(flights, year, month, day)
<pre>
summarise(by_day, delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE))
> pandoc("Rmd_to_Epub.md", format="epub")
executing pandoc  -f markdown -t epub -o Rmd_to_Epub.epub "Rmd_to_Epub.utf8md"
pandoc.exe: .\.\http://i.imgur.com/RVNmr.jpg: openBinaryFile: invalid argument (Invalid argument)
Error in (function (input, format, ext, cfg) : conversion failed
In addition: Warning message:
running command 'pandoc  -f markdown -t epub -o Rmd_to_Epub.epub "Rmd_to_Epub.utf8md"' had status 1
</pre>


# pipe. Note summarise() can return more than 1 variable.
=== pander ===
delays <- flights %>%
Try pandoc[1] with a minimal reproducible example, you might give a try to my "[http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pander/ pander]" package [2] too:
  group_by(dest) %>%
  summarise(
    count = n(),
    dist = mean(distance, na.rm = TRUE),
    delay = mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE)
  ) %>%
  filter(count > 20, dest != "HNL")
flights %>%
  group_by(year, month, day) %>%
  summarise(mean = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE))
</syntaxhighlight>
* Videos
** [https://youtu.be/jWjqLW-u3hc Hands-on dplyr tutorial for faster data manipulation in R] by Data School. At time 17:00, it compares the '''%>%''' operator, '''with()''' and '''aggregate()''' for finding group mean.
** https://youtu.be/aywFompr1F4 (shorter video) by Roger Peng
** https://youtu.be/8SGif63VW6E by Hadley Wickham
** [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/tidy-eval-programming-with-dplyr-tidyr-and-ggplot2/ Tidy eval: Programming with dplyr, tidyr, and ggplot2]. Bang bang "!!" operator was introduced for use in a function call.
* [https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/data-carpentry.html#dplyr Efficient R Programming]
* [http://www.r-exercises.com/2017/07/19/data-wrangling-transforming-23/ Data wrangling: Transformation] from R-exercises.
* [https://rollingyours.wordpress.com/2016/06/29/express-intro-to-dplyr/ Express Intro to dplyr] by rollingyours.
* [https://martinsbioblogg.wordpress.com/2017/05/21/using-r-when-using-do-in-dplyr-dont-forget-the-dot/ the dot].
* [http://martinsbioblogg.wordpress.com/2013/03/24/using-r-reading-tables-that-need-a-little-cleaning/ stringr and plyr] A '''data.frame''' is pretty much a list of vectors, so we use plyr to apply over the list and stringr to search and replace in the vectors.
* https://randomjohn.github.io/r-maps-with-census-data/ dplyr and stringr are used
* [https://datascienceplus.com/5-interesting-subtle-insights-from-ted-videos-data-analysis-in-r/ 5 interesting subtle insights from TED videos data analysis in R]
* [https://www.mango-solutions.com/blog/what-is-tidy-eval-and-why-should-i-care What is tidy eval and why should I care?]


==== stringr ====
<pre>
* https://www.rstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RegExCheatsheet.pdf
library(pander)
* [https://github.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/raw/master/strings.pdf stringr Cheat sheet] (2 pages, this will immediately download the pdf file)
Pandoc.brew(system.file('examples/minimal.brew', package='pander'),
* [https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/data-carpentry.html#regular-expressions Efficient data carpentry &#8594; Regular expressions] from Efficient R programming book by Gillespie & Lovelace.
            output = tempfile(), convert = 'docx')
</pre>
Where the content of the "minimal.brew" file is something you might have
got used to with Sweave - although it's using "brew" syntax instead. See
the examples of pander [3] for more details. Please note that pandoc should
be installed first, which is pretty easy on Windows.


==== [https://github.com/smbache/magrittr magrittr] ====
# http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/magrittr/vignettes/magrittr.html Vignettes]
# http://rapporter.github.com/pander/
* [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/04/magrittr-and-wrapr-pipes-in-r-an-examination/ magrittr and wrapr Pipes in R, an Examination]
# http://rapporter.github.com/pander/#examples
 
Instead of nested statements, it is using pipe operator '''%>%'''. So the code is easier to read. Impressive!
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
x %>% f    # f(x)
x %>% f(y)  # f(x, y)
x %>% f(arg=y)  # f(x, arg=y)
x %>% f(z, .) # f(z, x)
x %>% f(y) %>% g(z)  # g(f(x, y), z)


x %>% select(which(colSums(!is.na(.))>0))  # remove columns with all missing data
=== R2wd ===
x %>% select(which(colSums(!is.na(.))>0)) %>% filter((rowSums(!is.na(.))>0)) # remove all-NA columns _and_ rows
Use [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/R2wd/ R2wd] package. However, only 32-bit R is allowed and sometimes it can not produce all 'table's.
</syntaxhighlight>
<pre>
* [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/03/r-tip-make-arguments-explicit-in-magrittr-dplyr-pipelines/ Make Arguments Explicit in magrittr/dplyr Pipelines]
> library(R2wd)
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> wdGet()
suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("dplyr"))
Loading required package: rcom
starwars %>%
Loading required package: rscproxy
  filter(., height > 200) %>%
rcom requires a current version of statconnDCOM installed.
  select(., height, mass) %>%
To install statconnDCOM type
  head(.)
    installstatconnDCOM()
# instead of  
starwars %>%
  filter(height > 200) %>%
  select(height, mass) %>%
  head
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27100678/how-to-extract-subset-an-element-from-a-list-with-the-magrittr-pipe Subset an element from a list]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
iris$Species
iris[["Species"]]


iris %>%
This will download and install the current version of statconnDCOM
`[[`("Species")


iris %>%
You will need a working Internet connection
`[[`(5)
because installation needs to download a file.
Error in if (wdapp[["Documents"]][["Count"]] == 0) wdapp[["Documents"]]$Add() :
  argument is of length zero
</pre>


iris %>%
The solution is to launch 32-bit R instead of 64-bit R since statconnDCOM does not support 64-bit R.
  subset(select = "Species")
</syntaxhighlight>
* '''Split-apply-combine''': group + summarize + sort/arrange + top n. The following example is from [https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/data-carpentry.html#data-aggregation Efficient R programming].
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
data(wb_ineq, package = "efficient")
wb_ineq %>%
  filter(grepl("g", Country)) %>%
  group_by(Year) %>%
  summarise(gini = mean(gini, na.rm  = TRUE)) %>%
  arrange(desc(gini)) %>%
  top_n(n = 5)
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://drdoane.com/writing-pipe-friendly-functions/ Writing Pipe-friendly Functions]
* http://rud.is/b/2015/02/04/a-step-to-the-right-in-r-assignments/
* http://rpubs.com/tjmahr/pipelines_2015
* http://danielmarcelino.com/i-loved-this-crosstable/
* http://moderndata.plot.ly/using-the-pipe-operator-in-r-with-plotly/
* Videos
** [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/writing-readable-code-with-pipes/ Writing Readable Code with Pipes]
** [https://youtu.be/iIBTI_qiq9g Pipes in R - An Introduction to magrittr package]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Examples from R for Data Science-Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model
diamonds <- ggplot2::diamonds
diamonds2 <- diamonds %>% dplyr::mutate(price_per_carat = price / carat)


pryr::object_size(diamonds)
=== Convert from pdf to word ===
pryr::object_size(diamonds2)
The best rendering of advanced tables is done by converting from pdf to Word. See http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/SweaveConvert
pryr::object_size(diamonds, diamonds2)


rnorm(100) %>% matrix(ncol = 2) %>% plot() %>% str()
=== rtf ===
rnorm(100) %>% matrix(ncol = 2) %T>% plot() %>% str() # 'tee' pipe
Use [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rtf/ rtf] package for Rich Text Format (RTF) Output.
    # %T>% works like %>% except that it returns the lefthand side (rnorm(100) %>% matrix(ncol = 2)
    # instead of the righthand side.


# If a function does not have a data frame based api, you can use %$%.
=== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/xtable/versions/1.8-2 xtable] ===
# It explodes out the variables in a data frame.
Package xtable will produce html output.  
mtcars %$% cor(disp, mpg)  
{{Pre}}
print(xtable(X), type="html")
</pre>


# For assignment, magrittr provides the %<>% operator
If you save the file and then open it with Word, you will get serviceable results. I've had better luck copying the output from xtable and pasting it into Excel.
mtcars <- mtcars %>% transform(cyl = cyl * 2) # can be simplified by
mtcars %<>% transform(cyl = cyl * 2)
</syntaxhighlight>


Upsides of using magrittr: no need to create intermediate objects, code is easy to read.
=== officer ===
<ul>
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/officer/index.html CRAN]. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Powerpoint and HTML documents generation from R.
<li>The [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/4f182b036ae7f95a31924ba5d5d3f069 gist] includes a comprehensive example that encompasses various elements such as sections, subsections, and tables. It also incorporates a detailed paragraph, along with visual representations created using base R plots and ggplots.
<li>Add a line space
<pre>
doc <- body_add_par(doc, "")


When not to use the pipe
# Function to add n line spaces
* your pipes are longer than (say) 10 steps
body_add_par_n <- function (doc, n) {
* you have multiple inputs or outputs
  for(i in 1:n){
* Functions that use the current environment: assign(), get(), load()
    doc <- body_add_par(doc, "")
* Functions that use lazy evaluation: tryCatch(), try()
  }
  return(doc)
}
body_add_par_n(3)
</pre>
<li>[https://ardata-fr.github.io/officeverse/officer-for-word.html Figures] from the documentation of '''officeverse'''.
<li>See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/25427314 Data frame to word table?].
<li>See [[Office#Tables|Office]] page for some code.
<li>[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2020/07/how-to-read-and-create-word-documents-in-r/ How to read and create Word Documents in R] where we can extracting tables from Word Documents.
<pre>
x = read_docx("myfile.docx")
content <- docx_summary(x) # a vector
grep("nlme", content$text, ignore.case = T, value = T)
</pre>
</ul>


==== outer() ====
== Powerpoint ==
<ul>
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/officer/index.html officer] package  (formerly ReporteRs). [http://theautomatic.net/2020/07/28/how-to-create-powerpoint-reports-with-r/ How to create powerpoint reports with R]
</li>
<li>[https://davidgohel.github.io/flextable/ flextable] (imports '''officer''')
</li>
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/21558466 R data.frame to table image for presentation].
<pre>
library(gridExtra)
grid.newpage()
grid.table(mydf)
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown/powerpoint-presentation.html Rmarkdown]
</li>
</ul>


==== Genomic sequence ====
== PDF manipulation ==
* chartr
[https://github.com/pridiltal/staplr staplr]
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
> yourSeq <- "AAAACCCGGGTTTNNN"
> chartr("ACGT", "TGCA", yourSeq)
[1] "TTTTGGGCCCAAANNN"
</syntaxhighlight>


==== lobstr package - dig into the internal representation and structure of R objects ====
== R Graphs Gallery ==
[https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2018/12/lobstr/ lobstr 1.0.0]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/R-Graph-Gallery/169231589826661 Romain François]
 
* [http://shinyapps.stat.ubc.ca/r-graph-catalog/ R Graph Catalog] written using R + Shiny. The source code is available on [https://github.com/jennybc/r-graph-catalog Github].
=== Data Science ===
* Forest plot. See the packages [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rmeta/index.html rmeta] and [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/forestplot/ forestplot]. The forest plot can be used to plot the quantities like relative risk (with 95% CI) in survival data.
See [[Data_science|Data science]] page
** [http://www.danieldsjoberg.com/bstfun/dev/reference/add_inline_forest_plot.html Inline forest plot]
 
== COM client or server ==


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/jpeg/index.html jpeg] ===
=== Client ===
If we want to create the image on this wiki left hand side panel, we can use the '''jpeg''' package to read an existing plot and then edit and save it.


We can also use the jpeg package to import and manipulate a jpg image. See [http://moderndata.plot.ly/fun-with-heatmaps-and-plotly/ Fun with Heatmaps and Plotly].
[http://www.omegahat.org/RDCOMClient/ RDCOMClient] where [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/excel.link/index.html excel.link] depends on it.


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Cairo/index.html Cairo] ===
=== Server ===
See [[Heatmap#White_strips_.28artifacts.29|White strips problem]] in png() or tiff().
[http://www.omegahat.org/RDCOMServer/ RDCOMServer]


=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/cairoDevice/ cairoDevice] ===
== Use R under proxy ==
PS. Not sure the advantage of functions in this package compared to R's functions (eg. Cairo_svg() vs svg()).
http://support.rstudio.org/help/kb/faq/configuring-r-to-use-an-http-proxy


For ubuntu OS, we need to install 2 libraries and 1 R package '''RGtk2'''.
== RStudio ==
<pre>
* [https://github.com/rstudio/rstudio Github]
sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev libcairo2-dev
* Installing RStudio (1.0.44) on Ubuntu will not install Java even the source code contains 37.5% Java??
</pre>
* [https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/preview/ Preview]


On Windows OS, we may got the error: '''unable to load shared object 'C:/Program Files/R/R-3.0.2/library/cairoDevice/libs/x64/cairoDevice.dll' '''. We need to follow the instruction in [http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/e6/help/09/05/15613.html here].
=== rstudio.cloud ===
https://rstudio.cloud/


=== [http://igraph.org/r/ igraph] ===
=== Launch RStudio ===
[https://shiring.github.io/genome/2016/12/14/homologous_genes_part2_post creating directed networks with igraph]
[[Rstudio#Multiple_versions_of_R|Multiple versions of R]]


=== Identifying dependencies of R functions and scripts ===
=== Create .Rproj file ===
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8761857/identifying-dependencies-of-r-functions-and-scripts
If you have an existing package that doesn't have an .Rproj file, you can use '''devtools::use_rstudio("path/to/package")''' to add it.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(mvbutils)
foodweb(where = "package:batr")


foodweb( find.funs("package:batr"), prune="survRiskPredict", lwd=2)
With an RStudio project file, you can
* Restore .RData into workspace at startup
* Save workspace to .RData on exit (or '''save.image'''("Robj.RData") & load("Robj.RData"))
* Always save history (even if no saving .RData, '''savehistory'''(".Rhistory") & loadhistory(".Rhistory"))
* etc


foodweb( find.funs("package:batr"), prune="classPredict", lwd=2)
=== package search ===
</syntaxhighlight>
https://github.com/RhoInc/CRANsearcher


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/iterators/ iterators] ===
=== Git ===
Iterator is useful over for-loop if the data is already a '''collection'''. It can be used to iterate over a vector, data frame, matrix, file
* (Video) [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/happy-git-and-gihub-for-the-user-tutorial/ Happy Git and Gihub for the useR – Tutorial]
* [https://owi.usgs.gov/blog/beyond-basic-git/ Beyond Basic R - Version Control with Git]


Iterator can be combined to use with foreach package http://www.exegetic.biz/blog/2013/11/iterators-in-r/ has more elaboration.
== Visual Studio ==
[http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/05/r-and-python-support-now-built-in-to-visual-studio-2017.html R and Python support now built in to Visual Studio 2017]


=== Colors ===
== List files using regular expression ==
* http://www.bauer.uh.edu/parks/truecolor.htm Interactive RGB, Alpha and Color Picker
* Extension
* http://deanattali.com/blog/colourpicker-package/ Not sure what it is doing
<pre>
* [http://www.lifehack.org/484519/how-to-choose-the-best-colors-for-your-data-charts How to Choose the Best Colors For Your Data Charts]
list.files(pattern = "\\.txt$")
* [http://novyden.blogspot.com/2013/09/how-to-expand-color-palette-with-ggplot.html How to expand color palette with ggplot and RColorBrewer]
</pre>
* [http://sape.inf.usi.ch/quick-reference/ggplot2/colour Color names in R]
where the dot (.) is a metacharacter. It is used to refer to any character.
* Start with
<pre>
list.files(pattern = "^Something")
</pre>


==== [http://rpubs.com/gaston/colortools colortools] ====
Using '''Sys.glob()"' as
Tools that allow users generate color schemes and palettes
<pre>
> Sys.glob("~/Downloads/*.txt")
[1] "/home/brb/Downloads/ip.txt"      "/home/brb/Downloads/valgrind.txt"
</pre>


==== [https://github.com/daattali/colourpicker colourpicker] ====
== Hidden tool: rsync in Rtools ==
A Colour Picker Tool for Shiny and for Selecting Colours in Plots
<pre>
c:\Rtools\bin>rsync -avz "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Downloads/a.exe" "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Documents/"
sending incremental file list
a.exe


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/inlmisc/index.html inlmisc] ====
sent 323142 bytes  received 31 bytes  646346.00 bytes/sec
[https://owi.usgs.gov/blog/tolcolors/ GetTolColors()]. Lots of examples.
total size is 1198416  speedup is 3.71


=== [https://github.com/kevinushey/rex rex] ===
c:\Rtools\bin>
Friendly Regular Expressions
</pre>


=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/formatR/index.html formatR] ===
Unforunately, if the destination is a network drive, I could get a permission denied (13) error. See also [https://superuser.com/a/69764 rsync file permissions on windows].
'''The best strategy to avoid failure is to put comments in complete lines or after complete R expressions.'''


See also [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3017877/tool-to-auto-format-r-code this discussion] on stackoverflow talks about R code reformatting.
== Install rgdal package (geospatial Data) on ubuntu ==
Terminal
{{Pre}}
sudo apt-get install libgdal1-dev libproj-dev # https://stackoverflow.com/a/44389304
sudo apt-get install libgdal1i # Ubuntu 16.04 https://stackoverflow.com/a/12143411
</pre>


<pre>
R
library(formatR)
{{Pre}}
tidy_source("Input.R", file = "output.R", width.cutoff=70)
install.packages("rgdal")
tidy_source("clipboard")
# default width is getOption("width") which is 127 in my case.
</pre>
</pre>


Some issues
== Install sf package ==
* Comments appearing at the beginning of a line within a long complete statement. This will break tidy_source().
I got the following error even I have installed some libraries.  
<pre>
<pre>
cat("abcd",
checking GDAL version >= 2.0.1... no
    # This is my comment
configure: error: sf is not compatible with GDAL versions below 2.0.1
    "defg")
</pre>
</pre>
will result in
Then I follow the instruction here
<pre>
{{Pre}}
> tidy_source("clipboard")
sudo apt remove libgdal-dev
Error in base::parse(text = code, srcfile = NULL) :  
sudo apt remove libproj-dev
  3:1: unexpected string constant
sudo apt remove gdal-bin
2: invisible(".BeGiN_TiDy_IdEnTiFiEr_HaHaHa# This is my comment.HaHaHa_EnD_TiDy_IdEnTiFiEr")
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-stable
3: "defg"
 
  ^
sudo apt update
sudo apt-cache policy libgdal-dev # Make sure a version >= 2.0 appears
 
sudo apt install libgdal-dev # works on ubuntu 20.04 too
                            # no need the previous lines
</pre>
</pre>
* Comments appearing at the end of a line within a long complete statement ''won't break'' tidy_source() but tidy_source() cannot re-locate/tidy the comma sign.  
 
<pre>
== Database ==
cat("abcd"
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Databases.html
    ,"defg"  # This is my comment
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/08/a-modern-database-interface-for-r.html A modern database interface for R]
  ,"ghij")
 
</pre>
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSQLite/index.html RSQLite] ===
will become
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSQLite/vignettes/RSQLite.html
<pre>
* https://github.com/rstats-db/RSQLite
cat("abcd", "defg" # This is my comment
 
, "ghij")  
'''Creating a new database''':
{{Pre}}
library(DBI)
 
mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "my-db.sqlite")
dbDisconnect(mydb)
unlink("my-db.sqlite")
 
# temporary database
mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "")
dbDisconnect(mydb)
</pre>
</pre>
Still bad!!
 
* Comments appearing at the end of a line within a long complete statement ''breaks'' tidy_source() function. For example,
'''Loading data''':
<pre>
{{Pre}}
cat("</p>",
mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "")
"<HR SIZE=5 WIDTH=\"100%\" NOSHADE>",
dbWriteTable(mydb, "mtcars", mtcars)
ifelse(codeSurv == 0,"<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes which are differentially expressed among classes:</u></b></a></h3>", #4/9/09
dbWriteTable(mydb, "iris", iris)
                    "<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes significantly associated with survival:</u></b></a></h3>"),
 
file=ExternalFileName, sep="\n", append=T)
dbListTables(mydb)
 
dbListFields(con, "mtcars")
 
dbReadTable(con, "mtcars")
</pre>
</pre>
will result in
 
<pre>
'''Queries''':
> tidy_source("clipboard", width.cutoff=70)
{{Pre}}
Error in base::parse(text = code, srcfile = NULL) :
dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM mtcars LIMIT 5')
  3:129: unexpected SPECIAL
 
2: "<HR SIZE=5 WIDTH=\"100%\" NOSHADE>" ,
dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < 4.6')
3: ifelse ( codeSurv == 0 , "<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes which are differentially expressed among classes:</u></b></a></h3>" , %InLiNe_IdEnTiFiEr%
 
</pre>
dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < :x', params = list(x = 4.6))
* ''width.cutoff'' parameter is not always working. For example, there is no any change for the following snippet though I hope it will move the cat() to the next line.
 
<pre>
res <- dbSendQuery(con, "SELECT * FROM mtcars WHERE cyl = 4")
if (codePF & !GlobalTest & !DoExactPermTest) cat(paste("Multivariate Permutations test was computed based on",
dbFetch(res)
    NumPermutations, "random permutations"), "<BR>", " ", file = ExternalFileName,
    sep = "\n", append = T)
</pre>
</pre>
* It merges lines though I don't always want to do that. For example
 
<pre>
'''Batched queries''':
cat("abcd"
{{Pre}}
    ,"defg" 
dbClearResult(rs)
   ,"ghij")
rs <- dbSendQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM mtcars')
while (!dbHasCompleted(rs)) {
  df <- dbFetch(rs, n = 10)
   print(nrow(df))
}
 
dbClearResult(rs)
</pre>
</pre>
will become
 
<pre>
'''Multiple parameterised queries''':
cat("abcd", "defg", "ghij")  
{{Pre}}
rs <- dbSendQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" = :x')
dbBind(rs, param = list(x = seq(4, 4.4, by = 0.1)))
nrow(dbFetch(rs))
#> [1] 4
dbClearResult(rs)
</pre>
</pre>


=== Download papers ===
'''Statements''':
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/biorxivr/index.html biorxivr] ====
{{Pre}}
Search and Download Papers from the bioRxiv Preprint Server
dbExecute(mydb, 'DELETE FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < 4')
#> [1] 0
rs <- dbSendStatement(mydb, 'DELETE FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < :x')
dbBind(rs, param = list(x = 4.5))
dbGetRowsAffected(rs)
#> [1] 4
dbClearResult(rs)
</pre>


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/aRxiv/index.html aRxiv] ====
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sqldf/ sqldf] ===
Interface to the arXiv API
Manipulate R data frames using SQL. Depends on RSQLite. [http://datascienceplus.com/a-use-of-gsub-reshape2-and-sqldf-with-healthcare-data/ A use of gsub, reshape2 and sqldf with healthcare data]


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pdftools/index.html pdftools] ====
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RPostgreSQL/index.html RPostgreSQL] ===
* http://ropensci.org/blog/2016/03/01/pdftools-and-jeroen
* http://r-posts.com/how-to-extract-data-from-a-pdf-file-with-r/
* https://ropensci.org/technotes/2018/12/14/pdftools-20/


=== [https://github.com/ColinFay/aside aside]: set it aside ===
=== [[MySQL#Use_through_R|RMySQL]] ===
An RStudio addin to run long R commands aside your current session.
* http://datascienceplus.com/bringing-the-powers-of-sql-into-r/
* See [[MySQL#Installation|here]] about the installation of the required package ('''libmysqlclient-dev''') in Ubuntu.


=== Teaching ===
=== MongoDB ===
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/smovie/vignettes/smovie-vignette.html smovie]: Some Movies to Illustrate Concepts in Statistics
* http://www.r-bloggers.com/r-and-mongodb/
* http://watson.nci.nih.gov/~sdavis/blog/rmongodb-using-R-with-mongo/


=== Organize R research project ===
=== odbc ===
* [https://ntguardian.wordpress.com/2019/02/04/organizing-r-research-projects-cpat-case-study/ Organizing R Research Projects: CPAT, A Case Study]
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2017/12/workflow-vs-script/ Project-oriented workflow]. It suggests the [https://github.com/r-lib/here here] package. Don't use '''setwd()''' and '''rm(list = ls())'''.
** In RStudio, if we try to send a few lines of code and one of the line contains '''setwd()''', it will give a message: ''The working directory was changed to XXX inside a notebook chunk. The working directory will be reset when the chunk is finished running. Use the knitr root.dir option in the setup chunk to change the working directory for notebook chunks.''
** No update for the ''here'' package. Consider [https://github.com/r-lib/usethis usethis] package.
* drake project
** [https://ropensci.org/blog/2018/02/06/drake/ The prequel to the drake R package]
** [https://ropenscilabs.github.io/drake-manual/index.html The drake R Package User Manual]


==== How to save (and load) datasets in R (.Rdata vs .Rds file) ====
=== RODBC ===
[https://rcrastinate.rbind.io/post/how-to-save-and-load-data-in-r-an-overview/ How to save (and load) datasets in R: An overview]


=== Text to speech ===
=== DBI ===
[https://shirinsplayground.netlify.com/2018/06/googlelanguager/ Text-to-Speech with the googleLanguageR package]


=== Weather data ===
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dbplyr/index.html dbplyr] ===
* [https://github.com/ropensci/prism prism] package
* To use databases with dplyr, you need to first install dbplyr
* [http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=507781&cityname=Rockville-Maryland-United-States-of-America Weatherbase]
* https://db.rstudio.com/dplyr/
* Five commonly used backends: RMySQL, RPostgreSQ, RSQLite, ODBC, bigrquery.
* http://www.datacarpentry.org/R-ecology-lesson/05-r-and-databases.html


=== logR ===
'''Create a new SQLite database''':
https://github.com/jangorecki/logR
{{Pre}}
surveys <- read.csv("data/surveys.csv")
plots <- read.csv("data/plots.csv")


=== Progress bar ===
my_db_file <- "portal-database.sqlite"
https://github.com/r-lib/progress#readme
my_db <- src_sqlite(my_db_file, create = TRUE)


Configurable Progress bars, they may include percentage, elapsed time, and/or the estimated completion time. They work in terminals, in 'Emacs' 'ESS', 'RStudio', 'Windows' 'Rgui' and the 'macOS'.
copy_to(my_db, surveys)
copy_to(my_db, plots)
my_db
</pre>


=== cron ===
'''Connect to a database''':
[https://github.com/bnosac/cronr cronR]
{{Pre}}
download.file(url = "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2292171",
              destfile = "portal_mammals.sqlite", mode = "wb")


== Different ways of using R ==
library(dbplyr)
library(dplyr)
mammals <- src_sqlite("portal_mammals.sqlite")
</pre>


=== 10 things R can do that might surprise you ===
'''Querying the database with the SQL syntax''':
https://simplystatistics.org/2019/03/13/10-things-r-can-do-that-might-surprise-you/
{{Pre}}
tbl(mammals, sql("SELECT year, species_id, plot_id FROM surveys"))
</pre>


=== R call C/C++ ===
'''Querying the database with the dplyr syntax''':
Mainly talks about .C() and .Call().
{{Pre}}
surveys <- tbl(mammals, "surveys")
surveys %>%
    select(year, species_id, plot_id)
head(surveys, n = 10)


Note that scalars and arrays must be passed using pointers. So if we want to access a function not exported from a package, we may need to modify the function to make the arguments as pointers.
show_query(head(surveys, n = 10)) # show which SQL commands are actually sent to the database
</pre>


* [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html R-Extension manual] of course.
'''Simple database queries''':
* http://faculty.washington.edu/kenrice/sisg-adv/sisg-07.pdf
{{Pre}}
* http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/scf/paciorek-cppWorkshop.pdf (Very useful)
surveys %>%
* http://www.stat.harvard.edu/ccr2005/
  filter(weight < 5) %>%
* http://mazamascience.com/WorkingWithData/?p=1099
  select(species_id, sex, weight)
</pre>


=== SEXP ===
'''Laziness''' (instruct R to stop being lazy):
Some examples from packages
{{Pre}}
data_subset <- surveys %>%
  filter(weight < 5) %>%
  select(species_id, sex, weight) %>%
  collect()
</pre>


* [https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/sva.html sva] package has one C code function
'''Complex database queries''':
{{Pre}}
plots <- tbl(mammals, "plots")
plots # # The plot_id column features in the plots table


=== R call Fortran ===
surveys # The plot_id column also features in the surveys table
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-March/070851.html R call Fortran 90]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/the-need-for-speed-part-1-building-an-r-package-with-fortran-or-c/ The Need for Speed Part 1: Building an R Package with Fortran (or C)] (Very detailed)


=== Embedding R ===
# Join databases method 1
plots %>%
  filter(plot_id == 1) %>%
  inner_join(surveys) %>%
  collect()
</pre>


* See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Linking-GUIs-and-other-front_002dends-to-R Writing for R Extensions] Manual Chapter 8.
=== NoSQL ===
* [http://www.ci.tuwien.ac.at/Conferences/useR-2004/abstracts/supplements/Urbanek.pdf Talk by Simon Urbanek] in UseR 2004.
[https://ropensci.org/technotes/2018/01/25/nodbi/ nodbi: the NoSQL Database Connector]
* [http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2085/1/tr012.pdf Technical report] by Friedrich Leisch in 2007.
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/attachments/20110729/b7d86ed7/attachment.pl


==== An very simple example (do not return from shell) from Writing R Extensions manual ====
== Github ==
The command-line R front-end, R_HOME/bin/exec/R, is one such example. Its source code is in file <src/main/Rmain.c>.


This example can be run by
=== R source  ===
<pre>R_HOME/bin/R CMD R_HOME/bin/exec/R</pre>
https://github.com/wch/r-source/ Daily update, interesting, should be visited every day. Clicking '''1000+ commits''' to look at daily changes.


Note:
If we are interested in a certain branch (say 3.2), look for R-3-2-branch.
# '''R_HOME/bin/exec/R''' is the R binary. However, it couldn't be launched directly unless R_HOME and LD_LIBRARY_PATH are set up. Again, this is explained in Writing R Extension manual.
# '''R_HOME/bin/R''' is a shell-script front-end where users can invoke it. It sets up the environment for the executable. It can be copied to ''/usr/local/bin/R''. When we run ''R_HOME/bin/R'', it actually runs ''R_HOME/bin/R CMD R_HOME/bin/exec/R'' (see line 259 of ''R_HOME/bin/R'' as in R 3.0.2) so we know the important role of ''R_HOME/bin/exec/R''.


More examples of embedding can be found in ''tests/Embedding'' directory. Read <index.html> for more information about these test examples.
=== R packages (only) source (metacran) ===
* https://github.com/cran/ by [https://github.com/gaborcsardi Gábor Csárdi], the author of '''[http://igraph.org/ igraph]''' software.


==== An example from Bioconductor workshop ====
=== Bioconductor packages source ===
* What is covered in this section is different from [[R#Create_a_standalone_Rmath_library|Create and use a standalone Rmath library]].
<strike>[https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/bioc-devel/2015-June/007675.html Announcement], https://github.com/Bioconductor-mirror </strike>
* Use eval() function. See R-Ext [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Embedding-R-under-Unix_002dalikes 8.1] and [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Embedding-R-under-Windows 8.2] and [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Evaluating-R-expressions-from-C 5.11].
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2463437/r-from-c-simplest-possible-helloworld (obtained from searching R_tryEval on google)
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7457635/calling-r-function-from-c


Example:
=== Send local repository to Github in R by using reports package ===
Create <embed.c> file
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdOI_-aZV0Y
<pre>
#include <Rembedded.h>
#include <Rdefines.h>


static void doSplinesExample();
=== My collection ===
int
* https://github.com/arraytools
main(int argc, char *argv[])
* https://gist.github.com/4383351 heatmap using leukemia data
{
* https://gist.github.com/4382774 heatmap using sequential data
    Rf_initEmbeddedR(argc, argv);
* https://gist.github.com/4484270 biocLite
    doSplinesExample();
    Rf_endEmbeddedR(0);
    return 0;
}
static void
doSplinesExample()
{
    SEXP e, result;
    int errorOccurred;


    // create and evaluate 'library(splines)'
=== How to download ===
    PROTECT(e = lang2(install("library"), mkString("splines")));
    R_tryEval(e, R_GlobalEnv, &errorOccurred);
    if (errorOccurred) {
        // handle error
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);


    // 'options(FALSE)' ...
Clone ~ Download.  
    PROTECT(e = lang2(install("options"), ScalarLogical(0)));
* Command line
    // ... modified to 'options(example.ask=FALSE)' (this is obscure)
<pre>
    SET_TAG(CDR(e), install("example.ask"));
git clone https://gist.github.com/4484270.git
    R_tryEval(e, R_GlobalEnv, NULL);
</pre>
    UNPROTECT(1);
This will create a subdirectory called '4484270' with all cloned files there.


    // 'example("ns")'
* Within R
    PROTECT(e = lang2(install("example"), mkString("ns")));
    R_tryEval(e, R_GlobalEnv, &errorOccurred);
    UNPROTECT(1);
}
</pre>
Then build the executable. Note that I don't need to create R_HOME variable.
<pre>
<pre>
cd
library(devtools)
tar xzvf
source_gist("4484270")
cd R-3.0.1
./configure --enable-R-shlib
make
cd tests/Embedding
make
~/R-3.0.1/bin/R CMD ./Rtest
 
nano embed.c
# Using a single line will give an error and cannot not show the real problem.
# ../../bin/R CMD gcc -I../../include -L../../lib -lR embed.c
# A better way is to run compile and link separately
gcc -I../../include -c embed.c
gcc -o embed embed.o -L../../lib -lR -lRblas
../../bin/R CMD ./embed
</pre>
</pre>
 
or
Note that if we want to call the executable file ./embed directly, we shall set up R environment by specifying '''R_HOME''' variable and including the directories used in linking R in '''LD_LIBRARY_PATH'''. This is based on the inform provided by [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-devel/R-exts.html Writing R Extensions].
First download the json file from
https://api.github.com/users/MYUSERLOGIN/gists
and then
<pre>
<pre>
export R_HOME=/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2
library(RJSONIO)
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib
x <- fromJSON("~/Downloads/gists.json")
./embed # No need to include R CMD in front.
setwd("~/Downloads/")
gist.id <- lapply(x, "[[", "id")
lapply(gist.id, function(x){
  cmd <- paste0("git clone https://gist.github.com/", x, ".git")
  system(cmd)
})
</pre>
</pre>


Question: Create a data frame in C? Answer: [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-August/067107.html Use data.frame() via an eval() call from C]. Or see the code is stats/src/model.c, as part of model.frame.default. Or using Rcpp as [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2013-August/067109.html here].
=== Jekyll ===
[http://statistics.rainandrhino.org/2015/12/15/jekyll-r-blogger-knitr-hyde.html An Easy Start with Jekyll, for R-Bloggers]


Reference http://bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2012/Seattle-Oct-2012/AdvancedR.pdf
== Connect R with Arduino ==
* https://zhuhao.org/post/connect-arduino-chips-with-r/
* http://lamages.blogspot.com/2012/10/connecting-real-world-to-r-with-arduino.html
* http://jean-robert.github.io/2012/11/11/thermometer-R-using-Arduino-Java.html
* http://bio7.org/?p=2049
* http://www.rforge.net/Arduino/svn.html


==== Create a Simple Socket Server in R ====
== Android App ==
This example is coming from this [http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2085/1/tr012.pdf paper].  
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=appinventor.ai_RInstructor.R2&hl=zh_TW R Instructor] $4.84
* [http://realxyapp.blogspot.tw/2010/12/statistical-distribution.html Statistical Distribution] (Not R related app)
* [https://datascienceplus.com/data-driven-introspection-of-my-android-mobile-usage-in-r/ Data-driven Introspection of my Android Mobile usage in R]
 
== Common plots tips ==
=== Create an empty plot ===
'''plot.new()'''   
 
=== Overlay plots ===
[https://finnstats.com/index.php/2021/08/15/how-to-overlay-plots-in-r/ How to Overlay Plots in R-Quick Guide with Example].  
<pre>
#Step1:-create scatterplot
plot(x1, y1)
#Step 2:-overlay line plot
lines(x2, y2)
#Step3:-overlay scatterplot
points(x2, y2)
</pre>


Create an R function
=== Save the par() and restore it ===
'''Example 1''': Don't use old.par <- par() directly. no.readonly = FALSE by default. * The '''`no.readonly = TRUE`''' argument in the [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.6.2/topics/par par()] function in R is used to get the full list of graphical parameters '''that can be restored'''.
* When you call `par()` with no arguments or `par(no.readonly = TRUE)`, it returns an invisible named list of all the graphical parameters. This includes both parameters that can be set and those that are read-only.
* If we use par(old.par) where old.par <- par(), we will get several warning messages like 'In par(op) : graphical parameter "cin" cannot be set'.
<pre>
old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE); par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) - 2)  # OR in one step
old.par <- par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) - 2)
## do plotting stuff with new settings
par(old.par)
</pre>
'''Example 2''': Use it inside a function with the [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/on.exit on.exit(0] function.
<pre>
<pre>
simpleServer <- function(port=6543)
ex <- function() {
{
  old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # all par settings which
  sock <- socketConnection ( port=port , server=TRUE)
                                      # could be changed.
  on.exit(close( sock ))
  on.exit(par(old.par))
  cat("\nWelcome to R!\nR>" ,file=sock )
  ## ... do lots of par() settings and plots
  while(( line <- readLines ( sock , n=1)) != "quit")
  ## ...
  {
  invisible() #-- now, par(old.par) will be executed
    cat(paste("socket >" , line , "\n"))
    out<- capture.output (try(eval(parse(text=line ))))
    writeLines ( out , con=sock )
    cat("\nR> " ,file =sock )
  }
}
}
</pre>
</pre>
Then run simpleServer(). Open another terminal and try to communicate with the server
'''Example 3''': It seems par() inside a function will affect the global environment. But if we use dev.off(), it will reset all parameters.
<pre>
ex <- function() { par(mar=c(5,4,4,1)) }
ex()
par()$mar
</pre>
<pre>
<pre>
$ telnet localhost 6543
ex = function() { png("~/Downloads/test.png"); par(mar=c(5,4,4,1)); dev.off()}
Trying 127.0.0.1...
ex()
Connected to localhost.
par()$mar
Escape character is '^]'.
 
Welcome to R!
R> summary(iris[, 3:5])
  Petal.Length    Petal.Width          Species 
Min.  :1.000  Min.  :0.100  setosa    :50 
1st Qu.:1.600  1st Qu.:0.300  versicolor:50 
Median :4.350  Median :1.300  virginica :50 
Mean  :3.758  Mean  :1.199                 
3rd Qu.:5.100  3rd Qu.:1.800                 
Max.  :6.900  Max.  :2.500                 
 
R> quit
Connection closed by foreign host.
</pre>
</pre>


==== [http://www.rforge.net/Rserve/doc.html Rserve] ====
=== Grouped boxplots ===
Note the way of launching Rserve is like the way we launch C program when R was embedded in C. See [[R#An_example_from_Bioconductor_workshop|Example from Bioconductor workshop]].
* [http://r-video-tutorial.blogspot.com/2013/06/box-plot-with-r-tutorial.html Step by step to create a grouped boxplots]
** 'at' parameter in boxplot() to change the equal spaced boxplots
** embed par(mar=) in boxplot()
** mtext(line=) to solve the problem the xlab overlapped with labels.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28426026/plotting-boxplots-of-multiple-y-variables-using-ggplot2-qplot-or-others ggplot2 approach] (Hint: '''facet_grid''' is used)


See my [[Rserve]] page.
=== [https://www.samruston.co.uk/ Weather Time Line] ===
The plot looks similar to a boxplot though it is not. See a [https://www.samruston.co.uk/images/screens/screen_2.png screenshot] on Android by [https://www.samruston.co.uk/ Sam Ruston].


==== (Commercial) [http://www.statconn.com/ StatconnDcom] ====
=== Horizontal bar plot ===
{{Pre}}
library(ggplot2)
dtf <- data.frame(x = c("ETB", "PMA", "PER", "KON", "TRA",
                        "DDR", "BUM", "MAT", "HED", "EXP"),
                  y = c(.02, .11, -.01, -.03, -.03, .02, .1, -.01, -.02, 0.06))
ggplot(dtf, aes(x, y)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", aes(fill = x), show.legend = FALSE) +
  coord_flip() + xlab("") + ylab("Fold Change") 
</pre>


==== [http://rdotnet.codeplex.com/ R.NET] ====
[[:File:Ggplot2bar.svg]]


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rJava/index.html rJava] ====
=== Include bar values in a barplot ===
* [https://jozefhajnala.gitlab.io/r/r901-primer-java-from-r-1/ A primer in using Java from R - part 1]
* https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3879/how-to-put-values-over-bars-in-barplot-in-r.
* Note rJava is needed by [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/xlsx/index.html xlsx] package.
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12481430/how-to-display-the-frequency-at-the-top-of-each-factor-in-a-barplot-in-r barplot(), text() and axis()] functions. The data can be from a table() object.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11938293/how-to-label-a-barplot-bar-with-positive-and-negative-bars-with-ggplot2 How to label a barplot bar with positive and negative bars with ggplot2]


Terminal
Use text().  
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
# jdk 7
sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-*
update-alternatives --config java
# oracle jdk 8
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 select true | sudo debconf-set-selections
echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 seen true | sudo debconf-set-selections
sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-8-jdk
</syntaxhighlight>
and then run the following (thanks to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12872699/error-unable-to-load-installed-packages-just-now) to fix an error: libjvm.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory.
* Create the file '''/etc/ld.so.conf.d/java.conf''' with the following entries:
<pre>
/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/jre/lib/amd64
/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/jre/lib/amd64/server
</pre>
* And then run '''sudo ldconfig'''


Now go back to R
Or use geom_text() if we are using the ggplot2 package. See an example [http://dsgeek.com/2014/09/19/Customizingggplot2charts.html here] or [https://rpubs.com/escott8908/RGC_Ch3_Gar_Graphs this].
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
install.packages("rJava")
</syntaxhighlight>
Done!


If above does not work, a simple way is by (under Ubuntu) running
For stacked barplot, see [http://t-redactyl.io/blog/2016/01/creating-plots-in-r-using-ggplot2-part-4-stacked-bar-plots.html this] post.
<pre>
 
sudo apt-get install r-cran-rjava
=== Grouped barplots ===
* https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/barplot/, https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/48-grouped-barplot-with-ggplot2/ (simpliest, no error bars)
{{Pre}}
library(ggplot2)
# mydata <- data.frame(OUTGRP, INGRP, value)
ggplot(mydata, aes(fill=INGRP, y=value, x=OUTGRP)) +
      geom_bar(position="dodge", stat="identity")
</pre>
* https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/. The error bars define 2 se (95% interval) for the black-and-white version and 1 se (68% interval) for ggplots. Be careful.
{{Pre}}
> 1 - 2*(1-pnorm(1))
[1] 0.6826895
> 1 - 2*(1-pnorm(1.96))
[1] 0.9500042
</pre>
</pre>
which will create new package 'default-jre' (under '''/usr/lib/jvm''') and 'default-jre-headless'.
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27466035/adding-values-to-barplot-of-table-in-r two bars in one factor] (stack). The data can be a 2-dim matrix with numerical values.
* [http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3879/how-to-put-values-over-bars-in-barplot-in-r two bars in one factor], [https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/14118/drawing-multiple-barplots-on-a-graph-in-r Drawing multiple barplots on a graph in R] (next to each other)
** [https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/ Include error bars]
* [http://bl.ocks.org/patilv/raw/7360425/ Three variables] barplots
* [https://peltiertech.com/stacked-bar-chart-alternatives/ More alternatives] (not done by R)


==== RCaller ====
=== Math expression ===
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/grDevices/versions/3.5.0/topics/plotmath ?plotmath]
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4973898/combining-paste-and-expression-functions-in-plot-labels
* Some cases
** Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.0/topics/expression expression()] function
** Don't need the backslash; use ''eta'' instead of ''\eta''. ''eta'' will be recognized as a special keyword in expression()
** Use parentheses instead of curly braces; use ''hat(eta)'' instead of ''hat{eta}''
** Summary: use expression(hat(eta)) instead of expression(\hat{\eta})
** [] means subscript, while ^ means superscript. See [https://statisticsglobe.com/add-subscript-and-superscript-to-plot-in-r Add Subscript and Superscript to Plot in R]
** Spacing can be done with ~.
** Mix math symbols and text using paste()
** Using substitute() and paste() if we need to substitute text (this part is advanced)
{{Pre}}
# Expressions
plot(x,y, xlab = expression(hat(x)[t]),
    ylab = expression(phi^{rho + a}),
    main = "Pure Expressions")


==== RApache ====
# Superscript
* http://www.stat.ucla.edu/~jeroen/files/seminar.pdf
plot(1:10, main = expression("My Title"^2))
# Subscript
plot(1:10, main = expression("My Title"[2])) 


==== [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/littler.html littler] ====
# Expressions with Spacing
Provides hash-bang (#!) capability for R
# '~' is to add space and '*' is to squish characters together
plot(1:10, xlab= expression(Delta * 'C'))
plot(x,y, xlab = expression(hat(x)[t] ~ z ~ w),
    ylab = expression(phi^{rho + a} * z * w),
    main = "Pure Expressions with Spacing")


FAQs:
# Expressions with Text
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3205302/difference-between-rscript-and-littler Difference between Rscript and littler]
plot(x,y,
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3412911/r-exe-rcmd-exe-rscript-exe-and-rterm-exe-whats-the-difference Whats the difference between Rscript and R CMD BATCH]
    xlab = expression(paste("Text here ", hat(x), " here ", z^rho, " and here")),
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21969145/why-or-when-is-rscript-or-littler-better-than-r-cmd-batch Why (or when) is Rscript (or littler) better than R CMD BATCH?]
    ylab = expression(paste("Here is some text of ", phi^{rho})),  
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
    main = "Expressions with Text")
root@ed5f80320266:/# ls -l /usr/bin/{r,R*}
# R 3.5.2 docker container
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 82632 Jan 26 18:26 /usr/bin/r        # binary, can be used for 'shebang' lines, r --help
                                              # Example: r --verbose -e "date()"


-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  8722 Dec 20 11:35 /usr/bin/R        # text, R --help
# Substituting Expressions
                                              # Example: R -q -e "date()"
plot(x,y,
    xlab = substitute(paste("Here is ", pi, " = ", p), list(p = py)),
    ylab = substitute(paste("e is = ", e ), list(e = ee)),
    main = "Substituted Expressions")
</pre>


-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14552 Dec 20 11:35 /usr/bin/Rscript  # binary, can be used for 'shebang' lines, Rscript --help
=== Impose a line to a scatter plot ===
                                              # It won't show the startup message when it is used in the command line.
* abline + lsfit # least squares
                                              # Example: Rscript -e "date()"
{{Pre}}
</syntaxhighlight>
plot(cars)
abline(lsfit(cars[, 1], cars[, 2]))
# OR
abline(lm(cars[,2] ~ cars[,1]))
</pre>
* abline + line # robust line fitting
{{Pre}}
plot(cars)
(z <- line(cars))
abline(coef(z), col = 'green')
</pre>
* lines
{{Pre}}
plot(cars)
fit <- lm(cars[,2] ~ cars[,1])
lines(cars[,1], fitted(fit), col="blue")
lines(stats::lowess(cars), col='red')
</pre>


We can install littler using two ways.
=== How to actually make a quality scatterplot in R: axis(), mtext() ===
* install.packages("littler"). This will install the latest version but the binary 'r' program is only available under the package/bin directory (eg ''~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4/littler/bin/r''). You need to create a soft link in order to access it globally.
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2021/08/how-to-actually-make-a-quality-scatterplot-in-r/ How to actually make a quality scatterplot in R]
* sudo apt install littler. This will install 'r' globally; however, the installed version may be old.


After the installation, vignette contains several examples. The off-line vignette has a table of contents. Nice! The [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/littler.examples.html web version of examples] does not have the TOC.
=== 3D scatterplot ===
* [http://sthda.com/english/wiki/scatterplot3d-3d-graphics-r-software-and-data-visualization Scatterplot3d: 3D graphics - R software and data visualization]. [https://stackoverflow.com/a/24510286 how to add legend to scatterplot3d in R] and consider '''xpd=TRUE'''.
* [[R_web#plotly|R web > plotly]]
 
=== Rotating x axis labels for barplot ===
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10286473/rotating-x-axis-labels-in-r-for-barplot
{{Pre}}
barplot(mytable,main="Car makes",ylab="Freqency",xlab="make",las=2)
</pre>
 
=== Set R plots x axis to show at y=0 ===
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3422203/set-r-plots-x-axis-to-show-at-y-0
{{Pre}}
plot(1:10, rnorm(10), ylim=c(0,10), yaxs="i")
</pre>


'''r''' was not meant to run interactively like '''R'''. See ''man r''.
=== Different colors of axis labels in barplot ===
See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18839731/vary-colors-of-axis-labels-in-r-based-on-another-variable Vary colors of axis labels in R based on another variable]


==== RInside: Embed R in C++ ====
Method 1: Append labels for the 2nd, 3rd, ... color gradually because 'col.axis' argument cannot accept more than one color.
See [[R#RInside|RInside]]
{{Pre}}
tN <- table(Ni <- stats::rpois(100, lambda = 5))
r <- barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20))
axis(1, 1, LETTERS[1], col.axis="red", col="red")
axis(1, 2, LETTERS[2], col.axis="blue", col = "blue")
</pre>


(''From RInside documentation'') The RInside package makes it easier to embed R in your C++ applications. There is no code you would execute directly from the R environment. Rather, you write C++ programs that embed R which is illustrated by some the included examples.
Method 2: text() which can accept multiple colors in 'col' parameter but we need to find out the (x, y) by ourselves.
{{Pre}}
barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20), axisnames = F)
text(4:6, par("usr")[3]-2 , LETTERS[4:6], col=c("black","red","blue"), xpd=TRUE)
</pre>


The included examples are armadillo, eigen, mpi, qt, standard, threads and wt.
=== Use text() to draw labels on X/Y-axis including rotation ===
* adj = 1 means top/right alignment.  For left-bottom alignment, set adj = 0. The default is to center the text. [[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.4.3/topics/text ?text]
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.4.3/topics/par par("usr")] gives the extremes of the user coordinates of the plotting region of the form c(x1, x2, y1, y2).
** par("usr") is determined *after* a plot has been created
** [http://sphaerula.com/legacy/R/placingTextInPlots.html Example of using the "usr" parameter]
* https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/
{{Pre}}
par(mar = c(5, 6, 4, 5) + 0.1)
plot(..., xaxt = "n") # "n" suppresses plotting of the axis; need mtext() and axis() to supplement
text(x = barCenters, y = par("usr")[3] - 1, srt = 45,
    adj = 1, labels = myData$names, xpd = TRUE)
</pre>
* https://www.r-bloggers.com/rotated-axis-labels-in-r-plots/


To run 'make' when we don't have a global R, we should modify the file <Makefile>. Also if we just want to create one executable file, we can do, for example, 'make rinside_sample1'.
=== Vertically stacked plots with the same x axis ===
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11794436/stacking-multiple-plots-vertically-with-the-same-x-axis-but-different-y-axes-in


To run any executable program, we need to specify '''LD_LIBRARY_PATH''' variable, something like
=== Include labels on the top axis/margin: axis() and mtext() ===
<pre>export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib </pre>
<pre>
plot(1:4, rnorm(4), axes = FALSE)
axis(3, at=1:4, labels = LETTERS[1:4], tick = FALSE, line = -0.5) # las, cex.axis
box()
mtext("Groups selected", cex = 0.8, line = 1.5) # default side = 3
</pre>
See also [[#15_Questions_All_R_Users_Have_About_Plots| 15_Questions_All_R_Users_Have_About_Plots]]


The real build process looks like (check <Makefile> for completeness)
This can be used to annotate each plot with the script name, date, ...
<pre>
<pre>
g++ -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/include \
mtext(text=paste("Prepared on", format(Sys.time(), "%d %B %Y at %H:%M")),
    -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/include \
      adj=.99, # text align to right
    -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/include -g -O2 -Wall \
      cex=.75, side=3, las=1, line=2)
    -I/usr/local/include  \
    rinside_sample0.cpp  \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib -lR -lRblas -lRlapack \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/lib -lRcpp \
    -Wl,-rpath,/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/lib \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/lib -lRInside \
    -Wl,-rpath,/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/lib \
    -o rinside_sample0
</pre>
</pre>


Hello World example of embedding R in C++.
ggplot2 uses '''breaks''' instead of '''at''' parameter. See [[Ggplot2#Add_axis_on_top_or_right_hand_side|ggplot2 &rarr; Add axis on top or right hand side]], [[Ggplot2#ggplot2::scale_-_axes.2Faxis.2C_legend|ggplot2 &rarr; scale_x_continus(name, breaks, labels)]] and the [https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/scale_continuous.html scale_continuous documentation].
<pre>
#include <RInside.h>                    // for the embedded R via RInside
 
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {


    RInside R(argc, argv);              // create an embedded R instance
=== Legend tips ===
[https://r-coder.com/add-legend-r/ Add legend to a plot in R]


    R["txt"] = "Hello, world!\n"; // assign a char* (string) to 'txt'
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/36842578 Increase/decrease legend font size] '''cex''' & [[Ggplot2#Legend_size|ggplot2]] package case.
{{Pre}}
plot(rnorm(100))
# op <- par(cex=2)
legend("topleft", legend = 1:4, col=1:4, pch=1, lwd=2, lty = 1, cex =2)
# par(op)
</pre>


    R.parseEvalQ("cat(txt)");          // eval the init string, ignoring any returns
'''legend inset'''. Default is 0. % (from 0 to 1) to draw the legend away from x and y axis. The inset argument with [https://stackoverflow.com/a/10528078 negative values moves the legend outside the plot].
<pre>
legend("bottomright", inset=.05, )
</pre>


    exit(0);
'''legend without a box'''
}
<pre>
legend(, bty = "n")
</pre>
</pre>


The above can be compared to the Hello world example in Qt.
'''Add a legend title'''
<pre>
<pre>
#include <QApplication.h>
legend(, title = "")
#include <QPushButton.h>
</pre>


int main( int argc, char **argv )
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/60971923 Add a common legend to multiple plots]. Use the layout function.
{
    QApplication app( argc, argv );


    QPushButton hello( "Hello world!", 0 );
=== Superimpose a density plot or any curves ===
    hello.resize( 100, 30 );
Use '''lines()'''.  


    app.setMainWidget( &hello );
Example 1
    hello.show();
{{Pre}}
plot(cars, main = "Stopping Distance versus Speed")
lines(stats::lowess(cars))


    return app.exec();
plot(density(x), col = "#6F69AC", lwd = 3)
}
lines(density(y), col = "#95DAC1", lwd = 3)
lines(density(z), col = "#FFEBA1", lwd = 3)
</pre>
</pre>


==== [http://www.rfortran.org/ RFortran] ====
Example 2
RFortran is an open source project with the following aim:
{{Pre}}
require(survival)
n = 10000
beta1 = 2; beta2 = -1
lambdaT = 1 # baseline hazard
lambdaC = 2  # hazard of censoring
set.seed(1234)
x1 = rnorm(n,0)
x2 = rnorm(n,0)
# true event time
T = rweibull(n, shape=1, scale=lambdaT*exp(-beta1*x1-beta2*x2))
C <- rweibull(n, shape=1, scale=lambdaC) 
time = pmin(T,C) 
status <- 1*(T <= C)
status2 <- 1-status
plot(survfit(Surv(time, status2) ~ 1),
    ylab="Survival probability",
    main = 'Exponential censoring time')
xseq <- seq(.1, max(time), length =100)
func <- function(x) 1-pweibull(x, shape = 1, scale = lambdaC)
lines(xseq, func(xseq), col = 'red') # survival function of Weibull
</pre>


''To provide an easy to use Fortran software library that enables Fortran programs to transfer data and commands to and from R.''
Example 3. Use ggplot(df, aes(x = x, color = factor(grp))) + geom_density(). Then each density curve will represent data from each "grp".


It works only on Windows platform with Microsoft Visual Studio installed:(
=== log scale ===
If we set y-axis to use log-scale, then what we display is the value log(Y) or log10(Y) though we still label the values using the input. For example, when we plot c(1, 10, 100) using the log scale, it is like we draw log10(c(1, 10, 100)) = c(0,1,2) on the plot but label the axis using the true values c(1, 10, 100).


=== Call R from other languages ===
[[:File:Logscale.png]]
==== C ====
[http://sebastian-mader.net/programming/using-r-from-c-c/ Using R from C/C++]


Error: [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43662542/not-resolved-from-current-namespace-error-when-calling-c-routines-from-r “not resolved from current namespace” error, when calling C routines from R]
=== Custom scales ===
[https://rcrastinate.rbind.io/post/using-custom-scales-with-the-scales-package/ Using custom scales with the 'scales' package]


Solution: add '''getNativeSymbolInfo()''' around your C/Fortran symbols. Search Google:r dyn.load not resolved from current namespace
== Time series ==
* [https://www.amazon.com/Applied-Time-Analysis-R-Second/dp/1498734227 Applied Time Series Analysis with R]
* [http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780387759586 Time Series Analysis With Applications in R]


==== JRI ====
=== Time series stock price plot ===
http://www.rforge.net/JRI/
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/08/plotting-time-series-in-r.html (ggplot2, xts, [https://rstudio.github.io/dygraphs/ dygraphs])
* [https://datascienceplus.com/visualize-your-portfolios-performance-and-generate-a-nice-report-with-r/ Visualize your Portfolio’s Performance and Generate a Nice Report with R]
* https://timelyportfolio.github.io/rCharts_time_series/history.html


==== ryp2 ====
{{Pre}}
http://rpy.sourceforge.net/rpy2.html
library(quantmod)
getSymbols("AAPL")
getSymbols("IBM") # similar to AAPL
getSymbols("CSCO") # much smaller than AAPL, IBM
getSymbols("DJI") # Dow Jones, huge
chart_Series(Cl(AAPL), TA="add_TA(Cl(IBM), col='blue', on=1); add_TA(Cl(CSCO), col = 'green', on=1)",
    col='orange', subset = '2017::2017-08')


=== Create a standalone Rmath library ===
tail(Cl(DJI))
R has many math and statistical functions. We can easily use these functions in our C/C++/Fortran. The definite guide of doing this is on Chapter 9 "The standalone Rmath library" of [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html#The-standalone-Rmath-library R-admin manual].
</pre>
 
=== tidyquant: Getting stock data ===
[http://varianceexplained.org/r/stock-changes/ The 'largest stock profit or loss' puzzle: efficient computation in R]
 
=== Timeline plot ===
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20695311/chronological-timeline-with-points-in-time-and-format-date
* [https://github.com/shosaco/vistime vistime] - Pretty Timelines in R


Here is my experience based on R 3.0.2 on Windows OS.
=== Clockify ===
[https://datawookie.dev/blog/2021/09/clockify-time-tracking-from-r/ Clockify]


==== Create a static library <libRmath.a> and a dynamic library <Rmath.dll> ====
== Circular plot ==
Suppose we have downloaded R source code and build R from its source. See [[R#Build_R_from_its_source|Build_R_from_its_source]]. Then the following 2 lines will generate files <libRmath.a> and <Rmath.dll> under C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone directory.
* http://freakonometrics.hypotheses.org/20667 which uses [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/circlize/ circlize] package; see also the '''ComplexHeatmap''' package.
<pre>
* https://www.biostars.org/p/17728/
cd C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RCircos/ RCircos] package from CRAN.
make -f Makefile.win
* [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/OmicCircos.html OmicCircos] from Bioconductor.
</pre>


==== Use Rmath library in our code ====
== Word cloud ==
<pre>
* [http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/text-mining-and-word-cloud-fundamentals-in-r-5-simple-steps-you-should-know Text mining and word cloud fundamentals in R : 5 simple steps you should know]
set CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\include
* [https://www.displayr.com/alternatives-word-cloud/ 7 Alternatives to Word Clouds for Visualizing Long Lists of Data]
set LIBRARY_PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone
* [https://www.littlemissdata.com/blog/steam-data-art1 Data + Art STEAM Project: Initial Results]
# It is not LD_LIBRARY_PATH in above.
* [https://github.com/lepennec/ggwordcloud?s=09 ggwordcloud]


# Created <RmathEx1.cpp> from the book "Statistical Computing in C++ and R" web site
== Text mining ==
# http://math.la.asu.edu/~eubank/CandR/ch4Code.cpp
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tm/index.html tm] package. It was used by [https://github.com/jtleek/swfdr/blob/master/getPvalues.R R code] of [https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxt007 An estimate of the science-wise false discovery rate and application to the top medical literature].
# It is OK to save the cpp file under any directory.


# Force to link against the static library <libRmath.a>
== World map ==
g++ RmathEx1.cpp -lRmath -lm -o RmathEx1.exe
[https://www.enchufa2.es/archives/visualising-ssh-attacks-with-r.html Visualising SSH attacks with R] ([https://cran.r-project.org/package=rworldmap rworldmap] and [https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgeolocate rgeolocate] packages)
# OR
g++ RmathEx1.cpp -Wl,-Bstatic -lRmath -lm -o RmathEx1.exe


# Force to link against dynamic library <Rmath.dll>
== Diagram/flowchart/Directed acyclic diagrams (DAGs) ==
g++ RmathEx1.cpp Rmath.dll -lm -o RmathEx1Dll.exe
* [https://finnstats.com/index.php/2021/06/29/transition-plot-in-r-change-in-time-visualization/ Transition plot in R-change in time visualization]
</pre>
Test the executable program. Note that the executable program ''RmathEx1.exe'' can be transferred to and run in another computer without R installed. Isn't it cool!
<pre>
c:\R>RmathEx1
Enter a argument for the normal cdf:
1
Enter a argument for the chi-squared cdf:
1
Prob(Z <= 1) = 0.841345
Prob(Chi^2 <= 1)= 0.682689
</pre>


Below is the cpp program <RmathEx1.cpp>.
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DiagrammeR/index.html DiagrammeR] ===
<pre>
* [https://blog.rstudio.com/2015/05/01/rstudio-v0-99-preview-graphviz-and-diagrammer/ Graphviz and DiagrammeR]
//RmathEx1.cpp
* http://rich-iannone.github.io/DiagrammeR/,
#define MATHLIB_STANDALONE
** [http://rich-iannone.github.io/DiagrammeR/io.html#r-markdown rmarkdown]
#include <iostream>
** [http://rich-iannone.github.io/DiagrammeR/graphviz_and_mermaid.html graphviz and mermaid] doc and examples
#include "Rmath.h"
* https://donlelek.github.io/2015-03-31-dags-with-r/
* [https://mikeyharper.uk/flowcharts-in-r-using-diagrammer/ Data-driven flowcharts in R using DiagrammeR]
 
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/diagram/ diagram] ===
Functions for Visualising Simple Graphs (Networks), Plotting Flow Diagrams
 
=== DAGitty (browser-based and R package) ===
* http://dagitty.net/
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dagitty/index.html


using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl;
=== dagR ===
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dagR


int main()
=== Gmisc ===
{
[http://gforge.se/2020/08/easy-flowchart/ Easiest flowcharts eveR?]
  double x1, x2;
  cout << "Enter a argument for the normal cdf:" << endl;
  cin >> x1;
  cout << "Enter a argument for the chi-squared cdf:" << endl;
  cin >> x2;


  cout << "Prob(Z <= " << x1 << ") = " <<
=== Concept Maps ===
    pnorm(x1, 0, 1, 1, 0)  << endl;
[https://github.com/rstudio/concept-maps/ concept-maps] where the diagrams are generated from https://app.diagrams.net/.
  cout << "Prob(Chi^2 <= " << x2 << ")= " <<
    pchisq(x2, 1, 1, 0) << endl;
  return 0;
}
</pre>


=== Calling R.dll directly ===
=== flow ===
See Chapter 8.2.2 of [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Calling-R_002edll-directly|Writing R Extensions]. This is related to embedding R under Windows. The file <R.dll> on Windows is like <libR.so> on Linux.
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/flow/ flow], [https://predictivehacks.com/?all-tips=how-to-draw-flow-diagrams-in-r How To Draw Flow Diagrams In R]


=== Create HTML report ===
== Venn Diagram ==
[http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ReportingTools.html ReportingTools] (Jason Hackney) from Bioconductor.
[[Venn_diagram|Venn diagram]]


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/htmlTable/index.html htmlTable] package ====
== hexbin plot ==
The htmlTable package is intended for generating tables using HTML formatting. This format is compatible with Markdown when used for HTML-output. The most basic table can easily be created by just passing a matrix or a data.frame to the htmlTable-function.
* [https://datasciencetut.com/how-to-create-a-hexbin-chart-in-r/ How to create a hexbin chart in R]
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/hextri/index.html hextri]: Hexbin Plots with Triangles. See an example on this https://www.pnas.org/content/117/48/30266#F4 paper] about the postpi method.


* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/htmlTable/vignettes/general.html
== Bump chart/Metro map ==
* http://gforge.se/2014/01/fast-track-publishing-using-knitr-part-iv/
https://dominikkoch.github.io/Bump-Chart/


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/formattable/index.html formattable] ====
== Amazing/special plots ==
* https://github.com/renkun-ken/formattable
See [[Amazing_plot|Amazing plot]].
* http://www.magesblog.com/2016/01/formatting-table-output-in-r.html
* [https://www.displayr.com/formattable/ Make Beautiful Tables with the Formattable Package]


==== [https://github.com/crubba/htmltab htmltab] package ====
== Google Analytics ==
This package is NOT used to CREATE html report but EXTRACT html table.
=== GAR package ===
http://www.analyticsforfun.com/2015/10/query-your-google-analytics-data-with.html


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ztable/index.html ztable] package ====
== Linear Programming ==
Makes zebra-striped tables (tables with alternating row colors) in LaTeX and HTML formats easily from a data.frame, matrix, lm, aov, anova, glm or coxph objects.
http://www.r-bloggers.com/modeling-and-solving-linear-programming-with-r-free-book/


=== Create academic report ===
== Linear Algebra ==
[http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/reports/index.html reports] package in CRAN and in [https://github.com/trinker/reports github] repository. The youtube video gives an overview of the package.
* [https://jimskinner.github.io/post/elegant-linear-algebra-in-r-with-the-matrix-package/ Elegant linear algebra in R with the Matrix package]. Matrix package is used.
* [https://datascienceplus.com/linear-algebra-for-machine-learning-and-deep-learning-in-r/ Linear Algebra for Machine Learning and Deep Learning in R]. MASS library is used.


=== Create pdf and epub files ===
== Amazon Alexa ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* http://blagrants.blogspot.com/2016/02/theres-party-at-alexas-place.html
# Idea:
#        knitr        pdflatex
#  rnw -------> tex ----------> pdf
library(knitr)
knit("example.rnw") # create example.tex file
</syntaxhighlight>
* A very simple example <002-minimal.Rnw> from [http://yihui.name/knitr/demo/minimal/ yihui.name] works fine on linux.
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
git clone https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples.git
</syntaxhighlight>
* <knitr-minimal.Rnw>. I have no problem to create pdf file on Windows but still cannot generate pdf on Linux from tex file. Some people suggested to run '''sudo apt-get install texlive-fonts-recommended''' to install missing fonts. It works!


To see a real example, check out [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DESeq2.html DESeq2] package (inst/doc subdirectory). In addition to DESeq2, I also need to install '''DESeq, BiocStyle, airway, vsn, gplots''', and '''pasilla''' packages from Bioconductor. Note that, it is best to use sudo/admin account to install packages.
== R and Singularity ==
https://rviews.rstudio.com/2017/03/29/r-and-singularity/


Or starts with markdown file. Download the example <001-minimal.Rmd> and remove the last line of getting png file from internet.
== Teach kids about R with Minecraft ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/06/teach-kids-about-r-with-minecraft.html
# Idea:
#        knitr        pandoc
#  rmd -------> md ----------> pdf


git clone https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples.git
== Secure API keys ==
cd knitr-examples
[http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/07/secret-package.html Securely store API keys in R scripts with the "secret" package]
R -e "library(knitr); knit('001-minimal.Rmd')"
pandoc 001-minimal.md -o 001-minimal.pdf # require pdflatex to be installed !!
</syntaxhighlight>


To create an epub file (not success yet on Windows OS, missing figures on Linux OS)
== Credentials and secrets ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
[https://datascienceplus.com/how-to-manage-credentials-and-secrets-safely-in-r/ How to manage credentials and secrets safely in R]
# Idea:
#        knitr        pandoc
#  rnw -------> tex ----------> markdown or epub


library(knitr)
== Hide a password ==
knit("DESeq2.Rnw") # create DESeq2.tex
=== keyring package ===
system("pandoc  -f latex -t markdown -o DESeq2.md DESeq2.tex")
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/keyring/index.html
</syntaxhighlight>
* [http://theautomatic.net/2019/06/25/how-to-hide-a-password-in-r-with-the-keyring-package/ How to hide a password in R with the Keyring package]
<pre>
## Windows OS, epub cannot be built
pandoc:
Error:
"source" (line 41, column 7):
unexpected "k"
expecting "{document}"


## Linux OS, epub missing figures and R codes.
=== getPass ===
## First install texlive base and extra packages
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/getPass/README.html getPass]
## sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-base texlive-latex-extra
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/SchwederSpjotvoll-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/sortedP-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/figHeatmap2c-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/figHeatmap2b-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/figHeatmap2a-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/plotCountsAdv-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/plotCounts-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/MA-1', skipping...
pandoc: Could not find media `figure/MANoPrior-1', skipping...
</pre>
The problems are at least
* figures need to be generated under the same directory as the source code
* figures cannot be in the format of pdf (DESeq2 generates both pdf and png files format)
* missing R codes


Convert tex to epub
== Vision and image recognition ==
* http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/156668/tex-to-epub-conversion
* https://www.stoltzmaniac.com/google-vision-api-in-r-rooglevision/ Google vision API IN R] – RoogleVision
* [http://www.bnosac.be/index.php/blog/66-computer-vision-algorithms-for-r-users Computer Vision Algorithms for R users] and https://github.com/bnosac/image


==== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/knitr/versions/1.20/topics/kable kable()] for tables ====
== Creating a Dataset from an Image ==
Create Tables In LaTeX, HTML, Markdown And ReStructuredText
[https://ivelasq.rbind.io/blog/reticulate-data-recreation/ Creating a Dataset from an Image in R Markdown using reticulate]


* https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/lesson-7.html
== Turn pictures into coloring pages ==
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20942466/creating-good-kable-output-in-rstudio
https://gist.github.com/jeroen/53a5f721cf81de2acba82ea47d0b19d0
* http://kbroman.org/knitr_knutshell/pages/figs_tables.html
* https://blogs.reed.edu/ed-tech/2015/10/creating-nice-tables-using-r-markdown/
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/kableExtra/vignettes/awesome_table_in_html.html kableExtra] package


=== Create Word report ===
== Numerical optimization ==
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/NumericalMathematics.html CRAN Task View: Numerical Mathematics], [https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Optimization.html CRAN Task View: Optimization and Mathematical Programming]


==== knitr + pandoc ====
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/uniroot.html uniroot]: One Dimensional Root (Zero) Finding. This is used in [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.7178/full simulating survival data for predefined censoring rate]
* http://www.r-statistics.com/2013/03/write-ms-word-document-using-r-with-as-little-overhead-as-possible/
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/optimize.html optimize]: One Dimensional Optimization
* http://www.carlboettiger.info/2012/04/07/writing-reproducibly-in-the-open-with-knitr.html
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/optim.html optim]: General-purpose optimization based on Nelder–Mead, quasi-Newton and conjugate-gradient algorithms.
* http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/articles_docx.html
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/constrOptim.html constrOptim]: Linearly Constrained Optimization
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/nlm.html nlm]: Non-Linear Minimization
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/nls.html nls]: Nonlinear Least Squares
* [https://blogs.rstudio.com/ai/posts/2021-04-22-torch-for-optimization/ torch for optimization]. L-BFGS optimizer.
 
== Ryacas: R Interface to the 'Yacas' Computer Algebra System ==
[https://blog.ephorie.de/doing-maths-symbolically-r-as-a-computer-algebra-system-cas Doing Maths Symbolically: R as a Computer Algebra System (CAS)]
 
== Game ==
* [https://kbroman.org/miner_book/?s=09 R Programming with Minecraft]
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pixelpuzzle/index.html pixelpuzzle]
* [https://www.rostrum.blog/2022/09/24/pixeltrix/ Interactive pixel art in R with {pixeltrix}]
* [https://rtaoist.blogspot.com/2021/03/r-shiny-maths-games-for-6-years-old.html Shiny math game]
* [https://cran.microsoft.com/web/packages/mazing/index.html mazing]: Utilities for Making and Plotting Mazes
* [https://github.com/jeroenjanssens/raylibr/blob/main/demo/snake.R snake] which is based on [https://github.com/jeroenjanssens/raylibr raylibr]


It is better to create rmd file in RStudio. Rstudio provides a template for rmd file and it also provides a quick reference to R markdown language.
== Music ==
<pre>
* [https://flujoo.github.io/gm/ gm]. Require to install [https://musescore.org/en MuseScore], an open source and free notation software.
# Idea:
#        knitr      pandoc
#  rmd -------> md --------> docx
library(knitr)
knit2html("example.rmd") #Create md and html files
</pre>
and then
<pre>
FILE <- "example"
system(paste0("pandoc -o ", FILE, ".docx ", FILE, ".md"))
</pre>
Note. For example reason, if I play around the above 2 commands for several times, the knit2html() does not work well. However, if I click 'Knit HTML' button on the RStudio, it then works again.


Another way is
== SAS ==
<pre>
[https://github.com/MangoTheCat/sasMap sasMap] Static code analysis for SAS scripts
library(pander)
name = "demo"
knit(paste0(name, ".Rmd"), encoding = "utf-8")
Pandoc.brew(file = paste0(name, ".md"), output = paste0(-name, "docx"), convert = "docx")
</pre>


Note that once we have used knitr command to create a md file, we can use pandoc shell command to convert it to different formats:
= R packages =
* A pdf file: pandoc -s report.md -t latex -o report.pdf
[[R_packages|R packages]]
* A html file: pandoc -s report.md -o report.html (with the -c flag html files can be added easily)
* Openoffice: pandoc report.md -o report.odt
* Word docx: pandoc report.md -o report.docx


We can also create the epub file for reading on Kobo ereader. For example, download [https://gist.github.com/jeromyanglim/2716336 this file] and save it as example.Rmd. I need to remove the line containing the link to http://i.imgur.com/RVNmr.jpg since it creates an error when I run pandoc (not sure if it is the pandoc version I have is too old). Now we just run these 2 lines to get the epub file. Amazing!
= Tricks =
<pre>
knit("example.Rmd")
pandoc("example.md", format="epub")
</pre>


PS. If we don't remove the link, we will get an error message (pandoc 1.10.1 on Windows 7)
== Getting help ==
<pre>
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/r and [https://stackoverflow.com/tags/r/info R page] contains resources.  
> pandoc("Rmd_to_Epub.md", format="epub")
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/
executing pandoc  -f markdown -t epub -o Rmd_to_Epub.epub "Rmd_to_Epub.utf8md"
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/
pandoc.exe: .\.\http://i.imgur.com/RVNmr.jpg: openBinaryFile: invalid argument (Invalid argument)
 
Error in (function (input, format, ext, cfg) : conversion failed
== Better Coder/coding, best practices ==
In addition: Warning message:
* http://www.mango-solutions.com/wp/2015/10/10-top-tips-for-becoming-a-better-coder/
running command 'pandoc   -f markdown -t epub -o Rmd_to_Epub.epub "Rmd_to_Epub.utf8md"' had status 1
* [https://www.rstudio.com/rviews/2016/12/02/writing-good-r-code-and-writing-well/ Writing Good R Code and Writing Well]
* [http://www.thertrader.com/2018/09/01/r-code-best-practices/ R Code – Best practices]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/2258292 What best practices do you use for programming in R?]
* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sim.9169?campaign=woletoc Best practices in statistical computing] Sanchez 2021
 
== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notation#E-notation E-notation] ==
6.022E23 (or 6.022e23) is equivalent to 6.022×10^23
 
== Getting user's home directory ==
See [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/rw-FAQ.html#What-are-HOME-and-working-directories_003f What are HOME and working directories?]
{{Pre}}
# Windows
normalizePath("~")   # "C:\\Users\\brb\\Documents"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # "C:/Users/brb/Documents"
Sys.getenv("HOME")   # "C:/Users/brb/Documents"
 
# Mac
normalizePath("~")  # [1] "/Users/brb"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # [1] ""
Sys.getenv("HOME")  # "/Users/brb"
 
# Linux
normalizePath("~")   # [1] "/home/brb"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # [1] ""
Sys.getenv("HOME")  # [1] "/home/brb"
</pre>
</pre>


==== pander ====
== tempdir() ==
Try pandoc[1] with a minimal reproducible example, you might give a try to my "[http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pander/ pander]" package [2] too:
The path is a per-session temporary directory. On parallel use, R processes forked by functions such as '''mclapply''' and '''makeForkCluster''' in package '''parallel''' share a per-session temporary directory.
 
== Distinguish Windows and Linux/Mac, R.Version() ==
identical(.Platform$OS.type, "unix") returns TRUE on Mac and Linux.


* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/identifying-the-os-from-r/ Identifying the OS from R]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4747715/how-to-check-the-os-within-r How to check the OS within R]
<pre>
<pre>
library(pander)
get_os <- function(){
Pandoc.brew(system.file('examples/minimal.brew', package='pander'),
  sysinf <- Sys.info()
             output = tempfile(), convert = 'docx')
  if (!is.null(sysinf)){
    os <- sysinf['sysname']
    if (os == 'Darwin')
      os <- "osx"
  } else { ## mystery machine
    os <- .Platform$OS.type
    if (grepl("^darwin", R.version$os))
      os <- "osx"
    if (grepl("linux-gnu", R.version$os))
      os <- "linux"
  }
  tolower(os)
}
</pre>
<pre>
names(R.Version())
#  [1] "platform"      "arch"          "os"             "system"       
#  [5] "status"        "major"          "minor"          "year"         
#  [9] "month"          "day"            "svn rev"        "language"     
# [13] "version.string" "nickname"
getRversion()
# [1] ‘4.3.0’
</pre>
</pre>
Where the content of the "minimal.brew" file is something you might have
got used to with Sweave - although it's using "brew" syntax instead. See
the examples of pander [3] for more details. Please note that pandoc should
be installed first, which is pretty easy on Windows.


# http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
== Rprofile.site, Renviron.site (all platforms) and Rconsole (Windows only) ==
# http://rapporter.github.com/pander/
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-admin.html ('''Rprofile.site'''). Put R statements.
# http://rapporter.github.com/pander/#examples
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html  ('''Renviron.site'''). Define environment variables.
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-intro.html ('''Rprofile.site, Renviron.site, Rconsole''' (Windows only))
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/11/how-to-store-and-use-authentication-details-with-r.html How to store and use webservice keys and authentication details]
* [http://itsalocke.com/use-rprofile-give-important-notifications/ Use your .Rprofile to give you important notifications]
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2017/04/19/r-for-enterprise-understanding-r-s-startup/ *R for Enterprise: Understanding R’s Startup]
* [https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/360047157094-Managing-R-with-Rprofile-Renviron-Rprofile-site-Renviron-site-rsession-conf-and-repos-conf *Managing R with .Rprofile, .Renviron, Rprofile.site, Renviron.site, rsession.conf, and repos.conf]


==== R2wd ====
If we like to install R packages to a personal directory, follow [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-July/071562.html this]. Just add the line
Use [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/R2wd/ R2wd] package. However, only 32-bit R is allowed and sometimes it can not produce all 'table's.  
<pre>
<pre>
> library(R2wd)
R_LIBS_SITE=F:/R/library
> wdGet()
</pre>
Loading required package: rcom
to the file '''R_HOME/etc/x64/Renviron.site'''. In R, run '''Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_SITE")''' or '''Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")''' to query the environment variable. See [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/EnvVar.html Environment Variables].
Loading required package: rscproxy
rcom requires a current version of statconnDCOM installed.
To install statconnDCOM type
    installstatconnDCOM()


This will download and install the current version of statconnDCOM
=== What is the best place to save Rconsole on Windows platform ===
Put/create the file <Rconsole> under ''C:/Users/USERNAME/Documents'' folder so no matter how R was upgraded/downgraded, it always find my preference.


You will need a working Internet connection
My preferred settings:
because installation needs to download a file.
* Font: Consolas (it will be shown as "TT Consolas" in Rconsole)
Error in if (wdapp[["Documents"]][["Count"]] == 0) wdapp[["Documents"]]$Add() :  
* Size: 12
  argument is of length zero
* background: black
</pre>
* normaltext: white
* usertext: GreenYellow or orange (close to RStudio's Cobalt theme) or sienna1 or SpringGreen or tan1 or yellow


The solution is to launch 32-bit R instead of 64-bit R since statconnDCOM does not support 64-bit R.
and others (default options)
* pagebg: white
* pagetext: navy
* highlight: DarkRed
* dataeditbg: white
* dataedittext: navy (View() function)
* dataedituser: red
* editorbg: white (edit() function)
* editortext: black


==== Convert from pdf to word ====
A copy of the Rconsole is saved in [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/ed16a486e19702ae94bde4212ad59ecb github].
The best rendering of advanced tables is done by converting from pdf to Word. See http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/SweaveConvert


==== rtf ====
=== How R starts up ===
Use [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rtf/ rtf] package for Rich Text Format (RTF) Output.
https://rstats.wtf/r-startup.html


==== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/xtable/versions/1.8-2 xtable] ====
=== startup - Friendly R Startup Configuration ===
Package xtable will produce html output. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>print(xtable(X), type="html")</syntaxhighlight>
https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/startup


If you save the file and then open it with Word, you will get serviceable results. I've had better luck copying the output from xtable and pasting it into Excel.
== Saving and loading history automatically: .Rprofile & local() ==
<ul>
<li>[http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/utils/html/savehistory.html savehistory("filename")]. It will save everything from the beginning to the command savehistory() to a text file.
<li>'''.Rprofile''' will automatically be loaded when R has started from that directory
<li>Don't do things in your .Rprofile that affect how R code runs, such as loading a package like dplyr or ggplot or setting an option such as stringsAsFactors = FALSE. See [https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2017/12/workflow-vs-script/ Project-oriented workflow].
<li>'''.Rprofile''' has been created/used by the '''packrat''' package to restore a packrat environment. See the packrat/init.R file and [[R_packages|R packages &rarr; packrat]].
<li>[http://www.statmethods.net/interface/customizing.html Customizing Startup] from R in Action, [http://www.onthelambda.com/2014/09/17/fun-with-rprofile-and-customizing-r-startup/ Fun with .Rprofile and customizing R startup]
* You can also place a '''.Rprofile''' file in any directory that you are going to run R from or in the user home directory.
* At startup, R will source the '''Rprofile.site''' file. It will then look for a '''.Rprofile''' file to source in the current working directory. If it doesn't find it, it will look for one in the user's home directory.
<pre>
options(continue="  ") # default is "+ "
options(prompt="R> ", continue=" ")
options(editor="nano") # default is "vi" on Linux
# options(htmlhelp=TRUE)


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ReporteRs/index.html ReporteRs] ====
local({r <- getOption("repos")
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Powerpoint and HTML documents generation from R. The source code is hosted on https://github.com/davidgohel/ReporteRs
      r["CRAN"] <- "https://cran.rstudio.com"
      options(repos=r)})


[https://statbandit.wordpress.com/2016/10/28/a-quick-exploration-of-reporters/ A quick exploration]
.First <- function(){
# library(tidyverse)
cat("\nWelcome at", date(), "\n")
}


=== R Graphs Gallery ===
.Last <- function(){
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/R-Graph-Gallery/169231589826661 Romain François]
cat("\nGoodbye at ", date(), "\n")
* [http://shinyapps.stat.ubc.ca/r-graph-catalog/ R Graph Catalog] written using R + Shiny. The source code is available on [https://github.com/jennybc/r-graph-catalog Github].
* Forest plot. See the packages [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rmeta/index.html rmeta] and [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/forestplot/ forestplot]. The forest plot can be used to plot the quantities like relative risk (with 95% CI) in survival data.
</pre>
<li>https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16734937/saving-and-loading-history-automatically
<li>The history file will always be read from the $HOME directory and the history file will be overwritten by a new session. These two problems can be solved if we define '''R_HISTFILE''' system variable.
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.0/topics/eval local()] function can be used in .Rprofile file to set up the environment even no new variables will be created (change repository, install packages, load libraries, source R files, run system() function, file/directory I/O, etc)
</ul>
'''Linux''' or '''Mac'''


=== COM client or server ===
In '''~/.profile''' or '''~/.bashrc''' I put:
<pre>
export R_HISTFILE=~/.Rhistory
</pre>
In '''~/.Rprofile''' I put:
<pre>
if (interactive()) {
  if (.Platform$OS.type == "unix")  .First <- function() try(utils::loadhistory("~/.Rhistory"))
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory(file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rhistory")))
}
</pre>


==== Client ====
'''Windows'''


[http://www.omegahat.org/RDCOMClient/ RDCOMClient] where [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/excel.link/index.html excel.link] depends on it.
If you launch R by clicking its icon from Windows Desktop, the R starts in '''C:\User\$USER\Documents''' directory. So we can create a new file '''.Rprofile''' in this directory.
<pre>
if (interactive()) {
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory(file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rhistory")))
}
</pre>


==== Server ====
== Disable "Save workspace image?" prompt when exit R? ==
[http://www.omegahat.org/RDCOMServer/ RDCOMServer]
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/4996252 How to disable "Save workspace image?" prompt in R?]


=== Use R under proxy ===
== R release versions ==
http://support.rstudio.org/help/kb/faq/configuring-r-to-use-an-http-proxy
[http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rversions/index.html rversions]: Query the main 'R' 'SVN' repository to find the released versions & dates.


=== RStudio ===
== getRversion() ==
* [https://github.com/rstudio/rstudio Github]
<pre>
* Installing RStudio (1.0.44) on Ubuntu will not install Java even the source code contains 37.5% Java??
getRversion()
* [https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/preview/ Preview]
[1] ‘4.3.0’
</pre>


==== rstudio.cloud ====
== Detect number of running R instances in Windows ==
https://rstudio.cloud/
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15935931/detect-number-of-running-r-instances-in-windows-within-r
<pre>
C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rscript.exe"
INFO: No tasks are running which match the specified criteria.


==== Launch RStudio ====
C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe"
[[Rstudio#Multiple_versions_of_R|Multiple versions of R]]


==== Create .Rproj file ====
Image Name                    PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
If you have an existing package that doesn't have an .Rproj file, you can use devtools::use_rstudio("path/to/package") to add it.
============================================================================
Rgui.exe                      1096 Console                    1    44,712 K


With an RStudio project file, you can
C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rserve.exe"
* Restore .RData into workspace at startup
* Save workspace to .RData on exit
* Always save history (even if no saving .RData)
* etc


==== package search ====
Image Name                    PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
https://github.com/RhoInc/CRANsearcher
============================================================================
 
Rserve.exe                    6108 Console                    1    381,796 K
==== Git ====
* (Video) [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/happy-git-and-gihub-for-the-user-tutorial/ Happy Git and Gihub for the useR – Tutorial]
* [https://owi.usgs.gov/blog/beyond-basic-git/ Beyond Basic R - Version Control with Git]
 
=== Visual Studio ===
[http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/05/r-and-python-support-now-built-in-to-visual-studio-2017.html R and Python support now built in to Visual Studio 2017]
 
=== List files using regular expression ===
* Extension
<pre>
list.files(pattern = "\\.txt$")
</pre>
</pre>
where the dot (.) is a metacharacter. It is used to refer to any character.
In R, we can use
* Start with
<pre>
<pre>
list.files(pattern = "^Something")
> system('tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe" ', intern = TRUE)
[1] ""                                                                           
[2] "Image Name                    PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage"
[3] "============================================================================"
[4] "Rgui.exe                      1096 Console                    1    44,804 K"
 
> length(system('tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe" ', intern = TRUE))-3
</pre>
</pre>


Using '''Sys.glob()"' as
== Editor ==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)#Editors_and_IDEs
 
<ul>
<li>Emacs + ESS. The ESS is useful in the case I want to tidy R code (the tidy_source() function in the formatR package sometimes gives errors; eg when I tested it on an R file like <GetComparisonResults.R> from BRB-ArrayTools v4.4 stable).
* Edit the file ''C:\Program Files\GNU Emacs 23.2\site-lisp\site-start.el'' with something like
<pre>
<pre>
> Sys.glob("~/Downloads/*.txt")
(setq-default inferior-R-program-name
[1] "/home/brb/Downloads/ip.txt"      "/home/brb/Downloads/valgrind.txt"
              "c:/program files/r/r-2.15.2/bin/i386/rterm.exe")
</pre>
</pre>
* [https://blog.rwhitedwarf.com/post/use_emacs_for_r/ Using Emacs for R] 2022
</ul>
* [http://www.rstudio.com/ Rstudio] - editor/R terminal/R graphics/file browser/package manager. The new version (0.98) also provides a new feature for debugging step-by-step. See also [https://www.rstudio.com/rviews/2016/11/11/easy-tricks-you-mightve-missed/ RStudio Tricks]
* [http://www.geany.org/ geany] - I like the feature that it shows defined functions on the side panel even for R code. RStudio can also do this (see the bottom of the code panel).
* [http://rgedit.sourceforge.net/ Rgedit] which includes a feature of splitting screen into two panes and run R in the bottom panel. See [http://www.stattler.com/article/using-gedit-or-rgedit-r here].
* Komodo IDE with browser preview http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv89OOw9roI at 4:06 and http://docs.activestate.com/komodo/4.4/editor.html


=== Hidden tool: rsync in Rtools ===
== GUI for Data Analysis ==
<pre>
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/06/update-to-data-science-software-popularity/ Update to Data Science Software Popularity] 6/7/2023
c:\Rtools\bin>rsync -avz "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Downloads/a.exe" "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Documents/"
sending incremental file list
a.exe
 
sent 323142 bytes  received 31 bytes  646346.00 bytes/sec
total size is 1198416  speedup is 3.71


c:\Rtools\bin>
=== BlueSky Statistics ===
</pre>
* https://www.blueskystatistics.com/Default.asp
And rsync works best when we need to sync folder.
* [https://r4stats.com/articles/software-reviews/bluesky/ A Comparative Review of the BlueSky Statistics GUI for R]
<pre>
c:\Rtools\bin>rsync -avz "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Downloads/binary" "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Documents/"
sending incremental file list
binary/
binary/Eula.txt
binary/cherrytree.lnk
binary/depends64.chm
binary/depends64.dll
binary/depends64.exe
binary/mtputty.exe
binary/procexp.chm
binary/procexp.exe
binary/pscp.exe
binary/putty.exe
binary/sqlite3.exe
binary/wget.exe


sent 4115294 bytes  received 244 bytes  1175868.00 bytes/sec
=== Rcmdr ===
total size is 8036311  speedup is 1.95
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcmdr/index.html. After loading a dataset, click Statistics -> Fit models. Then select Linear regression, Linear model, GLM, Multinomial logit model, Ordinal regression model, Linear mixed model, and Generalized linear mixed model. However, Rcmdr does not include, e.g. random forest, SVM, glmnet, et al.


c:\Rtools\bin>rm c:\users\limingc\Documents\binary\procexp.exe
=== Deducer ===
cygwin warning:
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Deducer/index.html
  MS-DOS style path detected: c:\users\limingc\Documents\binary\procexp.exe
  Preferred POSIX equivalent is: /cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Documents/binary/procexp.exe
  CYGWIN environment variable option "nodosfilewarning" turns off this warning.
  Consult the user's guide for more details about POSIX paths:
    http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using.html#using-pathnames


c:\Rtools\bin>rsync -avz "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Downloads/binary" "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Documents/"
=== jamovi ===
sending incremental file list
* https://www.jamovi.org/
binary/
* [http://r4stats.com/2019/01/09/updated-review-jamovi/ Updated Review: jamovi User Interface to R]
binary/procexp.exe


sent 1767277 bytes  received 35 bytes  3534624.00 bytes/sec
== Scope ==
total size is 8036311  speedup is 4.55
See
* [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.html#Assignment-within-functions Assignments within functions] in the '''An Introduction to R''' manual.


c:\Rtools\bin>
=== source() ===
</pre>
* [https://twitter.com/henrikbengtsson/status/1563849697084809219?s=20&t=nStcqVabAQ_HvJ2FaBloNQ source() assigns to the global environment, not the calling environment, which might not be what you want/expect]. Instead, use source("file.R", local = TRUE) to avoid assigning functions and variables to the global environment.
* [[#How_to_exit_a_sourced_R_script|source()]] does not work like C's preprocessor where statements in header files will be literally inserted into the code. It does not work when you define a variable in a function but want to use it outside the function (even through '''source()''')


Unforunately, if the destination is a network drive, I could get a permission denied (13) error. See also http://superuser.com/questions/69620/rsync-file-permissions-on-windows
{{Pre}}
## foo.R ##
cat(ArrayTools, "\n")
## End of foo.R


=== Install rgdal package (geospatial Data) on ubuntu ===
# 1. Error
Terminal
predict <- function() {
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
  ArrayTools <- "C:/Program Files" # or through load() function
sudo apt-get install libgdal1-dev libproj-dev # https://stackoverflow.com/a/44389304
  source("foo.R")                  # or through a function call; foo()
sudo apt-get install libgdal1i # Ubuntu 16.04 https://stackoverflow.com/a/12143411
}
</syntaxhighlight>
predict()  # Object ArrayTools not found


R
# 2. OK. Make the variable global
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
predict <- function() {
install.packages("rgdal")
  ArrayTools <<- "C:/Program Files'
</syntaxhighlight>
  source("foo.R")
}
predict() 
ArrayTools


=== Install sf package ===
# 3. OK. Create a global variable
I got the following error even I have installed some libraries.
ArrayTools <- "C:/Program Files"
<pre>
predict <- function() {
checking GDAL version >= 2.0.1... no
  source("foo.R")
configure: error: sf is not compatible with GDAL versions below 2.0.1
}
predict()
</pre>
</pre>
Then I follow the instruction here
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
sudo apt remove libgdal-dev
sudo apt remove libproj-dev
sudo apt remove gdal-bin
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-stable


sudo apt update
'''Note that any ordinary assignments done within the function are local and temporary and are lost after exit from the function.'''
sudo apt-cache policy libgdal-dev # Make sure a version >= 2.0 appears
sudo apt install libgdal-dev
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Set up Emacs on Windows ===
Example 1.  
Edit the file ''C:\Program Files\GNU Emacs 23.2\site-lisp\site-start.el'' with something like
<pre>
<pre>
(setq-default inferior-R-program-name
> ttt <- data.frame(type=letters[1:5], JpnTest=rep("999", 5), stringsAsFactors = F)
              "c:/program files/r/r-2.15.2/bin/i386/rterm.exe")
> ttt
</pre>
  type JpnTest
 
1    a    999
=== Database ===
2    b    999
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/Databases.html
3    c     999
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/08/a-modern-database-interface-for-r.html A modern database interface for R]
4    d    999
 
5    e    999
==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSQLite/index.html RSQLite] ====
> jpntest <- function() { ttt$JpnTest[1] ="N5"; print(ttt)}
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RSQLite/vignettes/RSQLite.html
> jpntest()
* https://github.com/rstats-db/RSQLite
  type JpnTest
1    a      N5
2    b    999
3    c    999
4    d    999
5    e    999
> ttt
  type JpnTest
1    a     999
2    b    999
3    c    999
4    d    999
5    e    999
</pre>


'''Creating a new database''':
Example 2. [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1236620/global-variables-in-r How can we set global variables inside a function?] The answer is to use the "<<-" operator or '''assign(, , envir = .GlobalEnv)''' function.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(DBI)


mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "my-db.sqlite")
Other resource: [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html Advanced R] by Hadley Wickham.
dbDisconnect(mydb)
unlink("my-db.sqlite")


# temporary database
Example 3. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1169534/writing-functions-in-r-keeping-scoping-in-mind Writing functions in R, keeping scoping in mind]
mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "")
dbDisconnect(mydb)
</syntaxhighlight>


'''Loading data''':
=== New environment ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Environments.html.
mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "")
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2011/06/environments-in-r/ Environments in R]
dbWriteTable(mydb, "mtcars", mtcars)
* load(), attach(), with().
dbWriteTable(mydb, "iris", iris)
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33109379/how-to-switch-to-a-new-environment-and-stick-into-it How to switch to a new environment and stick into it?] seems not possible!


dbListTables(mydb)
Run the same function on a bunch of R objects
{{Pre}}
mye = new.env()
load(<filename>, mye)
for(n in names(mye)) n = as_tibble(<nowiki>mye[[n]]</nowiki>)
</pre>


dbListFields(con, "mtcars")
Just look at the contents of rda file without saving to anywhere (?load)
 
<pre>
dbReadTable(con, "mtcars")
local({
</syntaxhighlight>
  load("myfile.rda")
  ls()
})
</pre>
Or use '''attach()''' which is a wrapper of load(). It creates an environment and slots it into the list right after the global environment, then populates it with the objects we're attaching.
{{Pre}}
attach("all.rda") # safer and will warn about masked objects w/ same name in .GlobalEnv
ls(pos = 2)
##  also typically need to cleanup the search path:
detach("file:all.rda")
</pre>
If we want to read data from internet, '''load()''' works but not attach().
<pre>
con <- url("http://some.where.net/R/data/example.rda")
## print the value to see what objects were created.
print(load(con))
close(con)
# Github example
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/62954840
</pre>
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/39621091 source() case].
<pre>
myEnv <- new.env()   
source("some_other_script.R", local=myEnv)
attach(myEnv, name="sourced_scripts")
search()
ls(2)
ls(myEnv)
with(myEnv, print(x))
</pre>
 
=== str( , max) function ===
Use '''max.level''' parameter to avoid a long display of the structure of a complex R object. Use '''give.head = FALSE''' to hide the attributes. See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/versions/3.6.1/topics/str ?str]
 
If we use str() on a function like str(lm), it is equivalent to args(lm)


'''Queries''':
For a complicated list object, it is useful to use the '''max.level''' argument; e.g. str(, max.level = 1)
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM mtcars LIMIT 5')


dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < 4.6')
For a large data frame, we can use the '''tibble()''' function; e.g. mydf %>% tibble()


dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < :x', params = list(x = 4.6))
=== tidy() function ===
broom::tidy() provides a simplified form of an R object (obtained from running some analysis). See [[Tidyverse#broom|here]].


res <- dbSendQuery(con, "SELECT * FROM mtcars WHERE cyl = 4")
=== View all objects present in a package, ls() ===
dbFetch(res)
https://stackoverflow.com/a/30392688. In the case of an R package created by Rcpp.package.skeleton("mypackage"), we will get
</syntaxhighlight>
{{Pre}}
> devtools::load_all("mypackage")
> search()
[1] ".GlobalEnv"        "devtools_shims"    "package:mypackage"
[4] "package:stats"    "package:graphics"  "package:grDevices"
[7] "package:utils"    "package:datasets"  "package:methods"
[10] "Autoloads"        "package:base"


'''Batched queries''':
> ls("package:mypackage")
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
[1] "_mypackage_rcpp_hello_world" "evalCpp"                    "library.dynam.unload"     
dbClearResult(rs)
[4] "rcpp_hello_world"            "system.file"
rs <- dbSendQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM mtcars')
</pre>
while (!dbHasCompleted(rs)) {
  df <- dbFetch(rs, n = 10)
  print(nrow(df))
}


dbClearResult(rs)
Note that the first argument of ls() (or detach()) is used to specify the environment. It can be
</syntaxhighlight>
* an integer (the position in the ‘search’ list);
* the character string name of an element in the search list;
* an explicit ‘environment’ (including using ‘sys.frame’ to access the currently active function calls).


'''Multiple parameterised queries''':
== Speedup R code ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* [http://datascienceplus.com/strategies-to-speedup-r-code/ Strategies to speedup R code] from DataScience+
rs <- dbSendQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" = :x')
dbBind(rs, param = list(x = seq(4, 4.4, by = 0.1)))
nrow(dbFetch(rs))
#> [1] 4
dbClearResult(rs)
</syntaxhighlight>


'''Statements''':
=== Profiler ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/understand-code-performance-with-the-profiler/ Understand Code Performance with the profiler] (Video)
dbExecute(mydb, 'DELETE FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < 4')
* [https://github.com/atheriel/xrprof-package xrprof] package, [https://www.infoworld.com/article/3604688/top-r-tips-and-news-from-rstudio-global-2021.amp.html Top R tips and news from RStudio Global 2021]
#> [1] 0
rs <- dbSendStatement(mydb, 'DELETE FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < :x')
dbBind(rs, param = list(x = 4.5))
dbGetRowsAffected(rs)
#> [1] 4
dbClearResult(rs)
</syntaxhighlight>


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sqldf/ sqldf] ====
== && vs & ==
Manipulate R data frames using SQL. Depends on RSQLite. [http://datascienceplus.com/a-use-of-gsub-reshape2-and-sqldf-with-healthcare-data/ A use of gsub, reshape2 and sqldf with healthcare data]
See https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/Logic.  


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RPostgreSQL/index.html RPostgreSQL] ====
* The shorter form performs elementwise comparisons in much the same way as arithmetic operators. The return is a vector.
* The longer form evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each vector. The return is one value.
* '''The longer form''' evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each vector. '''Evaluation proceeds only until the result is determined.'''
* The idea of the longer form && in R seems to be the same as the && operator in linux shell; see [https://youtu.be/AVXYq8aL47Q?t=1475 here].
* [https://medium.com/biosyntax/single-or-double-and-operator-and-or-operator-in-r-442f00332d5b Single or double?: AND operator and OR operator in R]. The confusion might come from the inconsistency when choosing these operators in different languages. For example, in C, & performs bitwise AND, while && does Boolean logical AND.
* [https://www.tjmahr.com/think-of-stricter-logical-operators/ Think of && as a stricter &]


==== [[MySQL#Use_through_R|RMySQL]] ====
<pre>
* http://datascienceplus.com/bringing-the-powers-of-sql-into-r/
c(T,F,T) & c(T,T,T)
* See [[MySQL#Installation|here]] about the installation of the required package ('''libmysqlclient-dev''') in Ubuntu.
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
c(T,F,T) && c(T,T,T)
# [1] TRUE
c(T,F,T) && c(F,T,T)
# [1] FALSE
c(T,F,T) && c(NA,T,T)
# [1] NA
</pre>
<pre>
# Assume 'b' is not defined
> if (TRUE && b==3) cat("end")
Error: object 'b' not found
> if (FALSE && b==3) cat("end")
> # No error since the 2nd condition is never evaluated
</pre>
It's useful in functions(). We don't need nested if statements. In this case if 'arg' is missing, the argument 'L' is not needed so there is not syntax error.
<pre>
> foo <- function(arg, L) {
  # Suppose 'L' is meaningful only if 'arg' is provided
  #
  # Evaluate 'L' only if 'arg' is provided
  #
  if (!missing(arg) && L) {
    print("L is true")
  } else {
    print("Either arg is missing or L is FALSE")
  }
}
> foo()
[1] "arg is missing or L is FALSE"
> foo("a", F)
[1] "arg is missing or L is FALSE"
> foo("a", T)
[1] "L is true"
</pre>
Other examples: '''&&''' is more flexible than '''&'''.
<pre>
nspot <- ifelse(missing(rvm) || !rvm, nrow(exprTrain), sum(filter))


==== MongoDB ====
if (!is.null(exprTest) && any(is.na(exprTest))) { ... }
* http://www.r-bloggers.com/r-and-mongodb/
</pre>
* http://watson.nci.nih.gov/~sdavis/blog/rmongodb-using-R-with-mongo/


==== odbc ====
== for-loop, control flow ==
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/Control ?Control]
* '''next''' can be used to skip the rest of the inner-most loop
* [https://www.programiz.com/r/ifelse-function ifelse() Function]


==== RODBC ====
== Vectorization ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorization_%28mathematics%29 Vectorization (Mathematics)] from wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_programming Array programming] from wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD)] from wikipedia
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/1422181 What is vectorization] stackoverflow
* http://www.noamross.net/blog/2014/4/16/vectorization-in-r--why.html
* https://github.com/vsbuffalo/devnotes/wiki/R-and-Vectorization
* [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/09/16/why-vectorize/ Why Vectorize?] statcompute.wordpress.com
* [https://www.jimhester.com/2018/04/12/vectorize/ Beware of Vectorize] from Jim Hester
* [https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/matrixstats matrixStats]: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors). E.g. col / rowMedians(), col / rowRanks(), and col / rowSds(). [https://github.com/HenrikBengtsson/matrixStats/wiki/Benchmark-reports Benchmark reports].


==== DBI ====
=== sapply vs vectorization ===
[http://theautomatic.net/2019/03/13/speed-test-sapply-vs-vectorization/ Speed test: sapply vs vectorization]


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dbplyr/index.html dbplyr] ====
=== lapply vs for loop ===
* To use databases with dplyr, you need to first install dbplyr
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/42440872 lapply vs for loop - Performance R]
* https://db.rstudio.com/dplyr/
* https://code-examples.net/en/q/286e03a
* Five commonly used backends: RMySQL, RPostgreSQ, RSQLite, ODBC, bigrquery.
* [https://johanndejong.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/r-are-apply-loops-faster-than-for-loops/ R: are *apply loops faster than for loops?]
* http://www.datacarpentry.org/R-ecology-lesson/05-r-and-databases.html


'''Create a new SQLite database''':
=== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/split split()] and sapply() ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
split() can be used to split a vector, columns or rows. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3302356/how-to-split-a-data-frame How to split a data frame?]
surveys <- read.csv("data/surveys.csv")
* Split divides the data in the '''vector''' or '''data frame''' x into the groups defined by f. The syntax is
plots <- read.csv("data/plots.csv")
{{Pre}}
split(x, f, drop = FALSE, …)
</pre>
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/3321659 Split a vector into chunks]. split() returns a vector/indices and the indices can be used in lapply() to subset the data. Useful for the '''split() + lapply() + do.call()''' or '''split() + sapply()''' operations.
<pre>
d <- 1:10
chunksize <- 4
ceiling(1:10/4)
# [1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
split(d, ceiling(seq_along(d)/chunksize))
# $`1`
# [1] 1 2 3 4
#
# $`2`
# [1] 5 6 7 8
#
# $`3`
# [1]  9 10
do.call(c, lapply(split(d, ceiling(seq_along(d)/4)), function(x) sum(x)) )
#  1  2  3
# 10 26 19
 
# bigmemory vignette
planeindices <- split(1:nrow(x), x[,'TailNum'])
planeStart <- sapply(planeindices,
                    function(i) birthmonth(x[i, c('Year','Month'),
                                            drop=FALSE]))
</pre>
* Split rows of a data frame/matrix; e.g. rows represents genes. The data frame/matrix is split directly.  
{{Pre}}
split(mtcars,mtcars$cyl)


my_db_file <- "portal-database.sqlite"
split(data.frame(matrix(1:20, nr=10) ), ceiling(1:10/chunksize)) # data.frame/tibble works
my_db <- src_sqlite(my_db_file, create = TRUE)
split.data.frame(matrix(1:20, nr=10), ceiling(1:10/chunksize))  # split.data.frame() works for matrices
</pre>
* Split columns of a data frame/matrix.  
{{Pre}}
ma <- cbind(x = 1:10, y = (-4:5)^2, z = 11:20)
split(ma, cbind(rep(1,10), rep(2, 10), rep(1,10))) # not an interesting example
# $`1`
#  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
#
# $`2`
#  [1] 16  9  4  1  0  1  4  9 16 25
</pre>
* split() + sapply() to merge columns. See below [[#Mean_of_duplicated_columns:_rowMeans.3B_compute_Means_by_each_row|Mean of duplicated columns]] for more detail.
* split() + sapply() to split a vector. See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/genefilter/versions/1.54.2/topics/nsFilter nsFilter()] function which can remove duplicated probesets/rows using unique Entrez Gene IDs ('''genefilter''' package). The source code of [https://github.com/Bioconductor/genefilter/blob/b86f2cf47cf420b1444188bfe970714a7cc7f33b/R/nsFilter.R#L224 nsFilter()] and [https://github.com/Bioconductor/genefilter/blob/b86f2cf47cf420b1444188bfe970714a7cc7f33b/R/all.R#L170 findLargest()].
{{Pre}}
tSsp = split.default(testStat, lls)
# testStat is a vector of numerics including probeset IDs as names
# lls is a vector of entrez IDs (same length as testStat)
# tSSp is a list of the same length as unique elements of lls.


copy_to(my_db, surveys)
sapply(tSsp, function(x) names(which.max(x)))  
copy_to(my_db, plots)
# return a vector of probset IDs of length of unique entrez IDs
my_db
</pre>
</syntaxhighlight>


'''Connect to a database''':
=== strsplit and sapply ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{{Pre}}
download.file(url = "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2292171",
> namedf <- c("John ABC", "Mary CDE", "Kat FGH")
              destfile = "portal_mammals.sqlite", mode = "wb")
> strsplit(namedf, " ")
[[1]]
[1] "John" "ABC"


library(dbplyr)
[[2]]
library(dplyr)
[1] "Mary" "CDE"  
mammals <- src_sqlite("portal_mammals.sqlite")
</syntaxhighlight>


'''Querying the database with the SQL syntax''':
[[3]]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
[1] "Kat" "FGH"
tbl(mammals, sql("SELECT year, species_id, plot_id FROM surveys"))
</syntaxhighlight>


'''Querying the database with the dplyr syntax''':
> sapply(strsplit(namedf, " "), "[", 1)
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
[1] "John" "Mary" "Kat"
surveys <- tbl(mammals, "surveys")
> sapply(strsplit(namedf, " "), "[", 2)
surveys %>%
[1] "ABC" "CDE" "FGH"
    select(year, species_id, plot_id)
</pre>
head(surveys, n = 10)


show_query(head(surveys, n = 10)) # show which SQL commands are actually sent to the database
=== Mean of duplicated columns: rowMeans; compute Means by each row ===
</syntaxhighlight>
<ul>
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35925529/reduce-columns-of-a-matrix-by-a-function-in-r Reduce columns of a matrix by a function in R]. To use rowMedians() instead of rowMeans(), we need to install [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/matrixStats/index.html matrixStats] from CRAN.
<syntaxhighlight lang='r'>
set.seed(1)
x <- matrix(1:60, nr=10); x[1, 2:3] <- NA
colnames(x) <- c("b", "b", "b", "c", "a", "a"); x
res <- sapply(split(1:ncol(x), colnames(x)),
              function(i) rowMeans(x[, i, drop=F], na.rm = TRUE))
res  # notice the sorting of columns
      a  b  c
[1,] 46  1 31
[2,] 47 12 32
[3,] 48 13 33
[4,] 49 14 34
[5,] 50 15 35
[6,] 51 16 36
[7,] 52 17 37
[8,] 53 18 38
[9,] 54 19 39
[10,] 55 20 40


'''Simple database queries''':
# vapply() is safter than sapply().
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# The 3rd arg in vapply() is a template of the return value.
surveys %>%
res2 <- vapply(split(1:ncol(x), colnames(x)),
  filter(weight < 5) %>%
              function(i) rowMeans(x[, i, drop=F], na.rm = TRUE),
  select(species_id, sex, weight)
              rep(0, nrow(x)))
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>
</li>
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/colSums colSums, rowSums, colMeans, rowMeans] (no group variable). These functions are equivalent to use of ‘apply’ with ‘FUN = mean’ or ‘FUN = sum’ with appropriate margins, but are a lot faster.
{{Pre}}
rowMeans(x, na.rm=T)
# [1] 31 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35


'''Laziness''' (instruct R to stop being lazy):
apply(x, 1, mean, na.rm=T)
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# [1] 31 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
data_subset <- surveys %>%
</pre>
  filter(weight < 5) %>%
</li>
  select(species_id, sex, weight) %>%
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/matrixStats/index.html matrixStats]: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors)
  collect()
</li>
</syntaxhighlight>
<li>[https://www.statforbiology.com/2020/stat_r_tidyverse_columnwise/ From ''for()'' loops to the ''split-apply-combine'' paradigm for column-wise tasks: the transition for a dinosaur]
</li>
</ul>


'''Complex database queries''':
=== Mean of duplicated rows: colMeans and rowsum ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<ul>
plots <- tbl(mammals, "plots")
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/colSums colMeans(x, na.rm = FALSE, dims = 1)], take mean per columns & sum over rows. It returns a vector. Other similar idea functions include '''colSums, rowSums, rowMeans'''.
plots # # The plot_id column features in the plots table
{{Pre}}
 
x <- matrix(1:60, nr=10); x[1, 2:3] <- NA; x
surveys # The plot_id column also features in the surveys table
rownames(x) <- c(rep("b", 2), rep("c", 3), rep("d", 4), "a") # move 'a' to the last
 
res <- sapply(split(1:nrow(x), rownames(x)),
# Join databases method 1
              function(i) colMeans(x[i, , drop=F], na.rm = TRUE))
plots %>%
res <- t(res) # transpose is needed since sapply() will form the resulting matrix by columns
  filter(plot_id == 1) %>%
res  # still a matrix, rows are ordered
  inner_join(surveys) %>%
#   [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
  collect()
# a 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
</syntaxhighlight>
# b  1.5 12.0 22.0 31.5 41.5 51.5
 
# c  4.0 14.0 24.0 34.0 44.0 54.0
==== NoSQL ====
# d  7.5 17.5 27.5 37.5 47.5 57.5
[https://ropensci.org/technotes/2018/01/25/nodbi/ nodbi: the NoSQL Database Connector]
table(rownames(x))
# a b c d
# 1 2 3 4


=== Github ===
aggregate(x, list(rownames(x)), FUN=mean, na.rm = T) # EASY, but it becomes a data frame, rows are ordered
 
#  Group.1  V1  V2  V3  V4  V5  V6
==== R source  ====
# 1      a 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
https://github.com/wch/r-source/  Daily update, interesting, should be visited every day. Clicking '''1000+ commits''' to look at daily changes.
# 2      b  1.5 12.0 22.0 31.5 41.5 51.5
 
# 3      c  4.0 14.0 24.0 34.0 44.0 54.0
If we are interested in a certain branch (say 3.2), look for R-3-2-branch.
# 4      d  7.5 17.5 27.5 37.5 47.5 57.5
 
==== R packages (only) source (metacran) ====
* https://github.com/cran/ by [https://github.com/gaborcsardi Gábor Csárdi], the author of '''[http://igraph.org/ igraph]''' software.
 
==== Bioconductor packages source ====
<strike>[https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/bioc-devel/2015-June/007675.html Announcement], https://github.com/Bioconductor-mirror </strike>
 
==== Send local repository to Github in R by using reports package ====
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdOI_-aZV0Y
 
==== My collection ====
* https://github.com/arraytools
* https://gist.github.com/4383351 heatmap using leukemia data
* https://gist.github.com/4382774 heatmap using sequential data
* https://gist.github.com/4484270 biocLite
 
==== How to download ====
 
Clone ~ Download.  
* Command line
<pre>
git clone https://gist.github.com/4484270.git
</pre>
</pre>
This will create a subdirectory called '4484270' with all cloned files there.
<li>[[Arraytools#Reducing_multiple_probes.2Fprobe_sets_to_one_per_gene_symbol|Reduce multiple probes by the maximally expressed probe (set) measured by average intensity across arrays]]


* Within R
</li>
<pre>
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/rowsum rowsum(x, group, reorder = TRUE, …)]. Sum over rows. It returns a matrix. This is very special. It's not the same as rowSums. There is no "colsum" function. ''It has the speed advantage over sapply+colSums OR aggregate.''
library(devtools)
{{Pre}}
source_gist("4484270")
group <- rownames(x)
rowsum(x, group, na.rm=T)/as.vector(table(group))
#  [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
# a 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
# b  1.5  6.0 11.0 31.5 41.5 51.5
# c  4.0 14.0 24.0 34.0 44.0 54.0
# d  7.5 17.5 27.5 37.5 47.5 57.5
</pre>
</pre>
or
</li>
First download the json file from
</ul>
https://api.github.com/users/MYUSERLOGIN/gists
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25198442/how-to-calculate-mean-median-per-group-in-a-dataframe-in-r How to calculate mean/median per group in a dataframe in r] where '''doBy''' and '''dplyr''' are recommended.
and then
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/matrixStats/index.html matrixStats]: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors)
<pre>
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/doBy/ doBy] package
library(RJSONIO)
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7881660/finding-the-mean-of-all-duplicates use ave() and unique()]
x <- fromJSON("~/Downloads/gists.json")
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17383635/average-between-duplicated-rows-in-r data.table package]
setwd("~/Downloads/")
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10180132/consolidate-duplicate-rows plyr package]
gist.id <- lapply(x, "[[", "id")
<ul>
lapply(gist.id, function(x){
<li>'''by()''' function. [https://thomasadventure.blog/posts/calculating-change-from-baseline-in-r/ Calculating change from baseline in R]
  cmd <- paste0("git clone https://gist.github.com/", x, ".git")
</li>
  system(cmd)
<li>See [https://finnstats.com/index.php/2021/06/20/aggregate-function-in-r/ '''aggregate''' Function in R- A powerful tool for data frames] & [https://finnstats.com/index.php/2021/06/01/summarize-in-r-data-summarization-in-r/ summarize in r, Data Summarization In R] </li>
})
<li>[http://www.statmethods.net/management/aggregate.html aggregate()] function. Too slow! http://slowkow.com/2015/01/28/data-table-aggregate/. [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2015/10/dont-use-statsaggregate/ Don't use aggregate] post.
</pre>
{{Pre}}
 
> attach(mtcars)
==== Jekyll ====
dim(mtcars)
[http://statistics.rainandrhino.org/2015/12/15/jekyll-r-blogger-knitr-hyde.html An Easy Start with Jekyll, for R-Bloggers]
[1] 32 11
 
> head(mtcars)
=== Connect R with Arduino ===
                  mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
* http://lamages.blogspot.com/2012/10/connecting-real-world-to-r-with-arduino.html
Mazda RX4        21.0  6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
* http://jean-robert.github.io/2012/11/11/thermometer-R-using-Arduino-Java.html
Mazda RX4 Wag    21.0  6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
* http://bio7.org/?p=2049
Datsun 710        22.8  4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
* http://www.rforge.net/Arduino/svn.html
Hornet 4 Drive    21.4  6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
 
Hornet Sportabout 18.7  8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
=== Android App ===
Valiant          18.1  6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=appinventor.ai_RInstructor.R2&hl=zh_TW R Instructor] $4.84
> with(mtcars, table(cyl, vs))
* [http://realxyapp.blogspot.tw/2010/12/statistical-distribution.html Statistical Distribution] (Not R related app)
  vs
* [https://datascienceplus.com/data-driven-introspection-of-my-android-mobile-usage-in-r/ Data-driven Introspection of my Android Mobile usage in R]
cyl  0  1
  4  1 10
  6  3  4
  8 14  0
> aggdata <-aggregate(mtcars, by=list(cyl,vs),  FUN=mean, na.rm=TRUE)
> print(aggdata)
  Group.1 Group.2      mpg cyl  disp      hp    drat      wt    qsec vs
1      4      0 26.00000  4 120.30  91.0000 4.430000 2.140000 16.70000  0
2      6      0 20.56667  6 155.00 131.6667 3.806667 2.755000 16.32667  0
3      8      0 15.10000  8 353.10 209.2143 3.229286 3.999214 16.77214  0
4      4      1 26.73000  4 103.62  81.8000 4.035000 2.300300 19.38100  1
5      6      1 19.12500  6 204.55 115.2500 3.420000 3.388750 19.21500  1
        am    gear    carb
1 1.0000000 5.000000 2.000000
2 1.0000000 4.333333 4.666667
3 0.1428571 3.285714 3.500000
4 0.7000000 4.000000 1.500000
5 0.0000000 3.500000 2.500000
> detach(mtcars)


=== Common plots tips ===
# Another example: select rows with a minimum value from a certain column (yval in this case)
==== Grouped boxplots ====
> mydf <- read.table(header=T, text='
* [http://sphaerula.com/legacy/R/boxplotTwoWay.html Box Plots of Two-Way Layout]
id xval yval
* [http://r-video-tutorial.blogspot.com/2013/06/box-plot-with-r-tutorial.html Step by step to create a grouped boxplots]
A 1  1
** 'at' parameter in boxplot() to change the equal spaced boxplots
A -2  2
** embed par(mar=) in boxplot()
B 3  3
** mtext(line=) to solve the problem the xlab overlapped with labels.
B 4  4
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28426026/plotting-boxplots-of-multiple-y-variables-using-ggplot2-qplot-or-others ggplot2 approach] (Hint: '''facet_grid''' is used)
C 5  5
')
> x = mydf$xval
> y = mydf$yval
> aggregate(mydf[, c(2,3)], by=list(id=mydf$id), FUN=function(x) x[which.min(y)])
  id xval yval
1  A    1    1
2  B    3    3
3  C    5    5
</pre>
</li>
</ul>


==== [https://www.samruston.co.uk/ Weather Time Line] ====
=== Mean by Group ===
The plot looks similar to a boxplot though it is not. See a [https://www.samruston.co.uk/images/screens/screen_2.png screenshot] on Android by [https://www.samruston.co.uk/ Sam Ruston].
[https://statisticsglobe.com/mean-by-group-in-r Mean by Group in R (2 Examples) | dplyr Package vs. Base R]
<pre>
aggregate(x = iris$Sepal.Length,                # Specify data column
          by = list(iris$Species),              # Specify group indicator
          FUN = mean)                          # Specify function (i.e. mean)
</pre>
<pre>
library(dplyr)
iris %>%                                        # Specify data frame
  group_by(Species) %>%                        # Specify group indicator
  summarise_at(vars(Sepal.Length),              # Specify column
              list(name = mean))              # Specify function
</pre>
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.2/topics/ave ave(x, ..., FUN)],
* aggregate(x, by, FUN),
* by(x, INDICES, FUN): return is a list
* tapply(): return results as a matrix or array. Useful for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_array ragged array].


==== Horizontal bar plot ====
== Apply family ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
Vectorize, aggregate, apply, by, eapply, lapply, mapply, rapply, replicate, scale, sapply, split, tapply, and vapply.  
library(ggplot2)
dtf <- data.frame(x = c("ETB", "PMA", "PER", "KON", "TRA",  
                        "DDR", "BUM", "MAT", "HED", "EXP"),
                  y = c(.02, .11, -.01, -.03, -.03, .02, .1, -.01, -.02, 0.06))
ggplot(dtf, aes(x, y)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", aes(fill = x), show.legend = FALSE) +
  coord_flip() + xlab("") + ylab("Fold Change") 
</syntaxhighlight>


[[File:Ggplot2bar.svg|300px]]
The following list gives a hierarchical relationship among these functions.
* '''apply'''(X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) – Apply a Functions Over Array Margins
* '''lapply'''(X, FUN, ...) – Apply a Function over a List (including a data frame) or Vector X.
** '''sapply'''(X, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Apply a Function over a List or Vector
*** '''replicate'''(n, expr, simplify = "array")
** '''mapply'''(FUN, ..., MoreArgs = NULL, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Multivariate version of sapply
*** '''Vectorize'''(FUN, vectorize.args = arg.names, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) - Vectorize a Scalar Function
*** '''Map'''(FUN, ...) A wrapper to mapply with SIMPLIFY = FALSE, so it is guaranteed to return a list.
** '''vapply'''(X, FUN, FUN.VALUE, ..., USE.NAMES = TRUE) – similar to sapply, but has a pre-specified type of return value
** '''rapply'''(object, f, classes = "ANY", deflt = NULL, how = c("unlist", "replace", "list"), ...) – A recursive version of lapply
* '''tapply'''(V, INDEX, FUN = NULL, ..., default = NA, simplify = TRUE) – Apply a Function Over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_array "Ragged" Array]. V is typically a vector where split() will be applied. INDEX is a list of one or more factors.
** '''aggregate'''(D, by, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE, drop = TRUE) - Apply a function to each '''columns''' of subset data frame split by factors. FUN (such as mean(), weighted.mean(), sum()) is a simple function applied to a vector. D is typically a data frame. This is used to '''summarize''' data.
** '''by'''(D, INDICES, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE) - Apply a Function to each '''subset data frame''' split by factors. FUN (such as summary(), lm()) is applied to a data frame. D is typically a data frame.
* '''eapply'''(env, FUN, ..., all.names = FALSE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Apply a Function over values in an environment


==== Include bar values in a barplot ====
[https://www.queryhome.com/tech/76799/r-difference-between-apply-vs-sapply-vs-lapply-vs-tapply Difference between apply vs sapply vs lapply vs tapply?]
* https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3879/how-to-put-values-over-bars-in-barplot-in-r.
* apply - When you want to apply a function to the rows or columns or both of a matrix and output is a one-dimensional if only row or column is selected else it is a 2D-matrix
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12481430/how-to-display-the-frequency-at-the-top-of-each-factor-in-a-barplot-in-r barplot(), text() and axis()] functions. The data can be from a table() object.
* lapply - When you want to apply a function to each element of a list in turn and get a list back.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11938293/how-to-label-a-barplot-bar-with-positive-and-negative-bars-with-ggplot2 How to label a barplot bar with positive and negative bars with ggplot2]
* sapply - When you want to apply a function to each element of a list in turn, but you want a vector back, rather than a list.
* tapply - When you want to apply a function to subsets of a vector and the subsets are defined by some other vector, usually a factor.


Use text().
Some short examples:
* [http://people.stern.nyu.edu/ylin/r_apply_family.html stern.nyu.edu].
* [http://www.datasciencemadesimple.com/apply-function-r/ Apply Function in R – apply vs lapply vs sapply vs mapply vs tapply vs rapply vs vapply] from datasciencemadesimple.com.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/7141669 How to use which one (apply family) when?]


Or use geom_text() if we are using the ggplot2 package. See an example [http://dsgeek.com/2014/09/19/Customizingggplot2charts.html here] or [https://rpubs.com/escott8908/RGC_Ch3_Gar_Graphs this].
=== Apply vs for loop ===
Note that, apply's performance is not always better than a for loop. See
* http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/help/06/05/27255.html (answered by Brian Ripley)
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2014-October/422455.html (has one example)
* [https://johanndejong.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/r-are-apply-loops-faster-than-for-loops/ R: are *apply loops faster than for loops?]. The author said '' 'an important reason for using *apply() functions may instead be that they fit the functional programming paradigm better, where everything is done using function calls and side effects are reduced'... The scope of the variables defined within f is limited to f, and variables defined outside f cannot be modified inside f (except using the special scoping assignment operator <<-). ''
** [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functional-programming.html Functional programming]
* [https://privefl.github.io/blog/why-loops-are-slow-in-r/ Why loops are slow in R]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/18763102 Why is `unlist(lapply)` faster than `sapply`?]


For stacked barplot, see [http://t-redactyl.io/blog/2016/01/creating-plots-in-r-using-ggplot2-part-4-stacked-bar-plots.html this] post.
=== Progress bar ===
[http://peter.solymos.org/code/2016/09/11/what-is-the-cost-of-a-progress-bar-in-r.html What is the cost of a progress bar in R?]
 
The package 'pbapply' creates a text-mode progress bar - it works on any platforms. On Windows platform, check out [http://www.theanalystatlarge.com/for-loop-tracking-windows-progress-bar/ this post]. It uses  winProgressBar() and setWinProgressBar() functions.


==== Grouped barplots ====
[https://www.jottr.org/2020/07/04/progressr-erum2020-slides/ e-Rum 2020 Slides on Progressr] by Henrik Bengtsson. [https://www.jottr.org/2021/06/11/progressr-0.8.0/ progressr 0.8.0: RStudio's progress bar, Shiny progress updates, and absolute progress], [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2022/06/progressr-0-10-1-plyr-now-supports-progress-updates-also-in-parallel/ progressr 0.10.1: Plyr Now Supports Progress Updates also in Parallel]
* https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/barplot/, https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/48-grouped-barplot-with-ggplot2/ (simpliest, no error bars)<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(ggplot2)
# mydata <- data.frame(OUTGRP, INGRP, value)
ggplot(mydata, aes(fill=INGRP, y=value, x=OUTGRP)) +
      geom_bar(position="dodge", stat="identity")
</syntaxhighlight>
* https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/. The error bars define 2 se (95% interval) for the black-and-white version and 1 se (68% interval) for ggplots. Be careful.<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> 1 - 2*(1-pnorm(1))
[1] 0.6826895
> 1 - 2*(1-pnorm(1.96))
[1] 0.9500042
</syntaxhighlight>
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27466035/adding-values-to-barplot-of-table-in-r two bars in one factor] (stack). The data can be a 2-dim matrix with numerical values.
* [http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3879/how-to-put-values-over-bars-in-barplot-in-r two bars in one factor], [https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/14118/drawing-multiple-barplots-on-a-graph-in-r Drawing multiple barplots on a graph in R] (next to each other)
** [https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/ Include error bars]
* [http://bl.ocks.org/patilv/raw/7360425/ Three variables] barplots
* [https://peltiertech.com/stacked-bar-chart-alternatives/ More alternatives] (not done by R)


==== Math expression ====
=== simplify option in sapply() ===
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/grDevices/versions/3.5.0/topics/plotmath ?plotmath]
<pre>
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4973898/combining-paste-and-expression-functions-in-plot-labels
library(KEGGREST)
* https://andyphilips.github.io/blog/2017/08/16/mathematical-symbols-in-r-plots.html
** Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.0/topics/expression expression()] function
** Don't need the backslash; use ''eta'' instead of ''\eta''. ''eta'' will be recognized as a special keyword in expression()
** Use parentheses instead of curly braces; use ''hat(eta)'' instead of ''hat{eta}''
** Summary: use expression(hat(eta)) instead of expression(\hat{\eta})
** [] means subscript, while ^ means superscript
** Spacing can be done with ~.
** Mix math symbols and text using paste()
** Using substitute() and paste() if we need to substitute text (this part is advanced)
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Expressions
plot(x,y, xlab = expression(hat(x)[t]),
    ylab = expression(phi^{rho + a}),
    main = "Pure Expressions")


# Expressions with Spacing
names1 <- keggGet(c("hsa05340", "hsa05410"))
# '~' is to add space and '*' is to squish characters together
names2 <- sapply(names1, function(x) x$GENE)
plot(1:10, xlab= expression(Delta * 'C'))
length(names2) # same if we use lapply() above
plot(x,y, xlab = expression(hat(x)[t] ~ z ~ w),
# [1] 2
    ylab = expression(phi^{rho + a} * z * w),
    main = "Pure Expressions with Spacing")


# Expressions with Text
names3 <- keggGet(c("hsa05340"))
plot(x,y,
names4 <- sapply(names3, function(x) x$GENE)
    xlab = expression(paste("Text here ", hat(x), " here ", z^rho, " and here")),
length(names4)  # may or may not be what we expect
    ylab = expression(paste("Here is some text of ", phi^{rho})),
# [1] 76
    main = "Expressions with Text")
names4 <- sapply(names3, function(x) x$GENE, simplify = FALSE)
length(names4)  # same if we use lapply() w/o simplify
# [1] 1
</pre>


# Substituting Expressions
=== lapply and its friends Map(), Reduce(), Filter() from the base package for manipulating lists ===
plot(x,y,  
* Examples of using lapply() + split() on a data frame. See [http://rollingyours.wordpress.com/category/r-programming-apply-lapply-tapply/ rollingyours.wordpress.com].
    xlab = substitute(paste("Here is ", pi, " = ", p), list(p = py)),  
<ul>
    ylab = substitute(paste("e is = ", e ), list(e = ee)),
<li>mapply() [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/mapply documentation]. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9519543/merge-two-lists-in-r Use mapply() to merge lists].
    main = "Substituted Expressions")
<pre>
</syntaxhighlight>
mapply(rep, 1:4, 4:1)
mapply(rep, times = 1:4, x = 4:1)
mapply(function(x, y) seq_len(x) + y,
      c(a =  1, b = 2, c = 3), # names from first
      c(A = 10, B = 0, C = -10))
mapply(c, firstList, secondList, SIMPLIFY=FALSE)
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://bensstats.wordpress.com/2020/10/06/robservations-3-finding-the-expected-value-of-the-maximum-of-two-bivariate-normal-variables-with-simulation/ Finding the Expected value of the maximum of two Bivariate Normal variables with simulation] sapply + mapply.
<pre>
z <- mapply(function(u, v) { max(u, v) },
            u = x[, 1], v = x[, 2])
</pre>
</li>
<li>[http://www.brodrigues.co/functional_programming_and_unit_testing_for_data_munging/fprog.html Map() and Reduce()] in functional programming </li>
<li>Map(), Reduce(), and Filter() from [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functionals.html#functionals-fp Advanced R] by Hadley
<ul>
<li>If you have two or more lists (or data frames) that you need to process in <span style="color: red">parallel</span>, use '''Map()'''. One good example is to compute the weighted.mean() function that requires two input objects. Map() is similar to '''mapply()''' function and is more concise than '''lapply()'''. [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functionals.html#functionals-loop Advanced R] has a comment that Map() is better than mapply().
{{Pre}}
# Syntax: Map(f, ...)


==== Impose a line to a scatter plot ====
xs <- replicate(5, runif(10), simplify = FALSE)
* abline + lsfit # least squares
ws <- replicate(5, rpois(10, 5) + 1, simplify = FALSE)
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
Map(weighted.mean, xs, ws)
plot(cars)
abline(lsfit(cars[, 1], cars[, 2]))
# OR
abline(lm(cars[,2] ~ cars[,1]))
</syntaxhighlight>
* abline + line # robust line fitting
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
plot(cars)
(z <- line(cars))
abline(coef(z), col = 'green')
</syntaxhighlight>
* lines
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
plot(cars)
fit <- lm(cars[,2] ~ cars[,1])
lines(cars[,1], fitted(fit), col="blue")
lines(stats::lowess(cars), col='red')
</syntaxhighlight>
==== Rotating x axis labels for barplot ====
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10286473/rotating-x-axis-labels-in-r-for-barplot
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
barplot(mytable,main="Car makes",ylab="Freqency",xlab="make",las=2)
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Set R plots x axis to show at y=0 ====
# instead of a more clumsy way
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3422203/set-r-plots-x-axis-to-show-at-y-0
lapply(seq_along(xs), function(i) {
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
  weighted.mean(xs[[i]], ws[[i]])
plot(1:10, rnorm(10), ylim=c(0,10), yaxs="i")
})
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
</li>
<li>Reduce() reduces a vector, x, to a single value by <span style="color: red">recursively</span> calling a function, f, two arguments at a time. A good example of using '''Reduce()''' function is to read a list of matrix files and merge them. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29820029/how-to-combine-multiple-matrix-frames-into-one-using-r How to combine multiple matrix frames into one using R?]
{{Pre}}
# Syntax: Reduce(f, x, ...)
 
> m1 <- data.frame(id=letters[1:4], val=1:4)
> m2 <- data.frame(id=letters[2:6], val=2:6)
> merge(m1, m2, "id", all = T)
  id val.x val.y
1  a    1    NA
2  b    2    2
c     3    3
4  d    4    4
5  e    NA    5
6  f    NA    6
> m <- list(m1, m2)
> Reduce(function(x,y) merge(x,y, "id",all=T), m)
  id val.x val.y
1  a    1    NA
2  b    2    2
3  c    3    3
4  d    4    4
5  e    NA    5
6  f    NA    6
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
* [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/09/08/playing-map-and-reduce-in-r-subsetting/ Playing Map() and Reduce() in R – Subsetting] - using parallel and future packages. [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/09/22/union-multiple-data-frames-with-different-column-names/ Union Multiple Data.Frames with Different Column Names]


==== Different colors of axis labels in barplot ====
=== sapply & vapply ===
See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18839731/vary-colors-of-axis-labels-in-r-based-on-another-variable Vary colors of axis labels in R based on another variable]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12339650/why-is-vapply-safer-than-sapply This] discusses why '''vapply''' is safer and faster than sapply.
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functionals.html#functionals-loop Vector output: sapply and vapply] from Advanced R (Hadley Wickham).
* [http://theautomatic.net/2018/11/13/those-other-apply-functions/ THOSE “OTHER” APPLY FUNCTIONS…]. rapply(), vapply() and eapply() are covered.
* [http://theautomatic.net/2019/03/13/speed-test-sapply-vs-vectorization/ Speed test: sapply vs. vectorization]
* sapply can be used in plotting; for example, [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/glmnet/vignettes/relax.pdf#page=13 glmnet relax vignette] uses '''sapply(myList, lines, col="grey") ''' to draw multiple lines simultaneously on a list of matrices.


Method 1: Append labels for the 2nd, 3rd, ... color gradually because 'col.axis' argument cannot accept more than one color.
See parallel::parSapply() for a parallel version of sapply(1:n, function(x)). We can this technique to speed up [https://github.com/SRTRdevhub/C_Statistic_Github/blob/master/Simulation_Demonstration.Rmd#L115 this example].
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
tN <- table(Ni <- stats::rpois(100, lambda = 5))
r <- barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20))
axis(1, 1, LETTERS[1], col.axis="red", col="red")
axis(1, 2, LETTERS[2], col.axis="blue", col = "blue")
</syntaxhighlight>


Method 2: text() which can accept multiple colors in 'col' parameter but we need to find out the (x, y) by ourselves.
=== rapply - recursive version of lapply ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* http://4dpiecharts.com/tag/recursive/
barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20), axisnames = F)
* [https://github.com/wch/r-source/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=rapply Search in R source code]. Mainly [https://github.com/wch/r-source/blob/trunk/src/library/stats/R/dendrogram.R r-source/src/library/stats/R/dendrogram.R].
text(4:6, par("usr")[3]-2 , LETTERS[4:6], col=c("black","red","blue"), xpd=TRUE)
 
</syntaxhighlight>
=== replicate ===
https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/tutorial-on-loops-in-r
{{Pre}}
> replicate(5, rnorm(3))
          [,1]      [,2]      [,3]     [,4]       [,5]
[1,]  0.2509130 -0.3526600 -0.3170790  1.064816 -0.53708856
[2,]  0.5222548  1.5343319  0.6120194 -1.811913 -1.09352459
[3,] -1.9905533 -0.8902026 -0.5489822  1.308273  0.08773477
</pre>


==== Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.4.3/topics/text text()] to draw labels on X/Y-axis including rotation ====
See [[#parallel_package|parSapply()]] for a parallel version of replicate().
* adj = 1 means top/rigth alignment. The default is to center the text.
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.4.3/topics/par par("usr")] gives the extremes of the user coordinates of the plotting region of the form c(x1, x2, y1, y2).
** par("usr") is determined *after* a plot has been created
** [http://sphaerula.com/legacy/R/placingTextInPlots.html Example of using the "usr" parameter]
* https://datascienceplus.com/building-barplots-with-error-bars/
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
par(mar = c(5, 6, 4, 5) + 0.1)
plot(..., xaxt = "n") # "n" suppresses plotting of the axis; need mtext() and axis() to supplement
text(x = barCenters, y = par("usr")[3] - 1, srt = 45,
    adj = 1, labels = myData$names, xpd = TRUE)
</syntaxhighlight>
* https://www.r-bloggers.com/rotated-axis-labels-in-r-plots/


==== Vertically stacked plots with the same x axis ====
=== Vectorize ===
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11794436/stacking-multiple-plots-vertically-with-the-same-x-axis-but-different-y-axes-in
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.3/topics/Vectorize Vectorize(FUN, vectorize.args = arg.names, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE)]: creates a function wrapper that vectorizes a scalar function. Its value is a list or vector or array. It calls '''mapply()'''.
{{Pre}}
> rep(1:4, 4:1)
[1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
> vrep <- Vectorize(rep.int)
> vrep(1:4, 4:1)
[[1]]
[1] 1 1 1 1


==== Increase/decrease legend font size ====
[[2]]
https://stackoverflow.com/a/36842578
[1] 2 2 2
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
plot(rnorm(100))
op <- par(cex=2)
legend("topleft", legend = 1:4, col=1:4, pch=1)
par(op)
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Superimpose a density plot or any curves ====
[[3]]
Use '''lines()'''.
[1] 3 3


Example 1
[[4]]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
[1] 4
plot(cars, main = "Stopping Distance versus Speed")
</pre>
lines(stats::lowess(cars))
* [http://biolitika.si/vectorizing-functions-in-r-is-easy.html Vectorizing functions in R is easy]
</syntaxhighlight>
{{Pre}}
> rweibull(1, 1, c(1, 2)) # no error but not sure what it gives?
[1] 2.17123
> Vectorize("rweibull")(n=1, shape = 1, scale = c(1, 2))
[1] 1.6491761 0.9610109
</pre>
* https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/gpalem/2013/03/28/make-vectorize-your-friend-in-r/ 
{{Pre}}
myfunc <- function(a, b) a*b
myfunc(1, 2) # 2
myfunc(3, 5) # 15
myfunc(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # 2 15
Vectorize(myfunc)(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # 2 15
 
myfunc2 <- function(a, b) if (length(a) == 1) a * b else NA
myfunc2(1, 2) # 2
myfunc2(3, 5) # 15
myfunc2(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # NA
Vectorize(myfunc2)(c(1, 3), c(2, 5)) # 2 15
Vectorize(myfunc2)(c(1, 3, 6), c(2, 5)) # 2 15 12
                                        # parameter will be re-used
</pre>
 
== plyr and dplyr packages ==
[https://peerj.com/collections/50-practicaldatascistats/ Practical Data Science for Stats - a PeerJ Collection]
 
[http://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i01/paper The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis] (plyr package) in J. Stat Software.


Example 2
[http://seananderson.ca/courses/12-plyr/plyr_2012.pdf A quick introduction to plyr] with a summary of apply functions in R and compare them with functions in plyr package.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
require(survival)
n = 10000
beta1 = 2; beta2 = -1
lambdaT = 1 # baseline hazard
lambdaC = 2  # hazard of censoring
set.seed(1234)
x1 = rnorm(n,0)
x2 = rnorm(n,0)
# true event time
T = rweibull(n, shape=1, scale=lambdaT*exp(-beta1*x1-beta2*x2))
C <- rweibull(n, shape=1, scale=lambdaC) 
time = pmin(T,C) 
status <- 1*(T <= C)
status2 <- 1-status
plot(survfit(Surv(time, status2) ~ 1),
    ylab="Survival probability",
    main = 'Exponential censoring time')
xseq <- seq(.1, max(time), length =100)
func <- function(x) 1-pweibull(x, shape = 1, scale = lambdaC)
lines(xseq, func(xseq), col = 'red') # survival function of Weibull
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Custom scales ====
# plyr has a common syntax -- easier to remember
[https://rcrastinate.rbind.io/post/using-custom-scales-with-the-scales-package/ Using custom scales with the 'scales' package]
# plyr requires less code since it takes care of the input and output format
# plyr can easily be run in parallel -- faster


=== Time series ===
Tutorials
* [https://www.amazon.com/Applied-Time-Analysis-R-Second/dp/1498734227 Applied Time Series Analysis with R]
* [http://dplyr.tidyverse.org/articles/dplyr.html Introduction to dplyr] from http://dplyr.tidyverse.org/.
* [http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780387759586 Time Series Analysis With Applications in R]
* A video of [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/index.html dplyr] package can be found on [http://vimeo.com/103872918 vimeo].
* [http://www.dataschool.io/dplyr-tutorial-for-faster-data-manipulation-in-r/ Hands-on dplyr tutorial for faster data manipulation in R] from dataschool.io.


==== Time series stock price plot ====
Examples of using dplyr:
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/08/plotting-time-series-in-r.html (ggplot2, xts, [https://rstudio.github.io/dygraphs/ dygraphs])
* [http://wiekvoet.blogspot.com/2015/03/medicines-under-evaluation.html Medicines under evaluation]
* [https://datascienceplus.com/visualize-your-portfolios-performance-and-generate-a-nice-report-with-r/ Visualize your Portfolio’s Performance and Generate a Nice Report with R]
* [http://rpubs.com/seandavi/GEOMetadbSurvey2014 CBI GEO Metadata Survey]
* https://timelyportfolio.github.io/rCharts_time_series/history.html
* [http://datascienceplus.com/r-for-publication-by-page-piccinini-lesson-3-logistic-regression/ Logistic Regression] by Page Piccinini. mutate(), inner_join() and %>%.
* [http://rpubs.com/turnersd/plot-deseq-results-multipage-pdf DESeq2 post analysis] select(), gather(), arrange() and %>%.  


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tibble/ tibble] ===
library(quantmod)
'''Tibbles''' are data frames, but slightly tweaked to work better in the '''tidyverse'''.
getSymbols("AAPL")
getSymbols("IBM") # similar to AAPL
getSymbols("CSCO") # much smaller than AAPL, IBM
getSymbols("DJI") # Dow Jones, huge
chart_Series(Cl(AAPL), TA="add_TA(Cl(IBM), col='blue', on=1); add_TA(Cl(CSCO), col = 'green', on=1)",
    col='orange', subset = '2017::2017-08')


tail(Cl(DJI))
Tibble objects
</syntaxhighlight>
* it does not have row names (cf data frame),
* it never changes the type of the inputs (e.g. it never converts strings to factors!),
* it never changes the names of variables


==== Timeline plot ====
Tibbles [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tibble/vignettes/tibble.html Vignette]
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20695311/chronological-timeline-with-points-in-time-and-format-date


=== Circular plot ===
{{Pre}}
* http://freakonometrics.hypotheses.org/20667 which uses https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/circlize/ circlize] package.
> data(pew, package = "efficient")
* https://www.biostars.org/p/17728/
> dim(pew)
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RCircos/ RCircos] package from CRAN.
[1] 18 10
* [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/OmicCircos.html OmicCircos] from Bioconductor.
> class(pew) # tibble is also a data frame!!
[1] "tbl_df"    "tbl"        "data.frame"


=== Word cloud ===
> tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion) # make wide tables long
* [http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/text-mining-and-word-cloud-fundamentals-in-r-5-simple-steps-you-should-know Text mining and word cloud fundamentals in R : 5 simple steps you should know]
# A tibble: 162 x 3
* [https://www.displayr.com/alternatives-word-cloud/ 7 Alternatives to Word Clouds for Visualizing Long Lists of Data]
                                                      religion Income Count
* [https://www.littlemissdata.com/blog/steam-data-art1 Data + Art STEAM Project: Initial Results]
                                                          <chr>  <chr> <int>
1                                                    Agnostic  <$10k    27
2                                                      Atheist  <$10k    12
...
> mean(tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion)[, 3])
[1] NA
Warning message:
In mean.default(tidyr::gather(pew, key = Income, value = Count,  :
  argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
> mean(tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion)[[3]])
[1] 181.6975
</pre>


=== World map ===
To show all rows of a tibble object, use the '''print()''' method.
[https://www.enchufa2.es/archives/visualising-ssh-attacks-with-r.html Visualising SSH attacks with R] ([https://cran.r-project.org/package=rworldmap rworldmap] and [https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgeolocate rgeolocate] packages)
<pre>
print(tbObj, n= Inf)


=== Diagram/flowchart/Directed acyclic diagrams (DAGs) ===
tbObj %>% print(n= nrow(.))
</pre>


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DiagrammeR/index.html DiagrammeR] ====
If we try to do a match on some column of a tibble object, we will get zero matches. The issue is we cannot use an index to get a tibble column.
* http://rich-iannone.github.io/DiagrammeR/
* https://donlelek.github.io/2015-03-31-dags-with-r/


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/diagram/ diagram] ====
'''Subsetting''': to [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21618423/extract-a-dplyr-tbl-column-as-a-vector extract a column from a tibble object], use '''[[''' or '''$''' or dplyr::pull(). [https://www.datanovia.com/en/lessons/select-data-frame-columns-in-r/ Select Data Frame Columns in R].
Functions for Visualising Simple Graphs (Networks), Plotting Flow Diagrams
{{Pre}}
TibbleObject$VarName
# OR
TibbleObject[["VarName"]]
# OR
pull(TibbleObject, VarName) # won't be a tibble object anymore


==== DAGitty (browser-based and R package) ====
dplyr::select(TibbleObject, -c(VarName1, VarName2)) # still a tibble object
* http://dagitty.net/
# OR
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dagitty/index.html
dplyr::select(TibbleObject, 2:5) #
</pre>


==== dagR ====
'''Convert a data frame to a tibble''' See [http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/tibble-data-format-in-r-best-and-modern-way-to-work-with-your-data Tibble Data Format in R: Best and Modern Way to Work with Your Data]
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dagR
<pre>
my_data <- as_tibble(iris)
class(my_data)
</pre>


=== Venn Diagram ===
To print all rows of a tibble object, use print(tbl_df, n=Inf) or tbl_df %>% print(n=Inf)
* limma http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/r/faq/venn.htm - only black and white?
* VennDiagram - input has to be the numbers instead of the original vector?
* http://manuals.bioinformatics.ucr.edu/home/R_BioCondManual#TOC-Venn-Diagrams and the [http://faculty.ucr.edu/~tgirke/Documents/R_BioCond/My_R_Scripts/overLapper.R R code] or the [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/systemPipeR.html Bioc package systemPipeR]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# systemPipeR package method
library(systemPipeR)
setlist <- list(A=sample(letters, 18), B=sample(letters, 16), C=sample(letters, 20), D=sample(letters, 22), E=sample(letters, 18))
OLlist <- overLapper(setlist[1:3], type="vennsets")
vennPlot(list(OLlist))                            


# R script source method
=== llply() ===
source("http://faculty.ucr.edu/~tgirke/Documents/R_BioCond/My_R_Scripts/overLapper.R")
llply is equivalent to lapply except that it will preserve labels and can display a progress bar. This is handy if we want to do a crazy thing.
setlist <- list(A=sample(letters, 18), B=sample(letters, 16), C=sample(letters, 20), D=sample(letters, 22), E=sample(letters, 18))
<pre>
# or (obtained by dput(setlist))
LLID2GOIDs <- lapply(rLLID, function(x) get("org.Hs.egGO")[[x]])
setlist <- structure(list(A = c("o", "h", "u", "p", "i", "s", "a", "w",
</pre>
"b", "z", "n", "c", "k", "j", "y", "m", "t", "q"), B = c("h",
where rLLID is a list of entrez ID. For example,  
"r", "x", "y", "b", "t", "d", "o", "m", "q", "g", "v", "c", "u",
<pre>
"f", "z"), C = c("b", "e", "t", "u", "s", "j", "o", "k", "d",
get("org.Hs.egGO")[["6772"]]
"l", "g", "i", "w", "n", "p", "a", "y", "x", "m", "z"), D = c("f",
</pre>
"g", "b", "k", "j", "m", "e", "q", "i", "d", "o", "l", "c", "t",
returns a list of 49 GOs.
"x", "r", "s", "u", "w", "a", "z", "n"), E = c("u", "w", "o",  
"k", "n", "h", "p", "z", "l", "m", "r", "d", "q", "s", "x", "b",
"v", "t"), F = c("o", "j", "r", "c", "l", "l", "u", "b", "f",
"d", "u", "m", "y", "t", "y", "s", "a", "g", "t", "m", "x", "m"
)), .Names = c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"))


OLlist <- overLapper(setlist[1:3], type="vennsets")
=== ddply() ===
counts <- list(sapply(OLlist$Venn_List, length)
http://lamages.blogspot.com/2012/06/transforming-subsets-of-data-in-r-with.html
vennPlot(counts=counts)                         
</syntaxhighlight>


[[File:Vennplot.png|250px]]
=== ldply() ===
[http://rpsychologist.com/an-r-script-to-automatically-look-at-pubmed-citation-counts-by-year-of-publication/ An R Script to Automatically download PubMed Citation Counts By Year of Publication]


=== Bump chart/Metro map ===
=== Performance/speed comparison ===
https://dominikkoch.github.io/Bump-Chart/
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/01/performance-comparison-of-converting-list-to-data-frame-with-r-language/ Performance comparison of converting list to data.frame with R language]


=== Amazing plots ===
== Using R's set.seed() to set seeds for use in C/C++ (including Rcpp) ==
==== New R logo 2/11/2016 ====
http://rorynolan.rbind.io/2018/09/30/rcsetseed/
* http://rud.is/b/2016/02/11/plot-the-new-svg-r-logo-with-ggplot2/
* https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/Reports/Rlogo/Rlogo.html
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
library(sp)
library(maptools)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggthemes)
# rgeos requires the installation of GEOS from http://trac.osgeo.org/geos/
system("curl http://download.osgeo.org/geos/geos-3.5.0.tar.bz2 | tar jx")
system("cd geos-3.5.0; ./configure; make; sudo make install")
library(rgeos)
r_wkt_gist_file <- "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/hrbrmstr/07d0ccf14c2ff109f55a/raw/db274a39b8f024468f8550d7aeaabb83c576f7ef/rlogo.wkt"
if (!file.exists("rlogo.wkt")) download.file(r_wkt_gist_file, "rlogo.wkt")
rlogo <- readWKT(paste0(readLines("rlogo.wkt", warn=FALSE))) # rgeos
rlogo_shp <- SpatialPolygonsDataFrame(rlogo, data.frame(poly=c("halo", "r"))) # sp
rlogo_poly <- fortify(rlogo_shp, region="poly") # ggplot2
ggplot(rlogo_poly) +
  geom_polygon(aes(x=long, y=lat, group=id, fill=id)) +
  scale_fill_manual(values=c(halo="#b8babf", r="#1e63b5")) +
  coord_equal() +
  theme_map() +
  theme(legend.position="none")
</syntaxhighlight>


==== 3D plot ====
=== get_seed() ===
Using [https://chitchatr.wordpress.com/2010/06/28/fun-with-persp-function/ persp] function to create the following plot. Code in [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/ef955d017cb6b9ef0690a4fe79f809f9 github].
See the same blog
{{Pre}}
get_seed <- function() {
  sample.int(.Machine$integer.max, 1)
}
</pre>
Note: .Machine$integer.max = 2147483647 = 2^31 - 1.


[[File:3dpersp.png|200px]]
=== Random seeds ===
By default, R uses the exact time in milliseconds of the computer's clock when R starts up to generate a seed. See [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/base/html/Random.html ?Random].
<pre>
set.seed(as.numeric(Sys.time()))


==== Christmas tree ====
set.seed(as.numeric(Sys.Date()))  # same seed for each day
http://wiekvoet.blogspot.com/2014/12/merry-christmas.html. Code in [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/668404a33d32a6652d4dddf5d294689e github].
</pre>


[[File:XMastree.png|150px]]
=== .Machine and the largest integer, double ===
See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/.Machine ?.Machine].
{{Pre}}
                          Linux/Mac  32-bit Windows 64-bit Windows
double.eps              2.220446e-16  2.220446e-16  2.220446e-16
double.neg.eps          1.110223e-16  1.110223e-16  1.110223e-16
double.xmin            2.225074e-308  2.225074e-308  2.225074e-308
double.xmax            1.797693e+308  1.797693e+308  1.797693e+308
double.base            2.000000e+00  2.000000e+00  2.000000e+00
double.digits          5.300000e+01  5.300000e+01  5.300000e+01
double.rounding        5.000000e+00  5.000000e+00  5.000000e+00
double.guard            0.000000e+00  0.000000e+00  0.000000e+00
double.ulp.digits      -5.200000e+01  -5.200000e+01  -5.200000e+01
double.neg.ulp.digits  -5.300000e+01  -5.300000e+01  -5.300000e+01
double.exponent        1.100000e+01  1.100000e+01  1.100000e+01
double.min.exp        -1.022000e+03  -1.022000e+03  -1.022000e+03
double.max.exp          1.024000e+03  1.024000e+03  1.024000e+03
integer.max            2.147484e+09  2.147484e+09  2.147484e+09
sizeof.long            8.000000e+00  4.000000e+00  4.000000e+00
sizeof.longlong        8.000000e+00  8.000000e+00  8.000000e+00
sizeof.longdouble      1.600000e+01  1.200000e+01  1.600000e+01
sizeof.pointer          8.000000e+00  4.000000e+00  8.000000e+00
</pre>


==== Happy Thanksgiving ====
=== NA when overflow ===
[http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/11/happy-thanksgiving.html Turkey]
<pre>
tmp <- 156287L
tmp*tmp
# [1] NA
# Warning message:
# In tmp * tmp : NAs produced by integer overflow
.Machine$integer.max
# [1] 2147483647
</pre>


[[File:Turkey.png|150px]]
== How to select a seed for simulation or randomization ==
* [https://sciprincess.wordpress.com/2019/03/14/how-to-select-a-seed-for-simulation-or-randomization/ How to select a seed for simulation or randomization]
* [https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/lesson-gamers-rng/ What Is RNG? A Lesson for Gamers ]


==== Happy Valentine's Day ====
== set.seed() allow alphanumeric seeds ==
* [https://rud.is/b/2017/02/14/geom%E2%9D%A4%EF%B8%8F/  Geom❤️] 2017
https://stackoverflow.com/a/10913336
* [http://www.theanalyticslab.nl/2019/02/14/nerds-on-valentines-day/ Happy Valentines day by Nerds] 2019


==== treemap ====
== set.seed(), for loop and saving random seeds ==
http://ipub.com/treemap/
<ul>
 
<li>[https://www.jottr.org/2020/09/21/detect-when-the-random-number-generator-was-used/ Detect When the Random Number Generator Was Used]
[[File:TreemapPop.png|150px]]
<pre>
 
if (interactive()) {
==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronoi_diagram Voronoi diagram] ====
  invisible(addTaskCallback(local({
* https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/Reports/VoronoiTreemap/voronoiTreeMap.html
    last <- .GlobalEnv$.Random.seed
* http://letstalkdata.com/2014/05/creating-voronoi-diagrams-with-ggplot/
   
 
    function(...) {
==== Silent Night ====
      curr <- .GlobalEnv$.Random.seed
[[File:Silentnight.png|200px]]
      if (!identical(curr, last)) {
        msg <- "NOTE: .Random.seed changed"
        if (requireNamespace("crayon", quietly=TRUE)) msg <- crayon::blurred(msg)
        message(msg)
        last <<- curr
      }
      TRUE
    }
  }), name = "RNG tracker"))
}
</pre>
</li>
<li>http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/set-seed-and-for-loop-td3585857.html. This question is legitimate when we want to debug on a certain iteration.
<pre>
set.seed(1001)
data <- vector("list", 30)
seeds <- vector("list", 30)
for(i in 1:30) {
  seeds[[i]] <- .Random.seed
  data[[i]] <- runif(5)
}
# If we save and load .Random.seed from a file using scan(), make
# sure to convert its type from doubles to integers.
# Otherwise, .Random.seed will complain!


The code in [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6d841de27bec48fa0b72559e9aeb13ad github].
.Random.seed <- seeds[[23]]  # restore
data.23 <- runif(5)
data.23
data[[23]]
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/impute/versions/1.46.0/topics/impute.knn impute.knn]
* Duncan Murdoch: ''This works in this example, but wouldn't work with all RNGs, because some of them save state outside of .Random.seed.  See ?.Random.seed for details.''
* Uwe Ligges's comment: ''set.seed() actually generates a seed. See ?set.seed that points us to .Random.seed (and relevant references!) which contains the actual current seed.''
* Petr Savicky's comment is also useful in the situation when it is not difficult to re-generate the data.
* [http://www.questionflow.org/2019/08/13/local-randomness-in-r/ Local randomness in R].


==== The Travelling Salesman Portrait ====
== sample() ==
https://fronkonstin.com/2018/04/04/the-travelling-salesman-portrait/
=== sample() inaccurate on very large populations, fixed in R 3.6.0 ===
* [https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17494 The default method for generating from a discrete uniform distribution (used in ‘sample()’, for instance) has been changed]. In prior versions, the probability of generating each integer could vary from equal by up to 0.04% (or possibly more if generating more than a million different integers). See also [https://www.r-bloggers.com/whats-new-in-r-3-6-0/amp/ What's new in R 3.6.0] by David Smith.
{{Pre}}
# R 3.5.3
set.seed(123)
m <- (2/5)*2^32
m > 2^31
# [1] FALSE
log10(m)
# [1] 9.23502
x <- sample(m, 1000000, replace = TRUE)
table(x %% 2)
#      0      1
# 400070 599930
</pre>
* [https://blog.daqana.com/en/fast-sampling-support-in-dqrng/ Fast sampling support in dqrng]
* Differences of the output of sample()
{{Pre}}
# R 3.5.3
# docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base:3.5.3
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 1 3 2 4 5


==== Moon phase calendar ====
# R 3.6.0
https://chichacha.netlify.com/2018/05/26/making-calendar-with-ggplot-moon-phase-calendar/
# docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base:3.6.0
 
> set.seed(1234)
==== Calendar heatmap ====
> sample(5)
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26171068/add-dates-to-calendar-heat-map-r
[1] 4 5 2 3 1
 
> RNGkind(sample.kind = "Rounding")
==== Chaos ====
Warning message:
[https://fronkonstin.com/2019/01/10/rcpp-camaron-de-la-isla-and-the-beauty-of-maths/ Rcpp, Camarón de la Isla and the Beauty of Maths]
In RNGkind(sample.kind = "Rounding") : non-uniform 'Rounding' sampler used
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 1 3 2 4 5
</pre>


=== Google Analytics ===
=== Getting different results with set.seed() in RStudio ===
==== GAR package ====
[https://community.rstudio.com/t/getting-different-results-with-set-seed/31624/2 Getting different results with set.seed()].  ''It's possible that you're loading an R package that is changing the requested random number generator; RNGkind().''
http://www.analyticsforfun.com/2015/10/query-your-google-analytics-data-with.html


=== Linear Programming ===
=== dplyr::sample_n() ===
http://www.r-bloggers.com/modeling-and-solving-linear-programming-with-r-free-book/
The function has a parameter [https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/sample.html weight]. For example if we have some download statistics for each day and we want to do sampling based on their download numbers, we can use this function.


=== Amazon Alexa ===
== Regular Expression ==
* http://blagrants.blogspot.com/2016/02/theres-party-at-alexas-place.html
See [[Regular_expression|here]].


=== R and Singularity ===
== Read rrd file ==
https://www.rstudio.com/rviews/2017/03/29/r-and-singularity/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRDtool
* http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/
* https://github.com/pldimitrov/Rrd
* http://plamendimitrov.net/blog/2014/08/09/r-package-for-working-with-rrd-files/


=== Teach kids about R with Minecraft ===
== on.exit() ==
http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/06/teach-kids-about-r-with-minecraft.html
Examples of using on.exit(). In all these examples, '''add = TRUE''' is used in the on.exit() call to ensure that each exit action is added to the list of actions to be performed when the function exits, rather than replacing the previous actions.
<ul>
<li>Database connections
<pre>
library(RSQLite)
sqlite_get_query <- function(db, sql) {
  conn <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), db)
  on.exit(dbDisconnect(conn), add = TRUE)
  dbGetQuery(conn, sql)
}
</pre>
<li>File connections
<pre>
read_chars <- function(file_name) {
  conn <- file(file_name, "r")
  on.exit(close(conn), add = TRUE)
  readChar(conn, file.info(file_name)$size)
}
</pre>
<li>Temporary files
<pre>
history_lines <- function() {
  f <- tempfile()
  on.exit(unlink(f), add = TRUE)
  savehistory(f)
  readLines(f, encoding = "UTF-8")
}
</pre>
<li>Printing messages
<pre>
myfun = function(x) {
  on.exit(print("first"))
  on.exit(print("second"), add = TRUE)
  return(x)
}
</pre>
</ul>


=== Secure API keys ===
== file, connection ==
[http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/07/secret-package.html Securely store API keys in R scripts with the "secret" package]
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/cat cat()] and [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/scan scan()] (read data into a vector or list from the console or file)
* read() and write()
* read.table() and write.table()
{{Pre}}
out = file('tmp.txt', 'w')
writeLines("abcd", out)
writeLines("eeeeee", out)
close(out)
readLines('tmp.txt')
unlink('tmp.txt')
args(writeLines)
# function (text, con = stdout(), sep = "\n", useBytes = FALSE)


=== Vision and image recognition ===
foo <- function() {
* https://www.stoltzmaniac.com/google-vision-api-in-r-rooglevision/ Google vision API IN R] – RoogleVision
  con <- file()
* [http://www.bnosac.be/index.php/blog/66-computer-vision-algorithms-for-r-users Computer Vision Algorithms for R users] and https://github.com/bnosac/image
  ...
  on.exit(close(con))
  ...
}
</pre>
[https://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Why-I-get-this-error-Error-in-close-connection-f-invalid-connection-td904413.html Error in close.connection(f) : invalid connection]. If we want to use '''close(con)''', we have to specify how to '''open''' the connection; such as
<pre>
con <- gzfile(FileName, "r") # Or gzfile(FileName, open = 'r')
x <- read.delim(con)
close(x)
</pre>


=== Turn pictures into coloring pages ===
=== withr package ===
https://gist.github.com/jeroen/53a5f721cf81de2acba82ea47d0b19d0
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/withr/index.html . Reverse suggested by [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/languageserver/index.html languageserver].


=== Numerical optimization ===
== Clipboard (?connections), textConnection(), pipe() ==
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/uniroot.html uniroot]: One Dimensional Root (Zero) Finding. This is used in [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sim.7178/full simulating survival data for predefined censoring rate]
<ul>
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/optimize.html optimize]: One Dimensional Optimization
<li>On Windows, we can use readClipboard() and writeClipboard().
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/optim.html optim]: General-purpose optimization based on Nelder–Mead, quasi-Newton and conjugate-gradient algorithms.  
{{Pre}}
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/constrOptim.html constrOptim]: Linearly Constrained Optimization
source("clipboard")
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/nlm.html nlm]: Non-Linear Minimization
read.table("clipboard")
* [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/nls.html nls]: Nonlinear Least Squares
</pre></li>
<li>Clipboard -> R. Reading/writing clipboard on macOS. Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.0/topics/textConnection textConnection()] function:  
{{Pre}}
x <- read.delim(textConnection("<USE_KEYBOARD_TO_PASTE_FROM_CLIPBOARD>"))
# Or on Mac
x <- read.delim(pipe("pbpaste"))
# safely ignore the warning: incomplete final line found by readTableHeader on 'pbpaste'
</pre>
An example is to copy data from [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28426026/plotting-boxplots-of-multiple-y-variables-using-ggplot2-qplot-or-others?answertab=active#tab-top this post]. In this case we need to use read.table() instead of read.delim().
</li>
<li>R -> clipboard on Mac. Note: '''pbcopy''' and '''pbpaste''' are macOS terminal commands. See [http://osxdaily.com/2007/03/05/manipulating-the-clipboard-from-the-command-line/ pbcopy & pbpaste: Manipulating the Clipboard from the Command Line].  
* pbcopy: takes standard input and places it in the clipboard buffer
* pbpaste: takes data from the clipboard buffer and writes it to the standard output
{{Pre}}
clip <- pipe("pbcopy", "w")
write.table(apply(x, 1, mean), file = clip, row.names=F, col.names=F)
# write.table(data.frame(Var1, Var2), file = clip, row.names=F, quote=F, sep="\t")
close(clip)
</pre>
<li>
<li>Clipboard -> Excel.  
* Method 1: Paste icon -> Text import wizard -> Delimit (Tab, uncheck Space) or Fixed width depending on the situation -> Finish.
* Method 2: Ctrl+v first. Then choose Data -> Text to Columns. Fixed width -> Next -> Next -> Finish.
</li>
<li>On Linux, we need to install "xclip". See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45799496/r-copy-from-clipboard-in-ubuntu-linux R Copy from Clipboard in Ubuntu Linux]. It seems to work.  
{{Pre}}
# sudo apt-get install xclip
read.table(pipe("xclip -selection clipboard -o",open="r"))
</pre>
</li>
</ul>


== R packages ==
=== clipr ===
[[R_packages|R packages]]
[https://cran.rstudio.com/web/packages/clipr/ clipr]: Read and Write from the System Clipboard


== Tricks ==
== read/manipulate binary data ==
* x <- readBin(fn, raw(), file.info(fn)$size)
* rawToChar(x[1:16])
* See Biostrings C API


=== Getting help ===
== String Manipulation ==
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/r and [https://stackoverflow.com/tags/r/info R page] contains resources.  
* [https://www.gastonsanchez.com/r4strings/ Handling Strings with R](ebook) by Gaston Sanchez.
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2018/06/handling-strings-with-r.html A guide to working with character data in R] (6/22/2018)
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/
* Chapter 7 of the book 'Data Manipulation with R' by Phil Spector.
* Chapter 7 of the book 'R Cookbook' by Paul Teetor.
* Chapter 2 of the book 'Using R for Data Management, Statistical Analysis and Graphics' by Horton and Kleinman.
* http://www.endmemo.com/program/R/deparse.php. '''It includes lots of examples for each R function it lists.'''
* [http://theautomatic.net/2019/05/17/four-ways-to-reverse-a-string-in-r/ Four ways to reverse a string in R]
* [https://statisticaloddsandends.wordpress.com/2022/05/05/a-short-note-on-the-startswith-function/ A short note on the startsWith function]


=== Better Coder/coding, best practices ===
=== format(): padding with zero ===
* http://www.mango-solutions.com/wp/2015/10/10-top-tips-for-becoming-a-better-coder/
<pre>
* [https://www.rstudio.com/rviews/2016/12/02/writing-good-r-code-and-writing-well/ Writing Good R Code and Writing Well]
ngenes <- 10
* [http://www.thertrader.com/2018/09/01/r-code-best-practices/ R Code – Best practices]
genenames <- paste0("bm", gsub(" ", "0", format(1:ngenes))); genenames
[1] "bm01" "bm02" "bm03" "bm04" "bm05" "bm06" "bm07" "bm08" "bm09" "bm10"
</pre>


=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notation#E-notation E-notation] ===
=== noquote() ===
6.022E23 (or 6.022e23) is equivalent to 6.022×10^23
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/noquote noqute] Print character strings without quotes.


=== Change default R repository ===
=== stringr package ===
[[Rstudio#Change_repository|Change R repository]]
* https://stringr.tidyverse.org/index.html
* [https://stringr.tidyverse.org/articles/from-base.html Vignette compares stringr functions to their base R equivalents]
* When I try to use trimws() on data obtained from readxl::read_excell(), I find trimws() does not work but [https://stringr.tidyverse.org/reference/str_trim.html stringr::str_trim()] works. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45050617/trimws-bug-leading-whitespace-not-removed trimws bug? leading whitespace not removed].


Edit global Rprofile file. On *NIX platforms, it's located in /usr/lib/R/library/base/R/Rprofile although local .Rprofile settings take precedence.
=== glue package ===
<ul>
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/glue/index.html glue]. Useful in a loop and some function like ggtitle() or ggsave().
<pre>
library(glue)
name <- "Fred"
glue('My name is {name}.')  # My name is Fred.
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation String interpolation] </li>
</ul>


For example, I can specify the R mirror I like by creating a single line <.Rprofile> file under my home directory.
=== Raw data type ===
[https://twitter.com/hadleywickham/status/1387747735441395712 Fun with strings], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets Cyrillic alphabets]
<pre>
<pre>
local({
a1 <- "А"
  r = getOption("repos")
a2 <- "A"
  r["CRAN"] = "https://cran.rstudio.com/"
a1 == a2
  options(repos = r)
# [1] FALSE
})
charToRaw("А")
options(continue = " ")
# [1] d0 90
message("Hi MC, loading ~/.Rprofile")
charToRaw("A")
if (interactive()) {
# [1] 41
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory("~/.Rhistory"))
}
 
</pre>
</pre>


=== Change the default web browser ===
=== number of characters limit ===
When I run help.start() function in LXLE, it cannot find its default web browser (seamonkey).
[https://twitter.com/eddelbuettel/status/1438326822635180036 It's a limit on a (single) input line in the REPL]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> help.start()
If the browser launched by 'xdg-open' is already running, it is *not*
    restarted, and you must switch to its window.
Otherwise, be patient ...
> /usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: x-www-browser: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: firefox: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: mozilla: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: epiphany: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: konqueror: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: chromium-browser: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: google-chrome: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: links2: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: links: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: lynx: not found
/usr/bin/xdg-open: 461: /usr/bin/xdg-open: w3m: not found
xdg-open: no method available for opening 'http://127.0.0.1:27919/doc/html/index.html'
</syntaxhighlight>


The solution is to put
== HTTPs connection ==
<pre>
HTTPS connection becomes default in R 3.2.2. See
options(browser='seamonkey')
* http://blog.rstudio.org/2015/08/17/secure-https-connections-for-r/
</pre>
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/08/good-advice-for-security-with-r.html
in the '''.Rprofile''' of your home directory. If the browser is not in the global PATH, we need to put the full path above.


For one-time only purpose, we can use the ''browser'' option in help.start() function:
[http://developer.r-project.org/blosxom.cgi/R-devel/2016/12/15#n2016-12-15 R 3.3.2 patched] The internal methods of ‘download.file()’ and ‘url()’ now report if they are unable to follow the redirection of a ‘http://’ URL to a ‘https://’ URL (rather than failing silently)
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> help.start(browser="seamonkey")
If the browser launched by 'seamonkey' is already running, it is *not*
    restarted, and you must switch to its window.
Otherwise, be patient ...
</syntaxhighlight>


We can work made a change (or create the file) ~/.Renviron or etc/Renviron. See
== setInternet2 ==
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2003-August/037484.html Changing default browser in options()].
There was a bug in ftp downloading in R 3.2.2 (r69053) Windows though it is fixed now in R 3.2 patch.
* https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/browseURL.html


=== Getting user's home directory ===
Read the [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-August/071595.html discussion] reported on 8/8/2015. The error only happened on ftp not http connection. The final solution is explained in [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-August/071623.html this post]. The following demonstrated the original problem.
See [https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/rw-FAQ.html#What-are-HOME-and-working-directories_003f What are HOME and working directories?]
<pre>
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
url <- paste0("ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/ASSEMBLY_REPORTS/All/",
# Windows
              "GCF_000001405.13.assembly.txt")
normalizePath("~")  # "C:\\Users\\brb\\Documents"
f1 <- tempfile()
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # "C:/Users/brb/Documents"
download.file(url, f1)
Sys.getenv("HOME")   # "C:/Users/brb/Documents"
</pre>
It seems the bug was fixed in R 3.2-branch. See [https://github.com/wch/r-source/commit/3a02ed3a50ba17d9a093b315bf5f31ffc0e21b89 8/16/2015] patch r69089 where a new argument INTERNET_FLAG_PASSIVE was added to [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa385098%28v=vs.85%29.aspx InternetOpenUrl()] function of [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa385473%28v=vs.85%29.aspx wininet] library. [http://slacksite.com/other/ftp.html This article] and [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1699145/what-is-the-difference-between-active-and-passive-ftp this post] explain differences of active and passive FTP.
 
The following R command will show the exact svn revision for the R you are currently using.
<pre>
R.Version()$"svn rev"
</pre>


# Mac
If setInternet2(T), then https protocol is supported in download.file().  
normalizePath("~")   # [1] "/Users/brb"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # [1] ""
Sys.getenv("HOME")  # "/Users/brb"


# Linux
When setInternet(T) is enabled by default, download.file() does not work for ftp protocol (this is used in getGEO() function of the GEOquery package). If I use setInternet(F), download.file() works again for ftp protocol.
normalizePath("~")   # [1] "/home/brb"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # [1] ""
Sys.getenv("HOME")   # [1] "/home/brb"
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Rconsole, Rprofile.site, Renviron.site files ===
The setInternet2() function is defined in [https://github.com/wch/r-source/commits/trunk/src/library/utils/R/windows/sysutils.R R> src> library> utils > R > windows > sysutils.R].
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-admin.html ('''Rprofile.site''')
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-intro.html ('''Rprofile.site, Renviron.site, Rconsole''' (Windows only))
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html  ('''Renviron.site''')
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/11/how-to-store-and-use-authentication-details-with-r.html How to store and use webservice keys and authentication details]
* [http://itsalocke.com/use-rprofile-give-important-notifications/ Use your .Rprofile to give you important notifications]


If we like to install R packages to a personal directory, follow [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-July/071562.html this]. Just add the line
'''R up to 3.2.2'''
<pre>
<pre>
R_LIBS_SITE=F:/R/library
setInternet2 <- function(use = TRUE) .Internal(useInternet2(use))
</pre>
</pre>
to the file '''R_HOME/etc/x64/Renviron.site'''.
See also
* <src/include/Internal.h> (declare do_setInternet2()),
* <src/main/names.c> (show do_setInternet2() in C)
* <src/main/internet.c>  (define do_setInternet2() in C).


Note that on Windows OS, R/etc contains
Note that: setInternet2(T) becomes default in R 3.2.2. To revert to the previous default use setInternet2(FALSE). See the <doc/NEWS.pdf> file. If we use setInternet2(F), then it solves the bug of getGEO() error. But it disables the https file download using the download.file() function. In R < 3.2.2, it is also possible to download from https by setIneternet2(T).
<pre>
$ ls -l /c/Progra~1/r/r-3.2.0/etc
total 142
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ    1043 Jun 20  2013 Rcmd_environ
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ    1924 Mar 17  2010 Rconsole
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ      943 Oct 3 2011 Rdevga
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ      589 May 20  2013 Rprofile.site
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ  251894 Jan 17  2015 curl-ca-bundle.crt
drwxr-xr-x    1  Administ        0 Jun 8 10:30 i386
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ    1160 Dec 31  2014 repositories
-rw-r--r--    1  Administ    30188 Mar 17  2010 rgb.txt
drwxr-xr-x    3  Administ        0 Jun  8 10:30 x64


$ ls /c/Progra~1/r/r-3.2.0/etc/i386
'''R 3.3.0'''
Makeconf
<pre>
setInternet2 <- function(use = TRUE) {
    if(!is.na(use)) stop("use != NA is defunct")
    NA
}
</pre>


$ cat /c/Progra~1/r/r-3.2.0/etc/Rconsole
Note that setInternet2.Rd says As from \R 3.3.0 it changes nothing, and only \code{use = NA} is accepted. Also NEWS.Rd says setInternet2() has no effect and will be removed in due course.
# Optional parameters for the console and the pager
# The system-wide copy is in R_HOME/etc.
# A user copy can be installed in `R_USER'.


## Style
== Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers: is.finite(), is.infinite(), is.nan() ==
# This can be `yes' (for MDI) or `no' (for SDI).
In R, basically all mathematical functions (including basic Arithmetic), are supposed to work properly with +/-, '''Inf''' and '''NaN''' as input or output. 
  MDI = yes
# MDI = no


# the next two are only relevant for MDI
See [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/is.finite.html ?is.finite].
toolbar = yes
statusbar = no


## Font.
[https://datasciencetut.com/how-to-replace-inf-values-with-na-in-r/ How to replace Inf with NA in All or Specific Columns of the Data Frame]
# Please use only fixed width font.
# If font=FixedFont the system fixed font is used; in this case
# points and style are ignored. If font begins with "TT ", only
# True Type fonts are searched for.
font = TT Courier New
points = 10
style = normal # Style can be normal, bold, italic


# Dimensions (in characters) of the console.
== replace() function ==
rows = 25
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/replace replace](vector, index, values)  
columns = 80
* https://stackoverflow.com/a/11811147
# Dimensions (in characters) of the internal pager.
pgrows = 25
pgcolumns = 80
# should options(width=) be set to the console width?
setwidthonresize = yes


# memory limits for the console scrolling buffer, in chars and lines
== File/path operations ==
# NB: bufbytes is in bytes for R < 2.7.0, chars thereafter.
* list.files(, include.dirs =F, recursive = T, pattern = "\\.csv$", all.files = TRUE)
bufbytes = 250000
* file.info()
buflines = 8000
* dir.create()
* file.create()
* file.copy()
* file.exists()
<ul>
<li>'''basename'''() - remove the parent path, '''dirname'''() - returns the part of the path up to but excluding the last path separator
<pre>
> file.path("~", "Downloads")
[1] "~/Downloads"
> dirname(file.path("~", "Downloads"))
[1] "/home/brb"
> basename(file.path("~", "Downloads"))
[1] "Downloads"
</pre>
</li></ul>
* '''path.expand'''("~/.Renviron")  # "/home/brb/.Renviron"
<ul>
<li> '''normalizePath'''() # Express File Paths in Canonical Form
<pre>
> cat(normalizePath(c(R.home(), tempdir())), sep = "\n")
/usr/lib/R
/tmp/RtmpzvDhAe
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/system.file system.file()] - Finds the full file names of files in packages etc
<pre>
> system.file("extdata", "ex1.bam", package="Rsamtools")
[1] "/home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.0/Rsamtools/extdata/ex1.bam"
</pre>
</li></ul>
* tools::file_path_sans_ext() - [https://stackoverflow.com/a/29114021 remove the file extension] or the sub() function.


# Initial position of the console (pixels, relative to the workspace for MDI)
== read/download/source a file from internet ==
# xconsole = 0
=== Simple text file http ===
# yconsole = 0
<pre>
retail <- read.csv("http://robjhyndman.com/data/ausretail.csv",header=FALSE)
</pre>


# Dimension of MDI frame in pixels
=== Zip, RData, gz file and url() function ===
# Format (w*h+xorg+yorg) or use -ve w and h for offsets from right bottom
<pre>
# This will come up maximized if w==0
x <- read.delim(gzfile("filename.txt.gz"), nrows=10)
# MDIsize = 0*0+0+0
# MDIsize = 1000*800+100+0
# MDIsize = -50*-50+50+50  # 50 pixels space all round
 
# The internal pager can displays help in a single window
# or in multiple windows (one for each topic)
# pagerstyle can be set to `singlewindow' or `multiplewindows'
pagerstyle = multiplewindows
 
## Colours for console and pager(s)
# (see rwxxxx/etc/rgb.txt for the known colours).
background = White
normaltext = NavyBlue
usertext = Red
highlight = DarkRed
 
## Initial position of the graphics window
## (pixels, <0 values from opposite edge)
xgraphics = -25
ygraphics = 0
 
## Language for messages
language =
 
## Default setting for console buffering: 'yes' or 'no'
buffered = yes
</pre>
</pre>
and on Linux
<pre>
<pre>
brb@brb-T3500:~$ whereis R
con = gzcon(url('http://www.systematicportfolio.com/sit.gz', 'rb'))
R: /usr/bin/R /etc/R /usr/lib/R /usr/bin/X11/R /usr/local/lib/R /usr/share/R /usr/share/man/man1/R.1.gz
source(con)
close(con)
</pre>
Here url() function is like file(),  gzfile(), bzfile(), xzfile(), unz(), pipe(), fifo(), socketConnection(). They are used to create connections. By default, the connection is not opened (except for ‘socketConnection’), but may be opened by setting a non-empty value of argument ‘open’. See ?url.


brb@brb-T3500:~$ ls /usr/lib/R
Another example is [https://stackoverflow.com/a/9548672 Read gzipped csv directly from a url in R]
bin  COPYING  etc  lib  library  modules  site-library  SVN-REVISION
<pre>
con <- gzcon(url(paste("http://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/articlefeedback/",
                      "aa_combined-20110321.csv.gz", sep="")))
txt <- readLines(con)
dat <- read.csv(textConnection(txt))
</pre>


brb@brb-T3500:~$ ls /usr/lib/R/etc
Another example of using url() is
javaconf  ldpaths  Makeconf  Renviron  Renviron.orig  Renviron.site  Renviron.ucf  repositories  Rprofile.site
<pre>
 
load(url("http:/www.example.com/example.RData"))
brb@brb-T3500:~$ ls /usr/local/lib/R
site-library
</pre>
</pre>
and
<pre>
brb@brb-T3500:~$ cat /usr/lib/R/etc/Rprofile.site
##                                              Emacs please make this -*- R -*-
## empty Rprofile.site for R on Debian
##
## Copyright (C) 2008 Dirk Eddelbuettel and GPL'ed
##
## see help(Startup) for documentation on ~/.Rprofile and Rprofile.site


# ## Example of .Rprofile
This does not work with load(), dget(), read.table() for files on '''OneDrive'''. In fact, I cannot use wget with shared files from OneDrive. The following trick works: [https://mangolassi.it/topic/19276/how-to-configure-a-onedrive-file-for-use-with-wget How to configure a OneDrive file for use with wget].
# options(width=65, digits=5)
# options(show.signif.stars=FALSE)
# setHook(packageEvent("grDevices", "onLoad"),
#        function(...) grDevices::ps.options(horizontal=FALSE))
# set.seed(1234)
# .First <- function() cat("\n  Welcome to R!\n\n")
# .Last <- function()  cat("\n  Goodbye!\n\n")


# ## Example of Rprofile.site
'''Dropbox''' is easy and works for load(), wget, ...
# local({
#  # add MASS to the default packages, set a CRAN mirror
#  old <- getOption("defaultPackages"); r <- getOption("repos")
#  r["CRAN"] <- "http://my.local.cran"
#  options(defaultPackages = c(old, "MASS"), repos = r)
#})
brb@brb-T3500:~$ cat /usr/lib/R/etc/Renviron.site
##                                              Emacs please make this -*- R -*-
## empty Renviron.site for R on Debian
##
## Copyright (C) 2008 Dirk Eddelbuettel and GPL'ed
##
## see help(Startup) for documentation on ~/.Renviron and Renviron.site


# ## Example ~/.Renviron on Unix
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/46875562 R download .RData] or [https://stackoverflow.com/a/56670130 Directly loading .RData from github] from Github.
# R_LIBS=~/R/library
# PAGER=/usr/local/bin/less


# ## Example .Renviron on Windows
=== zip function ===
# R_LIBS=C:/R/library
This will include 'hallmarkFiles' root folder in the files inside zip.
# MY_TCLTK="c:/Program Files/Tcl/bin"
<pre>
zip(zipfile = 'myFile.zip',
    files = dir('hallmarkFiles', full.names = TRUE))


# ## Example of setting R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES (from R CMD check)
# Verify/view the files. 'list = TRUE' won't extract
# R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES='utils,grDevices,graphics,stats'
unzip('testZip.zip', list = TRUE)
# # this loads the packages in the order given, so they appear on
# # the search path in reverse order.
brb@brb-T3500:~$
</pre>
</pre>


==== What is the best place to save Rconsole on Windows platform ====
=== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/downloader/index.html downloader] package ===
Put/create the file <Rconsole> under ''C:/Users/USERNAME/Documents'' folder so no matter how R was upgraded/downgraded, it always find my preference.
This package provides a wrapper for the download.file function, making it possible to download files over https on Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like platforms. The RCurl package provides this functionality (and much more) but can be difficult to install because it must be compiled with external dependencies. This package has no external dependencies, so it is much easier to install.


My preferred settings:
=== Google drive file based on https using [http://www.omegahat.org/RCurl/FAQ.html RCurl] package ===
* Font: Consolas (it will be shown as "TT Consolas" in Rconsole)
{{Pre}}
* Size: 12
require(RCurl)
* background: black
myCsv <- getURL("https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?hl=en_US&hl=en_US&key=0AkuuKBh0jM2TdGppUFFxcEdoUklCQlJhM2kweGpoUUE&single=true&gid=0&output=csv")
* normaltext: white
read.csv(textConnection(myCsv))
* usertext: GreenYellow or orange (close to RStudio's Cobalt theme) or sienna1 or SpringGreen or tan1 or yellow
</pre>


and others (default options)
=== Google sheet file using [https://github.com/jennybc/googlesheets googlesheets] package ===
* pagebg: white
[http://www.opiniomics.org/reading-data-from-google-sheets-into-r/ Reading data from google sheets into R]
* pagetext: navy
* highlight: DarkRed
* dataeditbg: white
* dataedittext: navy (View() function)
* dataedituser: red
* editorbg: white (edit() function)
* editortext: black


=== Saving and loading history automatically: .Rprofile & local() ===
=== Github files https using RCurl package ===
* http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/utils/html/savehistory.html
* http://support.rstudio.org/help/kb/faq/configuring-r-to-use-an-http-proxy
* '''.Rprofile''' will automatically be loaded when R has started from that directory
* http://tonybreyal.wordpress.com/2011/11/24/source_https-sourcing-an-r-script-from-github/
* Don't do things in your .Rprofile that affect how R code runs, such as loading a package like dplyr or ggplot or setting an option such as stringsAsFactors = FALSE. See [https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2017/12/workflow-vs-script/ Project-oriented workflow].
* '''.Rprofile''' has been created/used by the '''packrat''' package to restore a packrat environment. See the packrat/init.R file and [[R_packages|R packages &rarr; packrat]].
* [http://www.statmethods.net/interface/customizing.html Customizing Startup] from R in Action, [http://www.onthelambda.com/2014/09/17/fun-with-rprofile-and-customizing-r-startup/ Fun with .Rprofile and customizing R startup]
** You can also place a '''.Rprofile''' file in any directory that you are going to run R from or in the user home directory.
** At startup, R will source the '''Rprofile.site''' file. It will then look for a '''.Rprofile''' file to source in the current working directory. If it doesn't find it, it will look for one in the user's home directory.
<pre>
<pre>
options(continue=" ") # default is "+ "
x = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6671098/raw/c4cb0ca6fe78054da8dbe253a05f7046270d5693/GeneIDs.txt",
options(editor="nano") # default is "vi" on Linux
            ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
# options(htmlhelp=TRUE)
read.table(text=x)
</pre>
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gistr/index.html gistr] package
 
== data summary table ==
=== summarytools: create summary tables for vectors and data frames ===
https://github.com/dcomtois/summarytools. R Package for quickly and neatly summarizing vectors and data frames.


local((r <- getOption("repos")
=== skimr: A frictionless, pipeable approach to dealing with summary statistics ===
  r["CRAN"] <- "http://cran.rstudio.com"
[https://ropensci.org/blog/2017/07/11/skimr/ skimr for useful and tidy summary statistics]
  options(repos = r)))


.First <- function(){
=== modelsummary ===
# library(Hmisc)
[https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/modelsummary/index.html modelsummary]: Summary Tables and Plots for Statistical Models and Data: Beautiful, Customizable, and Publication-Ready
cat("\nWelcome at", date(), "\n")
}


.Last <- function(){
=== broom ===
cat("\nGoodbye at ", date(), "\n")
[[Tidyverse#broom|Tidyverse->broom]]
</pre>  
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16734937/saving-and-loading-history-automatically
* The history file will always be read from the $HOME directory and the history file will be overwritten by a new session. These two problems can be solved if we define '''R_HISTFILE''' system variable.
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.0/topics/eval local()] function can be used in .Rprofile file to set up the environment even no new variables will be created (change repository, install packages, load libraries, source R files, run system() function, file/directory I/O, etc)


'''Linux''' or '''Mac'''
=== Create publication tables using '''tables''' package ===
See p13 for example at [http://www.ianwatson.com.au/stata/tabout_tutorial.pdf#page=13 here]


In '''~/.profile''' or '''~/.bashrc''' I put:
R's [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tables/index.html tables] packages is the best solution. For example,
<pre>
{{Pre}}
export R_HISTFILE=~/.Rhistory
> library(tables)
> tabular( (Species + 1) ~ (n=1) + Format(digits=2)*
+          (Sepal.Length + Sepal.Width)*(mean + sd), data=iris )
                                                 
                Sepal.Length      Sepal.Width   
Species    n  mean        sd  mean        sd 
setosa      50 5.01        0.35 3.43        0.38
versicolor  50 5.94        0.52 2.77        0.31
virginica  50 6.59        0.64 2.97        0.32
All        150 5.84        0.83 3.06        0.44
> str(iris)
'data.frame':   150 obs. of  5 variables:
$ Sepal.Length: num  5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
$ Sepal.Width : num  3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
$ Petal.Length: num  1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
$ Petal.Width : num  0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
$ Species    : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
</pre>
</pre>
In '''~/.Rprofile''' I put:
and
<pre>
<pre>
if (interactive()) {
# This example shows some of the less common options       
  if (.Platform$OS.type == "unix") .First <- function() try(utils::loadhistory("~/.Rhistory"))  
> Sex <- factor(sample(c("Male", "Female"), 100, rep=TRUE))
   .Last <- function() try(savehistory(file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rhistory")))
> Status <- factor(sample(c("low", "medium", "high"), 100, rep=TRUE))
> z <- rnorm(100)+5
> fmt <- function(x) {
   s <- format(x, digits=2)
  even <- ((1:length(s)) %% 2) == 0
  s[even] <- sprintf("(%s)", s[even])
  s
}
}
> tabular( Justify(c)*Heading()*z*Sex*Heading(Statistic)*Format(fmt())*(mean+sd) ~ Status )
                  Status             
Sex    Statistic high  low    medium
Female mean      4.88  4.96  5.17
        sd        (1.20) (0.82) (1.35)
Male  mean      4.45  4.31  5.05
        sd        (1.01) (0.93) (0.75)
</pre>
</pre>


'''Windows'''
=== fgsea example ===
[http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/fgsea/inst/doc/fgsea-tutorial.html  vignette] & [https://github.com/ctlab/fgsea/blob/master/R/plot.R#L28 source code]


If you launch R by clicking its icon from Windows Desktop, the R starts in '''C:\User\$USER\Documents''' directory. So we can create a new file '''.Rprofile''' in this directory.
=== (archived) ClinReport: Statistical Reporting in Clinical Trials ===
<pre>
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ClinReport/index.html
if (interactive()) {
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory(file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rhistory")))
}
</pre>


=== R release versions ===
== Append figures to PDF files ==
[http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rversions/index.html rversions]: Query the main 'R' 'SVN' repository to find the released versions & dates.
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/13274272 How to append a plot to an existing pdf file]. Hint: use the recordPlot() function.


=== Detect number of running R instances in Windows ===
== Save base graphics as pseudo-objects ==
* http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15935931/detect-number-of-running-r-instances-in-windows-within-r
[https://www.andrewheiss.com/blog/2016/12/08/save-base-graphics-as-pseudo-objects-in-r/ Save base graphics as pseudo-objects in R]. Note there are some cons with this approach.
<pre>
<pre>
C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rscript.exe"
pdf(NULL)
INFO: No tasks are running which match the specified criteria.
dev.control(displaylist="enable")
plot(df$x, df$y)
text(40, 0, "Random")
text(60, 2, "Text")
lines(stats::lowess(df$x, df$y))
p1.base <- recordPlot()
invisible(dev.off())


C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe"
# Display the saved plot
grid::grid.newpage()
p1.base
</pre>


Image Name                    PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
== Extracting tables from PDFs ==  
========================= ======== ================ =========== ============
<ul>
Rgui.exe                      1096 Console                    1     44,712 K
<li>[http://datascienceplus.com/extracting-tables-from-pdfs-in-r-using-the-tabulizer-package/ extracting Tables from PDFs in R] using Tabulizer. This needs the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rJava/index.html rJava] package. Linux works fine. Some issue came out on my macOS 10.12 Sierra. '''Library not loaded: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-9.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/server/libjvm.dylib. Referenced from: /Users/XXXXXXX/Library/R/3.5/library/rJava/libs/rJava.so'''.
</li>
<li>
[https://docs.ropensci.org/pdftools/ pdftools] - Text Extraction, Rendering and Converting of PDF Documents. [https://ropensci.org/technotes/2018/12/14/pdftools-20/ pdf_text() and pdf_data()] functions.
{{Pre}}
library(pdftools)
pdf_file <- "https://github.com/ropensci/tabulizer/raw/master/inst/examples/data.pdf"
txt <- pdf_text(pdf_file) # length = number of pages
# Suppose the table we are interested in is on page 1
cat(txt[1]) # Good but not in a data frame format


C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rserve.exe"
pdf_data(pdf_file)[[1]]  # data frame/tibble format
</pre>
However, it seems it does not work on [http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/8/3177/tab-figures-only Table S6]. Tabulizer package is better at this case.


Image Name                    PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
This is another example. [https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAxMDkxODM1Ng==&mid=2247490327&idx=1&sn=cca7d4423426318e0c23adb098cf0ad7&chksm=9b485bacac3fd2ba2196b380c59b5eab9d29795d3334b040f50a2fa58124ec6e3be9472829e0&scene=21#wechat_redirect 神技能-自动化批量从PDF里面提取表格]
========================= ======== ================ =========== ============
</li>
Rserve.exe                    6108 Console                    1    381,796 K
<li>[https://www.linuxuprising.com/2019/05/how-to-convert-pdf-to-text-on-linux-gui.html?m=1 How To Convert PDF To Text On Linux (GUI And Command Line)]. It works when I tested my PDF file.
{{Pre}}
sudo apt install poppler-utils
pdftotext -layout input.pdf output.txt
pdftotext -layout -f 3 -l 4 input.pdf output.txt # from page 3 to 4.
</pre>
</pre>
In R, we can use
</li>
<pre>
<li>[https://www.adobe.com/acrobat/how-to/pdf-to-excel-xlsx-converter.html Convert PDF files into Excel spreadsheets] using Adobe Acrobat. See [https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/how-to/extract-pages-from-pdf.html How to extract pages from a PDF]. Note the PDF file should not be opened by Excel since it is binary format Excel can't recognize.
> system('tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe" ', intern = TRUE)
<li>I found it is easier to use copy the column (it works) from PDF and paste them to Excel </li>
[1] ""                                                                           
</ul>
[2] "Image Name                    PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage"
[3] "========================= ======== ================ =========== ============"
[4] "Rgui.exe                      1096 Console                    1    44,804 K"


> length(system('tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe" ', intern = TRUE))-3
== Print tables ==
</pre>


=== Editor ===
=== addmargins() ===
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)#Editors_and_IDEs
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.5.1/topics/addmargins addmargins]. Puts Arbitrary Margins On Multidimensional Tables Or Arrays.
* [https://datasciencetut.com/how-to-put-margins-on-tables-or-arrays-in-r/ How to put margins on tables or arrays in R?]


* Emacs + ESS. The ESS is useful in the case I want to tidy R code (the tidy_source() function in the formatR package sometimes gives errors; eg when I tested it on an R file like <GetComparisonResults.R> from BRB-ArrayTools v4.4 stable).
=== tableone ===
* [http://www.rstudio.com/ Rstudio] - editor/R terminal/R graphics/file browser/package manager. The new version (0.98) also provides a new feature for debugging step-by-step. See also [https://www.rstudio.com/rviews/2016/11/11/easy-tricks-you-mightve-missed/ RStudio Tricks]
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tableone/
* [http://www.geany.org/ geany] - I like the feature that it shows defined functions on the side panel even for R code. RStudio can also do this (see the bottom of the code panel).
* [https://datascienceplus.com/table-1-and-the-characteristics-of-study-population/ Table 1 and the Characteristics of Study Population]
* [http://rgedit.sourceforge.net/ Rgedit] which includes a feature of splitting screen into two panes and run R in the bottom panel. See [http://www.stattler.com/article/using-gedit-or-rgedit-r here].
* [https://www.jianshu.com/p/e76f2b708d45 如何快速绘制论文的表1(基本特征三线表)?]
* Komodo IDE with browser preview http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wv89OOw9roI at 4:06 and http://docs.activestate.com/komodo/4.4/editor.html
* See Table 1 from [https://boiled-data.github.io/ClassificationDiabetes.html Tidymodels Machine Learning: Diabetes Classification]


=== GUI for Data Analysis ===
=== Some examples ===
Cox models
* [https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article/27/12/3383/671420/Integrative-Genomic-Analysis-of-Gemcitabine Integrative Genomic Analysis of Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer by Patient-derived Xenograft Models]


==== Rcmdr ====
=== finalfit package ===
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcmdr/index.html
[https://finalfit.org/index.html summary_factorlist()] from the finalfit package.


==== Deducer ====
=== table1 ===
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Deducer/index.html
* https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/table1/
* [https://www.rdatagen.net/post/2023-09-26-nice-looking-table-1-with-standardized-mean-difference/ Creating a nice looking Table 1 with standardized mean differences (SMD)]. SMD is the difference in group means divided by the pooled standard deviation (and is defined differently for categorical measures). Note that the pooled standard deviation defined here is different from we see on the '''[[T-test#Two_sample_test_assuming_equal_variance|t.test]]''' when we assume equivalent variance in two samples.


==== jamovi ====
=== gtsummary ===
* https://www.jamovi.org/
* [https://education.rstudio.com/blog/2020/07/gtsummary/ Presentation-Ready Summary Tables with gtsummary]
* [http://r4stats.com/2019/01/09/updated-review-jamovi/ Updated Review: jamovi User Interface to R]
* [https://www.danieldsjoberg.com/gtsummary/ gtsummary] & on [https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/gtsummary/index.html CRAN]
** [https://www.danieldsjoberg.com/gtsummary/articles/tbl_summary.html tbl_summary()]. The output is in the "Viewer" window.
* An example: [https://boiled-data.github.io/ClassificationDiabetes.html Tidymodels Machine Learning: Diabetes Classification]. The table is saved in a png file. The column variable is response.


=== Scope ===
=== gt ===
See
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2024/02/introduction-to-clinical-tables-with-the-gt-package/ Introduction to Clinical Tables with the {gt} Package]
* [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.html#Assignment-within-functions Assignments within functions] in the '''An Introduction to R''' manual.
* [[#How_to_exit_a_sourced_R_script|source()]] does not work like C's preprocessor where statements in header files will be literally inserted into the code. It does not work when you define a variable in a function but want to use it outside the function (even through '''source()''')


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== dplyr ===
## foo.R ##
https://stackoverflow.com/a/34587522. The output includes counts and proportions in a publication like fashion.
cat(ArrayTools, "\n")
## End of foo.R


# 1. Error
=== tables::tabular() ===
predict <- function() {
  ArrayTools <- "C:/Program Files" # or through load() function
  source("foo.R")                  # or through a function call; foo()
}
predict()   # Object ArrayTools not found


# 2. OK. Make the variable global
=== gmodels::CrossTable() ===
predict <- function() {
https://www.statmethods.net/stats/frequencies.html
  ArrayTools <<- "C:/Program Files'
  source("foo.R")
}
predict() 
ArrayTools


# 3. OK. Create a global variable
=== base::prop.table(x, margin) ===
ArrayTools <- "C:/Program Files"
[http://developer.r-project.org/blosxom.cgi/R-devel/2020/02/13#n2020-02-13 New function ‘proportions()’ and ‘marginSums()’. These should replace the unfortunately named ‘prop.table()’ and ‘margin.table()’.] for R 4.0.0.
predict <- function() {
<pre>
  source("foo.R")
R> m <- matrix(1:4, 2)
}
R> prop.table(m, 1) # row percentage
predict()
          [,1]      [,2]
</syntaxhighlight>
[1,] 0.2500000 0.7500000
[2,] 0.3333333 0.6666667
R> prop.table(m, 2) # column percentage
          [,1]      [,2]
[1,] 0.3333333 0.4285714
[2,] 0.6666667 0.5714286
</pre>


'''Note that any ordinary assignments done within the function are local and temporary and are lost after exit from the function.'''
=== stats::xtabs() ===


Example 1.
=== stats::ftable() ===
<pre>
{{Pre}}
> ttt <- data.frame(type=letters[1:5], JpnTest=rep("999", 5), stringsAsFactors = F)
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 1:3)
> ttt
                  Survived  No Yes
   type JpnTest
Class Sex    Age                 
1   a    999
1st  Male  Child            0   5
2    b    999
            Adult          118  57
3    c    999
      Female Child            0  1
4    d    999
            Adult            4 140
5    e    999
2nd  Male  Child            0  11
> jpntest <- function() { ttt$JpnTest[1] ="N5"; print(ttt)}
            Adult          154  14
> jpntest()
      Female Child            0  13
   type JpnTest
            Adult          13  80
1    a      N5
3rd  Male  Child          35  13
2    b    999
            Adult          387  75
3   c    999
      Female Child          17  14
4    d    999
            Adult          89  76
5   e    999
Crew  Male  Child            0  0
> ttt
            Adult          670 192
   type JpnTest
      Female Child            0  0
1    a    999
            Adult            3  20
2    b    999
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 1:2, col.vars = "Survived")
3    c    999
            Survived  No Yes
4   d    999
Class Sex                   
5    e    999
1st  Male            118  62
</pre>
      Female            4 141
 
2nd  Male            154  25
Example 2. [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1236620/global-variables-in-r How can we set global variables inside a function?] The answer is to use the "<<-" operator or '''assign(, , envir = .GlobalEnv)''' function.
      Female          13  93
 
3rd   Male            422  88
Other resource: [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html Advanced R] by Hadley Wickham.
      Female          106  90
 
Crew  Male            670 192
Example 3. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1169534/writing-functions-in-r-keeping-scoping-in-mind Writing functions in R, keeping scoping in mind]
      Female            3 20
 
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 2:1, col.vars = "Survived")
==== New environment ====
            Survived  No Yes
http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Environments.html
Sex   Class               
 
Male   1st            118  62
Run the same function on a bunch of R objects
      2nd            154  25
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
      3rd            422  88
mye = new.env()
      Crew          670 192
load(<filename>, mye)
Female 1st              4 141
for(n in names(mye)) n = as_tibble(mye[[n]])
      2nd            13  93
</syntaxhighlight>
      3rd            106  90
 
      Crew            3  20
=== Speedup R code ===
> str(Titanic)
* [http://datascienceplus.com/strategies-to-speedup-r-code/ Strategies to speedup R code] from DataScience+
table [1:4, 1:2, 1:2, 1:2] 0 0 35 0 0 0 17 0 118 154 ...
 
- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 4
=== Profiler ===
  ..$ Class  : chr [1:4] "1st" "2nd" "3rd" "Crew"
(Video) [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/understand-code-performance-with-the-profiler/ Understand Code Performance with the profiler]
  ..$ Sex    : chr [1:2] "Male" "Female"
 
  ..$ Age    : chr [1:2] "Child" "Adult"
=== && vs & ===
  ..$ Survived: chr [1:2] "No" "Yes"
See https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/Logic.
> x <- ftable(mtcars[c("cyl", "vs", "am", "gear")])
 
> x
The shorter form performs elementwise comparisons in much the same way as arithmetic operators. The longer form evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each vector.
          gear  3  4  5
 
cyl vs am             
=== Vectorization ===
4  0  0        0  0  0
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorization_%28mathematics%29 Vectorization (Mathematics)] from wikipedia
      1        0  0  1
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_programming Array programming] from wikipedia
    1  0        1  2  0
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD)] from wikipedia
      1        0  6  1
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/1422181 What is vectorization] stackoverflow
6  0  0        0  0  0
* http://www.noamross.net/blog/2014/4/16/vectorization-in-r--why.html
      1        0  2  1
* https://github.com/vsbuffalo/devnotes/wiki/R-and-Vectorization
    1  0        2  2  0
* [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/09/16/why-vectorize/ Why Vectorize?] statcompute.wordpress.com
      1       0  0  0
* [https://www.jimhester.com/2018/04/12/vectorize/ Beware of Vectorize] from Jim Hester
8  0  0      12  0  0
* [https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/matrixstats matrixStats]: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors). E.g. col / rowMedians(), col / rowRanks(), and col / rowSds(). [https://github.com/HenrikBengtsson/matrixStats/wiki/Benchmark-reports Benchmark reports].
      1        0  0  2
    1  0        0  0  0
      1        0  0  0
> ftable(x, row.vars = c(2, 4))
        cyl  4    6    8 
        am  0  1  0  1  0  1
vs gear                     
0  3        0  0  0  0 12  0
  4         0  0  0  2  0  0
  5        0  1  0  1  0  2
1  3        1  0  2  0  0  0
  4        2  6  2  0  0  0
  5        0  1  0  0  0  0
>
> ## Start with expressions, use table()'s "dnn" to change labels
> ftable(mtcars$cyl, mtcars$vs, mtcars$am, mtcars$gear, row.vars = c(2, 4),
        dnn = c("Cylinders", "V/S", "Transmission", "Gears"))


==== sapply vs vectorization ====
          Cylinders    4    6    8 
[http://theautomatic.net/2019/03/13/speed-test-sapply-vs-vectorization/ Speed test: sapply vs vectorization]
          Transmission  0  1  0  1  0  1
 
V/S Gears                             
==== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/split split()] and sapply() ====
0  3                  0  0  0  0 12  0
split() can be used to split a vector, columns or rows. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3302356/how-to-split-a-data-frame How to split a data frame?]
    4                   0  0  0  2 0  0
* Split rows of a data frame/matrix <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
    5                  0  1  0  1 2
split(mtcars,mtcars$cyl)
1   3                  0 0  0 0
</syntaxhighlight>
    4                   2 6  2  0 0 0
* Split columns of a data frame/matrix. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
    5                  0 1  0  0 0 0
ma <- cbind(x = 1:10, y = (-4:5)^2, z = 11:20)
</pre>
split(ma, cbind(rep(1,10), rep(2, 10), rep(1,10)))
 
# $`1`
== tracemem, data type, copy ==
#  [1] 1 3 4 5 7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18359940/r-programming-vector-a1-2-avoid-copying-the-whole-vector/18361181#18361181 How to avoid copying a long vector]
#
# $`2`
# [1] 16 9 4 1  0  1 4 9 16 25
</syntaxhighlight>
* split() + sapply() to merge columns. See below 'Mean of duplicated columns' for more detail.
* split() + sapply() to split a vector. See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/genefilter/versions/1.54.2/topics/nsFilter nsFilter()] function which can remove duplicated probesets/rows using unique Entrez Gene IDs ('''genefilter''' package). The source code of [https://github.com/Bioconductor/genefilter/blob/b86f2cf47cf420b1444188bfe970714a7cc7f33b/R/nsFilter.R#L224 nsFilter()] and [https://github.com/Bioconductor/genefilter/blob/b86f2cf47cf420b1444188bfe970714a7cc7f33b/R/all.R#L170 findLargest()]. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
tSsp = split.default(testStat, lls)
# testStat is a vector of numerics including probeset IDs as names
# lls is a vector of entrez IDs (same length as testStat)
# tSSp is a list of the same length as unique elements of lls.


sapply(tSsp, function(x) names(which.max(x)))
== Tell if the current R is running in 32-bit or 64-bit mode ==
# return a vector of probset IDs of length of unique entrez IDs
<pre>
</syntaxhighlight>  
8 * .Machine$sizeof.pointer
: And here is another example from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bigmemory/vignettes/Overview.pdf bigmemory] vignette,
</pre>
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
where '''sizeof.pointer''' returns the number of *bytes* in a C SEXP type and '8' means number of bits per byte.
planeindices <- split(1:nrow(x), x[,'TailNum'])
planeStart <- sapply(planeindices,
                    function(i) birthmonth(x[i, c('Year','Month'),
                                            drop=FALSE]))
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Mean of duplicated columns: rowMeans ====
== 32- and 64-bit ==
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35925529/reduce-columns-of-a-matrix-by-a-function-in-r Reduce columns of a matrix by a function in R]  <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html#Choosing-between-32_002d-and-64_002dbit-builds R-admin.html].
x <- matrix(1:60, nr=10); x[1, 2:3] <- NA
* For speed you may want to use a 32-bit build, but to handle large datasets a 64-bit build.
colnames(x) <- c("A","A", "b", "b", "b", "c"); x
* Even on 64-bit builds of R there are limits on the size of R objects, some of which stem from the use of 32-bit integers (especially in FORTRAN code). For example, the dimensionas of an array are limited to 2^31 -1.
res <- sapply(split(1:ncol(x), colnames(x)),
* Since R 2.15.0, it is possible to select '64-bit Files' from the standard installer even on a 32-bit version of Windows (2012/3/30).
              function(i) rowMeans(x[, i, drop=F], na.rm = TRUE))
res


# vapply() is safter than sapply().  
== Handling length 2^31 and more in R 3.0.0 ==
# The 3rd arg in vapply() is a template of the return value.
 
res2 <- vapply(split(1:ncol(x), colnames(x)),
From R News for 3.0.0 release:
              function(i) rowMeans(x[, i, drop=F], na.rm = TRUE),
 
              rep(0, nrow(x)))
''There is a subtle change in behaviour for numeric index values 2^31 and larger. These never used to be legitimate and so were treated as NA, sometimes with a warning. They are now legal for long vectors so there is no longer a warning, and x[2^31] <- y will now extend the vector on a 64-bit platform and give an error on a 32-bit one.
</syntaxhighlight>
''
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/colSums colSums, rowSums, colMeans, rowMeans] (no group variable). These functions are equivalent to use of ‘apply’ with ‘FUN = mean’ or ‘FUN = sum’ with appropriate margins, but are a lot faster. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
rowMeans(x, na.rm=T)
# [1] 31 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35


apply(x, 1, mean, na.rm=T)
In R 2.15.2, if I try to assign a vector of length 2^31, I will get an error
# [1] 31 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
<pre>
</syntaxhighlight>
> x <- seq(1, 2^31)
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/matrixStats/index.html matrixStats]: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors)
Error in from:to : result would be too long a vector
</pre>


==== Mean of duplicated rows: colMeans and rowsum ====
However, for R 3.0.0 (tested on my 64-bit Ubuntu with 16GB RAM. The R was compiled by myself):
* colMeans(x, na.rm = FALSE, dims = 1)
<pre>
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> system.time(x <- seq(1,2^31))
x <- matrix(1:60, nr=10); x[1, 2:3] <- NA; x
  user  system elapsed
rownames(x) <- c(rep("a", 2), rep("b", 3), rep("c", 4), "d")
  8.604  11.060 120.815
res <- sapply(split(1:nrow(x), rownames(x)),
> length(x)
              function(i) colMeans(x[i, , drop=F], na.rm = TRUE))
[1] 2147483648
res <- t(res) # transpose is needed since sapply() will form the resulting matrix by columns
> length(x)/2^20
</syntaxhighlight>
[1] 2048
* rowsum(x, group, reorder = TRUE, …)
> gc()
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
            used    (Mb) gc trigger    (Mb)   max used    (Mb)
x <- matrix(runif(100), ncol = 5) # 20 x 5
Ncells    183823    9.9    407500    21.8    350000    18.7
group <- sample(1:8, 20, TRUE)
Vcells 2147764406 16386.2 2368247221 18068.3 2148247383 16389.9
(xsum <- rowsum(x, group)) # 8 x 5
>
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25198442/how-to-calculate-mean-median-per-group-in-a-dataframe-in-r How to calculate mean/median per group in a dataframe in r] where '''doBy''' and '''dplyr''' are recommended.
Note:  
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/matrixStats/index.html matrixStats]: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors)
# 2^31 length is about 2 Giga length. It takes about 16 GB (2^31*8/2^20 MB) memory.
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/doBy/ doBy] package
# On Windows, it is almost impossible to work with 2^31 length of data if the memory is less than 16 GB because virtual disk on Windows does not work well. For example, when I tested on my 12 GB Windows 7, the whole Windows system freezes for several minutes before I force to power off the machine.
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7881660/finding-the-mean-of-all-duplicates use ave() and unique()]
# My slide in http://goo.gl/g7sGX shows the screenshots of running the above command on my Ubuntu and RHEL machines. As you can see the linux is pretty good at handling large (> system RAM) data. That said, as long as your linux system is 64-bit, you can possibly work on large data without too much pain.
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17383635/average-between-duplicated-rows-in-r data.table package]
# For large dataset, it makes sense to use database or specially crafted packages like [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bigmemory/ bigmemory] or [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ff/ ff] or [https://privefl.github.io/bigstatsr/ bigstatsr].
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10180132/consolidate-duplicate-rows plyr package]
# [https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17330 [[<- for index 2^31 fails]
* [http://www.statmethods.net/management/aggregate.html aggregate()] function. Too slow! http://slowkow.com/2015/01/28/data-table-aggregate/. [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2015/10/dont-use-statsaggregate/ Don't use aggregate] post. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
 
> attach(mtcars)
== NA in index ==
dim(mtcars)
* Question: what is seq(1, 3)[c(1, 2, NA)]?
[1] 32 11
> head(mtcars)
                  mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
Mazda RX4        21.0  6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
Mazda RX4 Wag    21.0  6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
Datsun 710        22.8  4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
Hornet 4 Drive    21.4  6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
Hornet Sportabout 18.7  8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
Valiant          18.1  6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
> with(mtcars, table(cyl, vs))
  vs
cyl  0  1
  4  1 10
  6  3  4
  8 14  0
> aggdata <-aggregate(mtcars, by=list(cyl,vs),  FUN=mean, na.rm=TRUE)
> print(aggdata)
  Group.1 Group.2      mpg cyl  disp      hp    drat      wt    qsec vs
1      4      0 26.00000  4 120.30  91.0000 4.430000 2.140000 16.70000  0
2      6      0 20.56667  6 155.00 131.6667 3.806667 2.755000 16.32667  0
3      8      0 15.10000  8 353.10 209.2143 3.229286 3.999214 16.77214  0
4      4      1 26.73000  4 103.62  81.8000 4.035000 2.300300 19.38100  1
5      6      1 19.12500  6 204.55 115.2500 3.420000 3.388750 19.21500  1
        am    gear    carb
1 1.0000000 5.000000 2.000000
2 1.0000000 4.333333 4.666667
3 0.1428571 3.285714 3.500000
4 0.7000000 4.000000 1.500000
5 0.0000000 3.500000 2.500000
> detach(mtcars)


# Another example: select rows with a minimum value from a certain column (yval in this case)
Answer: It will reserve the element with NA in indexing and return the value NA for it.
> mydf <- read.table(header=T, text='
id xval yval
A 1  1
A -2  2
B 3  3
B 4  4
C 5  5
')
> x = mydf$xval
> y = mydf$yval
> aggregate(mydf[, c(2,3)], by=list(id=mydf$id), FUN=function(x) x[which.min(y)])
  id xval yval
1  A    1    1
2  B    3    3
3  C    5    5
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Apply family ===
* Question: What is TRUE & NA?
Vectorize, aggregate, apply, by, eapply, lapply, mapply, rapply, replicate, scale, sapply, split, tapply, and vapply.
Answer: NA


The following list gives a hierarchical relationship among these functions.
* Question: What is FALSE & NA?
* '''apply'''(X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) – Apply a Functions Over Array Margins
Answer: FALSE
* '''lapply'''(X, FUN, ...) – Apply a Function over a List (including a data frame) or Vector X.
** '''sapply'''(X, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Apply a Function over a List or Vector
*** '''replicate'''(n, expr, simplify = "array")
** '''mapply'''(FUN, ..., MoreArgs = NULL, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Multivariate version of sapply
*** '''Vectorize'''(FUN, vectorize.args = arg.names, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) - Vectorize a Scalar Function
*** '''Map'''(FUN, ...) A wrapper to mapply with SIMPLIFY = FALSE, so it is guaranteed to return a list.
** '''vapply'''(X, FUN, FUN.VALUE, ..., USE.NAMES = TRUE) – similar to sapply, but has a pre-specified type of return value
** '''rapply'''(object, f, classes = "ANY", deflt = NULL, how = c("unlist", "replace", "list"), ...) – A recursive version of lapply
* '''tapply'''(V, INDEX, FUN = NULL, ..., default = NA, simplify = TRUE) – Apply a Function Over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_array "Ragged" Array]. V is typically a vector where split() will be applied. INDEX is a list of one or more factors.
** '''aggregate'''(D, by, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE, drop = TRUE) - Apply a function to each '''columns''' of subset data frame split by factors. FUN (such as mean(), weighted.mean(), sum()) is a simple function applied to a vector. D is typically a data frame.
** '''by'''(D, INDICES, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE) - Apply a Function to each '''subset data frame''' split by factors. FUN (such as summary(), lm()) is applied to a data frame. D is typically a data frame.
* '''eapply'''(env, FUN, ..., all.names = FALSE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Apply a Function over values in an environment


[https://www.queryhome.com/tech/76799/r-difference-between-apply-vs-sapply-vs-lapply-vs-tapply Difference between apply vs sapply vs lapply vs tapply?]
* Question: c("A", "B", NA) != "" ?
* apply - When you want to apply a function to the rows or columns or both of a matrix and output is a one-dimensional if only row or column is selected else it is a 2D-matrix
Answer: TRUE TRUE NA
* lapply - When you want to apply a function to each element of a list in turn and get a list back.
* sapply - When you want to apply a function to each element of a list in turn, but you want a vector back, rather than a list.
* tapply - When you want to apply a function to subsets of a vector and the subsets are defined by some other vector, usually a factor.


Some short examples:
* Question: which(c("A", "B", NA) != "") ?
* [http://people.stern.nyu.edu/ylin/r_apply_family.html stern.nyu.edu].  
Answer: 1 2
* [http://www.datasciencemadesimple.com/apply-function-r/ Apply Function in R – apply vs lapply vs sapply vs mapply vs tapply vs rapply vs vapply] from datasciencemadesimple.com.
 
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/7141669 How to use which one (apply family) when?]
* Question: c(1, 2, NA) != "" & !is.na(c(1, 2, NA)) ?
Answer: TRUE TRUE FALSE
 
* Question: c("A", "B", NA) != "" & !is.na(c("A", "B", NA)) ?
Answer: TRUE TRUE FALSE
 
'''Conclusion''': In order to exclude empty or NA for numerical or character data type, we can use '''which()''' or a convenience function '''keep.complete(x) <- function(x) x != "" & !is.na(x)'''. This will guarantee return logical values and not contain NAs.
 
Don't just use x != "" OR !is.na(x).


Note that, apply's performance is not always better than a for loop. See
=== Some functions ===
* http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/help/06/05/27255.html (answered by Brian Ripley)
* X %>% [https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/reference/drop_na.html tidyr::drop_na()]
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2014-October/422455.html (has one example)
* '''stats::na.omit()''' and '''stats::complete.cases()'''. [https://statisticsglobe.com/na-omit-r-example/ NA Omit in R | 3 Example Codes for na.omit (Data Frame, Vector & by Column)]


==== Progress bar ====
== Constant and 'L' ==
[http://peter.solymos.org/code/2016/09/11/what-is-the-cost-of-a-progress-bar-in-r.html What is the cost of a progress bar in R?]
Add 'L' after a constant. For example,
{{Pre}}
for(i in 1L:n) { }


The package 'pbapply' creates a text-mode progress bar - it works on any platforms. On Windows platform, check out [http://www.theanalystatlarge.com/for-loop-tracking-windows-progress-bar/ this post]. It uses  winProgressBar() and setWinProgressBar() functions.
if (max.lines > 0L) { }


==== lapply and its friends Map(), Reduce(), Filter() from the base package for manipulating lists ====
label <- paste0(n-i+1L, ": ")
* Examples of using lapply() + split() on a data frame. See [http://rollingyours.wordpress.com/category/r-programming-apply-lapply-tapply/ rollingyours.wordpress.com].
* mapply() [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/mapply documentation]. [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9519543/merge-two-lists-in-r Use mapply() to merge lists].
* [http://www.brodrigues.co/functional_programming_and_unit_testing_for_data_munging/fprog.html Map() and Reduce()] in functional programming
* Map(), Reduce(), and Filter() from [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functionals.html#functionals-fp Advanced R] by Hadley
** If you have two or more lists (or data frames) that you need to process in <span style="color: red">parallel</span>, use '''Map()'''. One good example is to compute the weighted.mean() function that requires two input objects. Map() is similar to '''mapply()''' function and is more concise than '''lapply()'''. [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functionals.html#functionals-loop Advanced R] has a comment that Map() is better than mapply(). <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Syntax: Map(f, ...)


xs <- replicate(5, runif(10), simplify = FALSE)
n <- length(x);  if(n == 0L) { }
ws <- replicate(5, rpois(10, 5) + 1, simplify = FALSE)
</pre>
Map(weighted.mean, xs, ws)


# instead of a more clumsy way
== Vector/Arrays ==
lapply(seq_along(xs), function(i) {
R indexes arrays from 1 like Fortran, not from 0 like C or Python.
  weighted.mean(xs[[i]], ws[[i]])
})
</syntaxhighlight>
** Reduce() reduces a vector, x, to a single value by <span style="color: red">recursively</span> calling a function, f, two arguments at a time. A good example of using '''Reduce()''' function is to read a list of matrix files and merge them. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29820029/how-to-combine-multiple-matrix-frames-into-one-using-r How to combine multiple matrix frames into one using R?] <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Syntax: Reduce(f, x, ...)


> m1 <- data.frame(id=letters[1:4], val=1:4)
=== remove integer(0) ===
> m2 <- data.frame(id=letters[2:6], val=2:6)
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/27980810 How to remove integer(0) from a vector?]
> merge(m1, m2, "id", all = T)
 
  id val.x val.y
=== Append some elements ===
1 a     1    NA
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/09/3-r-functions-that-i-enjoy/ append() and its after argument]
b     2    2
 
c     3    3
=== setNames() ===
4  d    4    4
Assign names to a vector
5  e    NA    5
 
6  f    NA    6
<pre>
> m <- list(m1, m2)
z <- setNames(1:3, c("a", "b", "c"))
> Reduce(function(x,y) merge(x,y, "id",all=T), m)
# OR
  id val.x val.y
z <- 1:3; names(z) <- c("a", "b", "c")
1  a    1    NA
# OR
2  b    2    2
z <- c("a"=1, "b"=2, "c"=3) # not work if "a", "b", "c" is like x[1], x[2], x[3].
3  c    3    3
</pre>
4  d    4    4
5  e    NA    5
6  f    NA    6
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/09/08/playing-map-and-reduce-in-r-subsetting/ Playing Map() and Reduce() in R – Subsetting] - using parallel and future packages. [https://statcompute.wordpress.com/2018/09/22/union-multiple-data-frames-with-different-column-names/ Union Multiple Data.Frames with Different Column Names]


==== sapply & vapply ====
== Factor ==
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12339650/why-is-vapply-safer-than-sapply This] discusses why '''vapply''' is safer and faster than sapply.
=== labels argument ===
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functionals.html#functionals-loop Vector output: sapply and vapply] from Advanced R (Hadley Wickham).
We can specify the factor levels and new labels using the factor() function.
* [http://theautomatic.net/2018/11/13/those-other-apply-functions/ THOSE “OTHER” APPLY FUNCTIONS…]. rapply(), vapply() and eapply() are covered.
* [http://theautomatic.net/2019/03/13/speed-test-sapply-vs-vectorization/ Speed test: sapply vs. vectorization]


See parallel::parSapply() for a parallel version of sapply(1:n, function(x)). We can this technique to speed up [https://github.com/SRTRdevhub/C_Statistic_Github/blob/master/Simulation_Demonstration.Rmd#L115 this example].
{{Pre}}
sex <- factor(sex, levels = c("0", "1"), labels = c("Male", "Female"))
drug_treatment <- factor(drug_treatment, levels = c("Placebo", "Low dose", "High dose"))
health_status <- factor(health_status, levels = c("Healthy", "Alzheimer's"))


==== rapply - recursive version of lapply ====
factor(rev(letters[1:3]), labels = c("A", "B", "C"))
* http://4dpiecharts.com/tag/recursive/
# C B A
* [https://github.com/wch/r-source/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=rapply Search in R source code]. Mainly [https://github.com/wch/r-source/blob/trunk/src/library/stats/R/dendrogram.R r-source/src/library/stats/R/dendrogram.R].
# Levels: A B C
</pre>


==== replicate ====
=== Create a factor/categorical variable from a continuous variable: cut() and dplyr::case_when() ===
https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/tutorial-on-loops-in-r
* [https://www.spsanderson.com/steveondata/posts/2024-03-20/index.html Mastering Data Segmentation: A Guide to Using the cut() Function in R]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
:<syntaxhighlight lang='r'>
> replicate(5, rnorm(3))
cut(
          [,1]      [,2]      [,3]     [,4]        [,5]
    c(0, 10, 30),
[1,] 0.2509130 -0.3526600 -0.3170790 1.064816 -0.53708856
    breaks = c(0, 30, 50, Inf),  
[2,]  0.5222548  1.5343319  0.6120194 -1.811913 -1.09352459
     labels = c("Young", "Middle-aged", "Elderly")
[3,] -1.9905533 -0.8902026 -0.5489822  1.308273 0.08773477
  ) # Default include.lowest = FALSE
# [1] <NA> Young Young
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>
* https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/case_when.html
* [https://rpubs.com/DaveRosenman/ifelsealternative Using dplyr’s mutate and case_when functions as alternative for if else statement]
* [http://www.datasciencemadesimple.com/case-statement-r-using-case_when-dplyr/ Case when in R using case_when() Dplyr – case_when in R]
* [https://predictivehacks.com/how-to-convert-continuous-variables-into-categorical-by-creating-bins/ How To Convert Continuous Variables Into Categorical By Creating Bins]
<ul>
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/cut ?cut]
{{Pre}}
set.seed(1)
x <- rnorm(100)
facVar <- cut(x, c(min(x), -1, 1, max(x)), labels = c("low", "medium", "high"))
table(facVar, useNA = "ifany")
facVar
#  low medium  high  <NA>
#    10    74    15      1
</pre>
Note the option '''include.lowest = TRUE''' is needed when we use cut() + quantile(); otherwise the smallest data will become NA since the intervals have the format '''(a, b]'''.
<pre>
x2 <- cut(x, quantile(x, 0:2/2), include.lowest = TRUE) # split x into 2 levels
x2 <- cut(x, quantile(x, 0:3/3), include.lowest = TRUE) # split x into 3 levels


See [[#parallel_package|parSapply()]] for a parallel version of replicate().
library(tidyverse); library(magrittr)
set.seed(1)
breaks <- quantile(runif(100), probs=seq(0, 1, len=20))
x <- runif(50)
bins <- cut(x, breaks=unique(breaks), include.lowest=T, right=T)


==== Vectorize ====
data.frame(sc=x, bins=bins) %>%
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.3/topics/Vectorize Vectorize(FUN, vectorize.args = arg.names, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE)]: creates a function wrapper that vectorizes a scalar function. Its value is a list or vector or array. It calls '''mapply()'''. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
  group_by(bins) %>%
> rep(1:4, 4:1)
  summarise(n=n()) %>%
[1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
  ggplot(aes(x = bins, y = n)) +
> vrep <- Vectorize(rep.int)
    geom_col(color = "black", fill = "#90AACB") +
> vrep(1:4, 4:1)
    theme_minimal() +
[[1]]
    theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) +
[1] 1 1 1 1
    theme(legend.position = "none") + coord_flip()
</pre>
<li>[https://www.spsanderson.com/steveondata/posts/2024-03-20/index.html A Guide to Using the cut() Function in R]
<li>[https://youtu.be/7oyiPBjLAWY?t=2480 tibble object]
{{Pre}}
library(tidyverse)
tibble(age_yrs = c(0, 4, 10, 15, 24, 55),
      age_cat = case_when(
          age_yrs < 2 ~ "baby",
          age_yrs < 13 ~ "kid",
          age_yrs < 20 ~ "teen",
          TRUE         ~ "adult")
)
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://youtu.be/JsNqXLl3eFc?t=96 R tip: Learn dplyr’s case_when() function]
<pre>
case_when(
  condition1 ~ value1,
  condition2 ~ value2,
  TRUE ~ ValueAnythingElse
)
# Example
case_when(
  x %%2 == 0 ~ "even",
  x %%2 == 1 ~ "odd",
  TRUE ~ "Neither even or odd"
)
</pre>
<li>
</ul>


[[2]]
=== How to change one of the level to NA ===
[1] 2 2 2
https://stackoverflow.com/a/25354985. Note that the factor level is removed.
<pre>
x <- factor(c("a", "b", "c", "NotPerformed"))
levels(x)[levels(x) == 'NotPerformed'] <- NA
</pre>


[[3]]
[https://webbedfeet.netlify.app/post/creating-missing-values-in-factors/ Creating missing values in factors]
[1] 3 3


[[4]]
=== Concatenating two factor vectors ===
[1] 4
Not trivial. [https://stackoverflow.com/a/5068939 How to concatenate factors, without them being converted to integer level?].
</syntaxhighlight>
<pre>
* [http://biolitika.si/vectorizing-functions-in-r-is-easy.html Vectorizing functions in R is easy] <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
unlist(list(f1, f2))
> rweibull(1, 1, c(1, 2)) # no error but not sure what it gives?
# unlist(list(factor(letters[1:5]), factor(letters[5:2])))
[1] 2.17123
</pre>
> Vectorize("rweibull")(n=1, shape = 1, scale = c(1, 2))
[1] 1.6491761 0.9610109
</syntaxhighlight>
* https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/gpalem/2013/03/28/make-vectorize-your-friend-in-r/  <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
myfunc <- function(a, b) a*b
myfunc(1, 2) # 2
myfunc(3, 5) # 15
myfunc(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # 2 15
Vectorize(myfunc)(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # 2 15


myfunc2 <- function(a, b) if (length(a) == 1) a * b else NA
=== droplevels() ===
myfunc2(1, 2) # 2
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/droplevels droplevels()]: drop unused levels from a factor or, more commonly, from factors in a data frame.
myfunc2(3, 5) # 15
myfunc2(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # NA
Vectorize(myfunc2)(c(1, 3), c(2, 5)) # 2 15
Vectorize(myfunc2)(c(1, 3, 6), c(2, 5)) # 2 15 12
                                        # parameter will be re-used
</syntaxhighlight>


=== plyr and dplyr packages ===
=== factor(x , levels = ...) vs levels(x) <-  ===
[https://peerj.com/collections/50-practicaldatascistats/ Practical Data Science for Stats - a PeerJ Collection]
<span style="color: red">Note [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/levels.html levels(x)] is to set/rename levels, not reorder.</span> Use <s>'''relevel()'''</s> or '''factor()''' to reorder.


[http://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i01/paper The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis] (plyr package) in J. Stat Software.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/levels levels()]</br>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/plyr/versions/1.8.9/topics/revalue plyr::revalue()]</br>[https://rdocumentation.org/packages/forcats/versions/1.0.0/topics/fct_recode forcats::fct_recode()]
| rename levels
|-
| [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/factor factor(, levels)]
| reorder levels
|}
 
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
sizes <- factor(c("small", "large", "large", "small", "medium"))
sizes
#> [1] small  large  large  small  medium
#> Levels: large medium small
 
sizes2 <- factor(sizes, levels = c("small", "medium", "large")) # reorder levels but data is not changed
sizes2
# [1] small  large  large  small  medium
# Levels: small medium large


[http://seananderson.ca/courses/12-plyr/plyr_2012.pdf A quick introduction to plyr] with a summary of apply functions in R and compare them with functions in plyr package.
sizes3 <- sizes
levels(sizes3) <- c("small", "medium", "large") # rename, not reorder
                                                # large -> small
                                                # medium -> medium
                                                # small -> large
sizes3
# [1] large  small  small  large  medium
# Levels: small medium large
</syntaxhighlight>
A regression example.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
set.seed(1)
x <- sample(1:2, 500, replace = TRUE)
y <- round(x + rnorm(500), 3)
x <- as.factor(x)
sample_data <- data.frame(x, y)
# create linear model
summary(lm( y~x, sample_data))
# Coefficients:
#            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
# (Intercept)  0.96804    0.06610  14.65  <2e-16 ***
# x2          0.99620    0.09462  10.53  <2e-16 ***


# plyr has a common syntax -- easier to remember
# Wrong way when we want to change the baseline level to '2'
# plyr requires less code since it takes care of the input and output format
# No change on the model fitting except the apparent change on the variable name in the printout
# plyr can easily be run in parallel -- faster
levels(sample_data$x) <- c("2", "1")
summary(lm( y~x, sample_data))
# Coefficients:
#            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
# (Intercept)  0.96804    0.06610  14.65  <2e-16 ***
# x1          0.99620    0.09462  10.53  <2e-16 ***


Tutorials
# Correct way if we want to change the baseline level to '2'
* [http://dplyr.tidyverse.org/articles/dplyr.html Introduction to dplyr] from http://dplyr.tidyverse.org/.
# The estimate was changed by flipping the sign from the original data
* A video of [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplyr/index.html dplyr] package can be found on [http://vimeo.com/103872918 vimeo].
sample_data$x <- relevel(x, ref = "2")
* [http://www.dataschool.io/dplyr-tutorial-for-faster-data-manipulation-in-r/ Hands-on dplyr tutorial for faster data manipulation in R] from dataschool.io.
summary(lm( y~x, sample_data))
# Coefficients:
#            Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)   
# (Intercept)  1.96425    0.06770  29.01  <2e-16 ***
# x1          -0.99620    0.09462  -10.53  <2e-16 ***
</syntaxhighlight>


Examples of using dplyr:  
=== stats::relevel() ===
* [http://wiekvoet.blogspot.com/2015/03/medicines-under-evaluation.html Medicines under evaluation]
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.2/topics/relevel relevel]. This function can only be used to change the '''reference level''' of a factor variable. '''It does not directly create an arbitrary order of levels'''. That is, it is useful in lm() or aov(), etc.
* [http://rpubs.com/seandavi/GEOMetadbSurvey2014 CBI GEO Metadata Survey]
* [http://datascienceplus.com/r-for-publication-by-page-piccinini-lesson-3-logistic-regression/ Logistic Regression] by Page Piccinini. mutate(), inner_join() and %>%.  
* [http://rpubs.com/turnersd/plot-deseq-results-multipage-pdf DESeq2 post analysis] select(), gather(), arrange() and %>%.  


==== [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tibble/ tibble] ====
=== reorder(), levels() and boxplot() ===
'''Tibbles''' are data frames, but slightly tweaked to work better in the '''tidyverse'''.
<ul>
<li>[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/09/how-to-reorder-boxplots-in-r-a-comprehensive-guide/ How to Reorder Boxplots in R: A Comprehensive Guide] (tapply() method, simple & effective)
<li>[https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/reorder.factor.html reorder()].This is useful in barplot (ggplot2::geom_col()) where we want to sort the bars by a numerical variable.
<pre>
# Syntax:
# newFac <- with(df, reorder(fac, vec, FUN=mean)) # newFac is like fac except it has a new order


Tibble objects
(bymedian <- with(InsectSprays, reorder(spray, count, median)) )
* it does not have row names (cf data frame),
class(bymedian)
* it never changes the type of the inputs (e.g. it never converts strings to factors!),
levels(bymedian)
* it never changes the names of variables
boxplot(count ~ bymedian, data = InsectSprays,
        xlab = "Type of spray", ylab = "Insect count",
        main = "InsectSprays data", varwidth = TRUE,
        col = "lightgray") # boxplots are sorted according to the new levels
boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays,
        xlab = "Type of spray", ylab = "Insect count",
        main = "InsectSprays data", varwidth = TRUE,
        col = "lightgray") # not sorted
</pre>
<li>[http://www.deeplytrivial.com/2020/05/statistics-sunday-my-2019-reading.html Statistics Sunday: My 2019 Reading] (reorder function)
</ul>


Tibbles [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tibble/vignettes/tibble.html Vignette]
=== factor() vs ordered() ===
<pre>
factor(levels=c("a", "b", "c"), ordered=TRUE)
# ordered(0)
# Levels: a < b < c


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
factor(levels=c("a", "b", "c"))
> data(pew, package = "efficient")
# factor(0)
> dim(pew)  
# Levels: a b c
[1] 18 10
> class(pew) # tibble is also a data frame!!
[1] "tbl_df"    "tbl"        "data.frame"


> tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion) # make wide tables long
ordered(levels=c("a", "b", "c"))
# A tibble: 162 x 3
# Error in factor(x, ..., ordered = TRUE) :
                                                      religion Income Count
#  argument "x" is missing, with no default
                                                          <chr>  <chr> <int>
</pre>
1                                                    Agnostic  <$10k    27
 
2                                                      Atheist  <$10k    12
== Data frame ==
...
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Data-structures.html#data-frames. '''A data frame is a list of equal-length vectors'''. So a data frame is not a vector nor a matrix though it looks like a matrix.
> mean(tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion)[, 3])
* http://blog.datacamp.com/15-easy-solutions-data-frame-problems-r/
[1] NA
Warning message:
In mean.default(tidyr::gather(pew, key = Income, value = Count,  :
  argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
> mean(tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion)[[3]])
[1] 181.6975
</syntaxhighlight>


If we try to do a match on some column of a tibble object, we will get zero matches. The issue is we cannot use an index to get a tibble column.
=== stringsAsFactors = FALSE ===
http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/03/r-tip-use-stringsasfactors-false/


'''Subsetting''': to [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21618423/extract-a-dplyr-tbl-column-as-a-vector extract a column from a tibble object], use '''[[''' or '''$''' or dplyr::pull(). [https://www.datanovia.com/en/lessons/select-data-frame-columns-in-r/ Select Data Frame Columns in R].  
We can use '''options(stringsAsFactors=FALSE)''' forces R to import character data as character objects.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
TibbleObject$VarName
# OR
TibbleObject[["VarName"]]
# OR
pull(TibbleObject, VarName) # won't be a tibble object anymore


dplyr::select(TibbleObject, -c(VarName1, VarName2)) # still a tibble object
In R 4.0.0, [https://developer.r-project.org/Blog/public/2020/02/16/stringsasfactors/ stringAsFactors=FALSE] will be default. This also affects read.table() function.
# OR
dplyr::select(TibbleObject, 2:5) #
</syntaxhighlight>


==== llply() ====
=== check.names = FALSE ===
llply is equivalent to lapply except that it will preserve labels and can display a progress bar. This is handy if we want to do a crazy thing.
Note this option will not affect rownames. So if the rownames contains special symbols, like dash, space, parentheses, etc, they will not be modified.
<pre>
<pre>
LLID2GOIDs <- lapply(rLLID, function(x) get("org.Hs.egGO")[[x]])
> data.frame("1a"=1:2, "2a"=1:2, check.names = FALSE)
  1a 2a
1  1  1
2  2  2
> data.frame("1a"=1:2, "2a"=1:2) # default
  X1a X2a
1  1  1
2  2  2
</pre>
</pre>
where rLLID is a list of entrez ID. For example,
 
=== Create unique rownames: make.unique() ===
<pre>
<pre>
get("org.Hs.egGO")[["6772"]]
groupCodes <- c(rep("Cont",5), rep("Tre1",5), rep("Tre2",5))
</pre>  
rownames(mydf) <- make.unique(groupCodes)
returns a list of 49 GOs.
</pre>


==== ddply() ====
=== data.frame() will change rownames ===
http://lamages.blogspot.com/2012/06/transforming-subsets-of-data-in-r-with.html
<pre>
class(df2)
# [1] "matrix" "array"
rownames(df2)[c(9109, 44999)]
# [1] "A1CF"    "A1BG-AS1"
rownames(data.frame(df2))[c(9109, 44999)]
# [1] "A1CF"    "A1BG.AS1"
</pre>


==== ldply() ====
=== Print a data frame without rownames ===
[http://rpsychologist.com/an-r-script-to-automatically-look-at-pubmed-citation-counts-by-year-of-publication/ An R Script to Automatically download PubMed Citation Counts By Year of Publication]
<pre>
# Method 1.  
rownames(df1) <- NULL


=== Using R's set.seed() to set seeds for use in C/C++ (including Rcpp) ===
# Method 2.  
http://rorynolan.rbind.io/2018/09/30/rcsetseed/
print(df1, row.names = FALSE)
</pre>


==== get_seed() ====
=== Convert data frame factor columns to characters ===
See the same blog
[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2851015/convert-data-frame-columns-from-factors-to-characters Convert data.frame columns from factors to characters]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{{Pre}}
get_seed <- function() {
# Method 1:
  sample.int(.Machine$integer.max, 1)
bob <- data.frame(lapply(bob, as.character), stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
}
 
</syntaxhighlight>
# Method 2:
bob[] <- lapply(bob, as.character)
</pre>
 
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/2853231 To replace only factor columns]:
<pre>
# Method 1:
i <- sapply(bob, is.factor)
bob[i] <- lapply(bob[i], as.character)
 
# Method 2:
library(dplyr)
bob %>% mutate_if(is.factor, as.character) -> bob
</pre>
 
=== Sort Or Order A Data Frame ===
[https://howtoprogram.xyz/2018/01/07/r-how-to-order-a-data-frame/ How To Sort Or Order A Data Frame In R]
# df[order(df$x), ], df[order(df$x, decreasing = TRUE), ], df[order(df$x, df$y), ]
# library(plyr); arrange(df, x), arrange(df, desc(x)), arrange(df, x, y)
# library(dplyr); df %>% arrange(x),df %>% arrange(x, desc(x)), df %>% arrange(x, y)
# library(doBy); order(~x, df), order(~ -x, df), order(~ x+y, df)


=== How to select a seed for simulation or randomization ===
=== data.frame to vector ===
[https://sciprincess.wordpress.com/2019/03/14/how-to-select-a-seed-for-simulation-or-randomization/ How to select a seed for simulation or randomization]
<pre>
df <- data.frame(x = c(1, 2, 3), y = c(4, 5, 6))


=== set.seed(), for loop and saving random seeds ===
class(df)
http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/set-seed-and-for-loop-td3585857.html. This question is legitimate when we want to debug on a certain iteration.
# [1] "data.frame"
class(t(df))
# [1] "matrix" "array"
class(unlist(df))
# [1] "numeric"


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# Method 1: Convert data frame to matrix using as.matrix()
set.seed(1001)  
# and then Convert matrix to vector using as.vector() or c()
data <- vector("list", 30)
mat <- as.matrix(df)
seeds <- vector("list", 30)  
vec1 <- as.vector(mat)   # [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
for(i in 1:30) {
vec2 <- c(mat)
  seeds[[i]] <- .Random.seed
  data[[i]] <- runif(5)  
}
.Random.seed <- seeds[[23]]  # restore
data.23 <- runif(5)  
data.23
data[[23]]  
</syntaxhighlight>
* Duncan Murdoch: ''This works in this example, but wouldn't work with all RNGs, because some of them save state outside of .Random.seed.  See ?.Random.seed for details.''
* Uwe Ligges's comment: ''set.seed() actually generates a seed. See ?set.seed that points us to .Random.seed (and relevant references!) which contains the actual current seed.''
* Petr Savicky's comment is also useful in the situation when it is not difficult to re-generate the data.


=== sample() inaccurate on very large populations, fixed in R 3.6.0 ===
# Method 2: Convert data frame to matrix using t()/transpose
* [https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17494 The default method for generating from a discrete uniform distribution (used in ‘sample()’, for instance) has been changed]. In prior versions, the probability of generating each integer could vary from equal by up to 0.04% (or possibly more if generating more than a million different integers). See also [https://www.r-bloggers.com/whats-new-in-r-3-6-0/amp/ What's new in R 3.6.0] by David Smith. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# and then Convert matrix to vector using as.vector() or c()
# R 3.5.3
vec3 <- as.vector(t(df)) # [1] 1 4 2 5 3 6
set.seed(123)
vec4 <- c(t(df))
m <- (2/5)*2^32
 
m > 2^31
# Not working
# [1] FALSE
as.vector(df)
log10(m)
# $x
# [1] 9.23502
# [1] 1 2 3
x <- sample(m, 1000000, replace = TRUE)
# $y
table(x %% 2)
# [1] 4 5 6
#     0      1  
 
# 400070 599930
# Method 3: unlist() - easiest solution
</syntaxhighlight>
unlist(df)
* [https://blog.daqana.com/en/fast-sampling-support-in-dqrng/ Fast sampling support in dqrng]
# x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3
* Differences of the output of sample() <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
1 2  3  4  5  6
# R 3.5.3
unlist(data.frame(df), use.names = F) # OR dplyr::pull()
# docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base:3.5.3
# [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
> set.seed(1234)
</pre>
> sample(5)
Q: Why as.vector(df) cannot convert a data frame into a vector?
[1] 1 3 2 4 5
 
A: The as.vector function cannot be used directly on a data frame to convert it into a vector because a data frame is a list of vectors (i.e., its columns) and '''as.vector only removes the attributes of an object to create a vector'''. When you apply as.vector to a data frame, R does not know how to concatenate these independent columns (which could be of different types) into a single vector. Therefore, it doesn’t perform the operation. Therefore as.vector() returns the underlying list structure of the data frame instead of converting it into a vector.
 
However, when you transpose the data frame using t(), it gets converted into a matrix. A matrix in R is a vector with dimensions. Therefore, all elements of the matrix must be of the same type. If they are not, R will coerce them to be so. Once you have a matrix, as.vector() can easily convert it into a vector because all elements are of the same type.


# R 3.6.0
=== Using cbind() to merge vectors together? ===
# docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base:3.6.0
It’s a common mistake to try and create a data frame by cbind()ing vectors together. This doesn’t work because cbind() will create a matrix unless one of the arguments is already a data frame. Instead use data.frame() directly. See [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Data-structures.html#data-frames Advanced R -> Data structures] chapter.
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 4 5 2 3 1
> RNGkind(sample.kind = "Rounding")
Warning message:
In RNGkind(sample.kind = "Rounding") : non-uniform 'Rounding' sampler used
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 1 3 2 4 5


</syntaxhighlight>
=== cbind NULL and data.frame ===
[https://9to5tutorial.com/cbind-can-t-combine-null-with-dataframe cbind can't combine NULL with dataframe]. Add as.matrix() will fix the problem.


=== Regular Expression ===
=== merge ===
See [[Regular_expression|here]].
* [https://thomasadventure.blog/posts/r-merging-datasets/ All You Need To Know About Merging (Joining) Datasets in R]. If we like to merge/join by the rownames, we can use '''dplyr::rownames_to_column()'''; see [https://stackoverflow.com/a/42418771 dplyr left_join() by rownames].
* [https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/merge-dataframes-by-row-names-in-r/ Merge DataFrames by Row Names in R]
* [https://jozefhajnala.gitlab.io/r/r006-merge/ How to perform merges (joins) on two or more data frames with base R, tidyverse and data.table]
* [https://www.dummies.com/programming/r/how-to-use-the-merge-function-with-data-sets-in-r/ How to understand the different types of merge]


=== Read rrd file ===
Special character in the matched variable can create a trouble when we use merge() or dplyr::inner_join(). I guess R internally turns df2 (a matrix but not a data frame) to a data frame (so rownames are changed if they contain special character like "-"). This still does not explain the situation when I
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRDtool
<pre>
* http://oss.oetiker.ch/rrdtool/
class(df1); class(df2)
* https://github.com/pldimitrov/Rrd
# [1] "data.frame"  # 2 x 2
* http://plamendimitrov.net/blog/2014/08/09/r-package-for-working-with-rrd-files/
# [1] "matrix" "array" # 52439 x 2
rownames(df1)
# [1] "A1CF"    "A1BG-AS1"
merge(df1, df2[c(9109, 44999), ], by=0)
#  Row.names 786-0 A498 ACH-000001 ACH-000002
# 1  A1BG-AS1    0    0  7.321358  6.908333
# 2      A1CF    0    0  3.011470  1.189578
merge(df1, df2[c(9109, 38959:44999), ], by= 0) # still correct
merge(df1, df2[c(9109, 38958:44999), ], by= 0) # same as merge(df1, df2, by=0)
#  Row.names 786-0 A498 ACH-000001 ACH-000002
# 1      A1CF    0    0    3.01147  1.189578
rownames(df2)[38958:38959]
# [1] "ITFG2-AS1"  "ADGRD1-AS1"


=== file, connection ===
rownames(df1)[2] <- "A1BGAS1"
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/cat cat()] and [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/scan scan()] (read data into a vector or list from the console or file)
rownames(df2)[44999] <- "A1BGAS1"
* read() and write()
merge(df1, df2, by= 0)
* read.table() and write.table()
#  Row.names 786-0 A498 ACH-000001 ACH-000002
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# 1  A1BGAS1    0    0  7.321358  6.908333
out = file('tmp.txt', 'w')
# 2      A1CF    0    0  3.011470  1.189578
writeLines("abcd", out)
</pre>
writeLines("eeeeee", out)
close(out)
readLines('tmp.txt')
unlink('tmp.txt')
args(writeLines)
# function (text, con = stdout(), sep = "\n", useBytes = FALSE)
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Clipboard (?connections), textConnection(), pipe() ===
=== is.matrix: data.frame is not necessarily a matrix ===
* On Windows, we can use readClipboard() and writeClipboard(). <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/matrix ?matrix]. is.matrix returns TRUE '''if x is a vector and has a "dim" attribute of length 2''' and FALSE otherwise.  
source("clipboard")
read.table("clipboard")
</syntaxhighlight>
* reading/writing clipboard on macOS. Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.0/topics/textConnection textConnection()] function: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
x <- read.delim(textConnection("<USE_KEYBOARD_TO_PASTE_FROM_CLIPBOARD>"))
# Or on Mac
x <- read.delim(pipe("pbpaste"))
# safely ignore the warning: incomplete final line found by readTableHeader on 'pbpaste'
</syntaxhighlight> An example is to copy data from [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28426026/plotting-boxplots-of-multiple-y-variables-using-ggplot2-qplot-or-others?answertab=active#tab-top this post]. In this case we need to use read.table() instead of read.delim().
* Write to clipboard on mac. Note: '''pbcopy''' and '''pbpaste''' are macOS terminal commands. See [http://osxdaily.com/2007/03/05/manipulating-the-clipboard-from-the-command-line/ pbcopy & pbpaste: Manipulating the Clipboard from the Command Line].
** pbcopy: takes standard input and places it in the clipboard buffer
** pbpaste: takes data from the clipboard buffer and writes it to the standard output
: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
clip <- pipe("pbcopy", "w")
write.table(apply(x, 1, mean), file = clip, row.names=F, col.names=F)
close(clip)
</syntaxhighlight>
* On Linux, we need to install "xclip". See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45799496/r-copy-from-clipboard-in-ubuntu-linux R Copy from Clipboard in Ubuntu Linux]. It seems to work. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# sudo apt-get install xclip
read.table(pipe("xclip -selection clipboard -o",open="r"))
</syntaxhighlight>


=== read/manipulate binary data ===
An example that is a data frame (is.data.frame() returns TRUE) but not a matrix (is.matrix() returns FALSE) is an object returned by
* x <- readBin(fn, raw(), file.info(fn)$size)
<pre>
* rawToChar(x[1:16])
X <- data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4)
* See Biostrings C API
</pre>
The 'X' object is NOT a vector and it does NOT have the "dim" attribute. It has only 3 attributes: "names", "row.names" & "class". Note that dim() function works fine and returns correctly though there is not "dim" attribute.


=== String Manipulation ===
Another example that is a data frame but not a matrix is the built-in object ''cars''; see ?matrix. It is not a vector
* [http://gastonsanchez.com/blog/resources/how-to/2013/09/22/Handling-and-Processing-Strings-in-R.html ebook] by Gaston Sanchez.
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2018/06/handling-strings-with-r.html A guide to working with character data in R] (6/22/2018)
* Chapter 7 of the book 'Data Manipulation with R' by Phil Spector.
* Chapter 7 of the book 'R Cookbook' by Paul Teetor.
* Chapter 2 of the book 'Using R for Data Management, Statistical Analysis and Graphics' by Horton and Kleinman.
* http://www.endmemo.com/program/R/deparse.php. '''It includes lots of examples for each R function it lists.'''
* [http://theautomatic.net/2019/05/17/four-ways-to-reverse-a-string-in-r/ Four ways to reverse a string in R]


=== HTTPs connection ===  
=== Convert a data frame to a matrix: as.matrix() vs data.matrix() ===
HTTPS connection becomes default in R 3.2.2. See
If I have a data frame X which recorded the time of some files.
* http://blog.rstudio.org/2015/08/17/secure-https-connections-for-r/
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/08/good-advice-for-security-with-r.html


[http://developer.r-project.org/blosxom.cgi/R-devel/2016/12/15#n2016-12-15 R 3.3.2 patched] The internal methods of ‘download.file()’ and ‘url()’ now report if they are unable to follow the redirection of a ‘http://’ URL to a ‘https://’ URL (rather than failing silently)
* is.data.frame(X) shows TRUE but is.matrix(X) show FALSE
* as.matrix(X) will keep the time mode. The returned object is not a data frame anymore.
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/data.matrix data.matrix(X)] will convert the time to numerical values. So use data.matrix() if the data is numeric. The returned object is not a data frame anymore.


=== setInternet2 ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='r'>
There was a bug in ftp downloading in R 3.2.2 (r69053) Windows though it is fixed now in R 3.2 patch.
# latex directory contains cache files from knitting an rmarkdown file
X <- list.files("latex/", full.names = T) %>%
    grep("RData", ., value=T) %>%
    file.info() %>% 
    `[`("mtime")
X %>% is.data.frame() # TRUE
X %>% is.matrix() # FALSE
X %>% as.matrix() %>% is.matrix() # TRUE
X %>% data.matrix() %>% is.matrix() # TRUE
X %>% as.matrix() %>% "["(1:2, ) # timestamps
X %>% data.matrix() %>% "["(1:2, ) # numeric
</syntaxhighlight>


Read the [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-August/071595.html discussion] reported on 8/8/2015. The error only happened on ftp not http connection. The final solution is explained in [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-August/071623.html this post]. The following demonstrated the original problem.
* The '''as.matrix()''' function is used to coerce an object into a matrix. It can be used with various types of R objects, such as vectors, data frames, and arrays.
<pre>
* The '''data.matrix()''' function is specifically designed for converting a data frame into a matrix by coercing all columns to numeric values. If the data frame contains non-numeric columns, such as character or factor columns, data.matrix() will convert them to numeric values if possible (e.g., by converting factors to their integer codes).
url <- paste0("ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/ASSEMBLY_REPORTS/All/",
* See the following example where as.matrix() and data.matrix() return different resuls.
              "GCF_000001405.13.assembly.txt")
<syntaxhighlight lang='r'>
f1 <- tempfile()
df <- data.frame(a = c(1, 2, 3), b = c("x", "y", "z"))
download.file(url, f1)
mat <- as.matrix(df)
</pre>
mat
It seems the bug was fixed in R 3.2-branch. See [https://github.com/wch/r-source/commit/3a02ed3a50ba17d9a093b315bf5f31ffc0e21b89 8/16/2015] patch r69089 where a new argument INTERNET_FLAG_PASSIVE was added to [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa385098%28v=vs.85%29.aspx InternetOpenUrl()] function of [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa385473%28v=vs.85%29.aspx wininet] library. [http://slacksite.com/other/ftp.html This article] and [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1699145/what-is-the-difference-between-active-and-passive-ftp this post] explain differences of active and passive FTP.
#      a  b 
# [1,] "1" "x"
# [2,] "2" "y"
# [3,] "3" "z"
class(mat)
# [1] "matrix" "array"
mat2 <- data.matrix(df)
mat2
#      a b
# [1,] 1 1
# [2,] 2 2
# [3,] 3 3
class(mat2)
# [1] "matrix" "array"
typeof(mat)
# [1] "character"
typeof(mat2)
# [1] "double"
</syntaxhighlight>


The following R command will show the exact svn revision for the R you are currently using.
=== matrix vs data.frame ===
Case 1: colnames() is safer than names() if the object could be a data frame or a matrix.
<pre>
<pre>
R.Version()$"svn rev"
Browse[2]> names(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
NULL
Browse[2]> colnames(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] "time"  "status" "treat"  "AKT1"  "BRAF"  "FLOT2"  "MTOR"  "PCK2"  "PIK3CA"
[10] "RAF1" 
Browse[2]> mode(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] "numeric"
Browse[2]> is.matrix(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> dim(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] 991  10
</pre>
</pre>


If setInternet2(T), then https protocol is supported in download.file().
Case 2:
{{Pre}}
ip1 <- installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)] # class(ip1) = 'matrix'
unique(ip1$Priority)
# Error in ip1$Priority : $ operator is invalid for atomic vectors
unique(ip1[, "Priority"])   # OK


When setInternet(T) is enabled by default, download.file() does not work for ftp protocol (this is used in getGEO() function of the GEOquery package). If I use setInternet(F), download.file() works again for ftp protocol.
ip2 <- as.data.frame(installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)], stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # matrix -> data.frame
 
unique(ip2$Priority)     # OK
The setInternet2() function is defined in [https://github.com/wch/r-source/commits/trunk/src/library/utils/R/windows/sysutils.R R> src> library> utils > R > windows > sysutils.R].
 
'''R up to 3.2.2'''
<pre>
setInternet2 <- function(use = TRUE) .Internal(useInternet2(use))
</pre>
</pre>
See also
* <src/include/Internal.h> (declare do_setInternet2()),
* <src/main/names.c> (show do_setInternet2() in C)
* <src/main/internet.c>  (define do_setInternet2() in C).


Note that: setInternet2(T) becomes default in R 3.2.2. To revert to the previous default use setInternet2(FALSE). See the <doc/NEWS.pdf> file. If we use setInternet2(F), then it solves the bug of getGEO() error. But it disables the https file download using the download.file() function. In R < 3.2.2, it is also possible to download from https by setIneternet2(T).
The length of a matrix and a data frame is different.
 
{{Pre}}
'''R 3.3.0'''
> length(matrix(1:6, 3, 2))
<pre>
[1] 6
setInternet2 <- function(use = TRUE) {
> length(data.frame(matrix(1:6, 3, 2)))
    if(!is.na(use)) stop("use != NA is defunct")
[1] 2
    NA
> x[1]
}
  X1
1  1
2
3 3
4  4
5  5
6  6
> x[[1]]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
</pre>
</pre>
So the length of a data frame is the number of columns. When we use sapply() function on a data frame, it will apply to each column of the data frame.


Note that setInternet2.Rd says As from \R 3.3.0 it changes nothing, and only \code{use = NA} is accepted. Also NEWS.Rd says setInternet2() has no effect and will be removed in due course.
=== How to Remove Duplicates ===
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2021/08/how-to-remove-duplicates-in-r-with-example/ How to Remove Duplicates in R with Example]


=== File operation ===
=== Convert a matrix (not data frame) of characters to numeric ===
* list.files()
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/20791975 Just change the mode of the object]
* file.info()
{{Pre}}
* dir.create()
tmp <- cbind(a=c("0.12", "0.34"), b =c("0.567", "0.890")); tmp
* file.create()
    a    b
* file.copy()
1 0.12 0.567
2 0.34 0.890
> is.data.frame(tmp) # FALSE
> is.matrix(tmp)    # TRUE
> sum(tmp)
Error in sum(tmp) : invalid 'type' (character) of argument
> mode(tmp) # "character"


=== read/download/source a file from internet ===
> mode(tmp) <- "numeric"
==== Simple text file http ====
> sum(tmp)
<pre>
[1] 1.917
retail <- read.csv("http://robjhyndman.com/data/ausretail.csv",header=FALSE)
</pre>
</pre>


==== Zip file and url() function ====
=== Convert Data Frame Row to Vector ===
<pre>
as.numeric() or '''c()'''
con = gzcon(url('http://www.systematicportfolio.com/sit.gz', 'rb'))
 
source(con)
=== Convert characters to integers ===
close(con)
mode(x) <- "integer"
</pre>
Here url() function is like file(),  gzfile(), bzfile(), xzfile(), unz(), pipe(), fifo(), socketConnection(). They are used to create connections. By default, the connection is not opened (except for ‘socketConnection’), but may be opened by setting a non-empty value of argument ‘open’. See ?url.


Another example of using url() is
=== Non-Standard Evaluation ===
<pre>
[https://thomasadventure.blog/posts/understanding-nse-part1/ Understanding Non-Standard Evaluation. Part 1: The Basics]
load(url("http:/www.example.com/example.RData"))
</pre>


==== [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/downloader/index.html downloader] package ====
=== Select Data Frame Columns in R ===
This package provides a wrapper for the download.file function, making it possible to download files over https on Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like platforms. The RCurl package provides this functionality (and much more) but can be difficult to install because it must be compiled with external dependencies. This package has no external dependencies, so it is much easier to install.
This is part of series of DATA MANIPULATION IN R from [https://www.datanovia.com/en/lessons/select-data-frame-columns-in-r/ datanovia.com]


==== Google drive file based on https using [http://www.omegahat.org/RCurl/FAQ.html RCurl] package ====
* pull(): Extract column values as a vector. The column of interest can be specified either by name or by index.
<pre>
* select(): Extract one or multiple columns as a data table. It can be also used to remove columns from the data frame.
require(RCurl)
* select_if(): Select columns based on a particular condition. One can use this function to, for example, select columns if they are numeric.
myCsv <- getURL("https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?hl=en_US&hl=en_US&key=0AkuuKBh0jM2TdGppUFFxcEdoUklCQlJhM2kweGpoUUE&single=true&gid=0&output=csv")
* Helper functions - starts_with(), ends_with(), contains(), matches(), one_of(): Select columns/variables based on their names
read.csv(textConnection(myCsv))
 
Another way is to the dollar sign '''$''' operator (?"$") to extract rows or column from a data frame.
<pre>
class(USArrests)  # "data.frame"
USArrests$"Assault"
</pre>
Note that for both data frame and matrix objects, we need to use the '''[''' operator to extract columns and/or rows.
<pre>
USArrests[c("Alabama", "Alask"), c("Murder", "Assault")]
#        Murder Assault
# Alabama  13.2    236
# Alaska    10.0    263
USArrests[c("Murder", "Assault")] # all rows
 
tmp <- data(package="datasets")
class(tmp$results)  # "matrix" "array"
tmp$results[, "Item"]
# Same method can be used if rownames are available in a matrix
</pre>
Note for a '''data.table''' object, we can extract columns using the column names without double quotes.
<pre>
data.table(USArrests)[1:2, list(Murder, Assault)]
</pre>
 
=== Add columns to a data frame ===
[https://datasciencetut.com/how-to-add-columns-to-a-data-frame-in-r/ How to add columns to a data frame in R]
 
=== Exclude/drop/remove data frame columns ===
* [https://datasciencetut.com/remove-columns-from-a-data-frame/ How to Remove Columns from a data frame in R]
* [https://www.listendata.com/2015/06/r-keep-drop-columns-from-data-frame.html R: keep / drop columns from data frame]
<pre>
# method 1
df = subset(mydata, select = -c(x,z) )
 
# method 2
drop <- c("x","z")
df = mydata[,!(names(mydata) %in% drop)]
 
# method 3: dplyr
mydata2 = select(mydata, -a, -x, -y)
mydata2 = select(mydata, -c(a, x, y))
mydata2 = select(mydata, -a:-y)
mydata2 = mydata[,!grepl("^INC",names(mydata))]
</pre>
</pre>


==== Google sheet file using [https://github.com/jennybc/googlesheets googlesheets] package ====
=== Remove Rows from the data frame ===
[http://www.opiniomics.org/reading-data-from-google-sheets-into-r/ Reading data from google sheets into R]
[https://datasciencetut.com/remove-rows-from-the-data-frame-in-r/ Remove Rows from the data frame in R]


==== Github files https using RCurl package ====
=== Danger of selecting rows from a data frame ===
* http://support.rstudio.org/help/kb/faq/configuring-r-to-use-an-http-proxy
* http://tonybreyal.wordpress.com/2011/11/24/source_https-sourcing-an-r-script-from-github/
<pre>
<pre>
x = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6671098/raw/c4cb0ca6fe78054da8dbe253a05f7046270d5693/GeneIDs.txt",  
> dim(cars)
            ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
[1] 50  2
read.table(text=x)
> data.frame(a=cars[1,], b=cars[2, ])
  a.speed a.dist b.speed b.dist
1      4      2      4    10
> dim(data.frame(a=cars[1,], b=cars[2, ]))
[1] 1 4
> cars2 = as.matrix(cars)
> data.frame(a=cars2[1,], b=cars2[2, ])
      a  b
speed 4  4
dist  2 10
</pre>
</pre>
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gistr/index.html gistr] package


=== summarytools: create summary tables for vectors and data frames ===
=== Creating data frame using structure() function ===
https://github.com/dcomtois/summarytools. R Package for quickly and neatly summarizing vectors and data frames.
[https://tomaztsql.wordpress.com/2019/05/27/creating-data-frame-using-structure-function-in-r/ Creating data frame using structure() function in R]
 
=== Create an empty data.frame ===
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10689055/create-an-empty-data-frame
<pre>
# the column types default as logical per vector(), but are then overridden
a = data.frame(matrix(vector(), 5, 3,
              dimnames=list(c(), c("Date", "File", "User"))),
              stringsAsFactors=F)
str(a) # NA but they are logical , not numeric.
a[1,1] <- rnorm(1)
str(a)
 
# similar to above
a <- data.frame(matrix(NA, nrow = 2, ncol = 3))


=== Create publication tables using '''tables''' package ===
# different data type
See p13 for example at [http://www.ianwatson.com.au/stata/tabout_tutorial.pdf#page=13 here]
a <- data.frame(x1 = character(),
                x2 = numeric(),
                x3 = factor(),
                stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
</pre>


R's [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tables/index.html tables] packages is the best solution. For example,
=== Objects from subsetting a row in a data frame vs matrix ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/23534617 Warning: row names were found from a short variable and have been discarded]
> library(tables)
<ul>
> tabular( (Species + 1) ~ (n=1) + Format(digits=2)*
<li>Subsetting creates repeated rows. This will create unexpected rownames.
+          (Sepal.Length + Sepal.Width)*(mean + sd), data=iris )
<pre>
                                                 
R> z <- data.frame(x=1:3, y=2:4)
                Sepal.Length      Sepal.Width      
R> rownames(z) <- letters[1:3]
Species    n   mean        sd  mean        sd 
R> rownames(z)[c(1,1)]
setosa      50 5.01        0.35 3.43        0.38
[1] "a" "a"
versicolor  50 5.94        0.52 2.77        0.31
R> rownames(z[c(1,1),])
virginica  50 6.59        0.64 2.97        0.32
[1] "a"  "a.1"
All        150 5.84        0.83 3.06        0.44
R> z[c(1,1), ]
> str(iris)
     x y
'data.frame':   150 obs. of  5 variables:
a   1 2
  $ Sepal.Length: num  5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
a.1 1 2
  $ Sepal.Width : num  3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
</pre>
$ Petal.Length: num  1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
</li>
$ Petal.Width : num  0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/2545548 Convert a dataframe to a vector (by rows)] The solution is as.vector(t(mydf[i, ])) or c(mydf[i, ]). My example:
$ Species    : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
{{Pre}}
str(trainData)
# 'data.frame': 503 obs. of  500 variables:
# $ bm001: num  0.429 1 -0.5 1.415 -1.899 ...
# $ bm002: num  0.0568 1 0.5 0.3556 -1.16 ...
# ...
trainData[1:3, 1:3]
#        bm001      bm002    bm003
# 1 0.4289449 0.05676296 1.657966
# 2  1.0000000 1.00000000 1.000000
# 3 -0.5000000 0.50000000 0.500000
o <- data.frame(time = trainData[1, ], status = trainData[2, ], treat = trainData[3, ], t(TData))
# Warning message:
# In data.frame(time = trainData[1, ], status = trainData[2, ], treat = trainData[3, :
#  row names were found from a short variable and have been discarded
</pre>
</pre>
and
 
'trees' data from the 'datasets' package
<pre>
<pre>
# This example shows some of the less common options       
trees[1:3,]
> Sex <- factor(sample(c("Male", "Female"), 100, rep=TRUE))
#  Girth Height Volume
> Status <- factor(sample(c("low", "medium", "high"), 100, rep=TRUE))
# 1  8.3    70  10.3
> z <- rnorm(100)+5
# 2  8.6    65  10.3
> fmt <- function(x) {
# 3  8.8    63  10.2
  s <- format(x, digits=2)
 
  even <- ((1:length(s)) %% 2) == 0
# Wrong ways:
  s[even] <- sprintf("(%s)", s[even])
data.frame(trees[1,] , trees[2,])
   s
#  Girth Height Volume Girth.1 Height.1 Volume.1
}
# 1  8.3    70  10.3    8.6      65    10.3
> tabular( Justify(c)*Heading()*z*Sex*Heading(Statistic)*Format(fmt())*(mean+sd) ~ Status )
data.frame(time=trees[1,] , status=trees[2,])
                  Status             
#  time.Girth time.Height time.Volume status.Girth status.Height status.Volume
Sex    Statistic high   low   medium
# 1        8.3          70        10.3          8.6            65          10.3
Female mean      4.88   4.96   5.17
data.frame(time=as.vector(trees[1,]) , status=as.vector(trees[2,]))
        sd        (1.20) (0.82) (1.35)
#  time.Girth time.Height time.Volume status.Girth status.Height status.Volume
  Male   mean      4.45   4.31   5.05
# 1        8.3          70        10.3          8.6            65          10.3
        sd        (1.01) (0.93) (0.75)
data.frame(time=c(trees[1,]) , status=c(trees[2,]))
</syntaxhighlight>
# time.Girth time.Height time.Volume status.Girth status.Height status.Volume
# 1        8.3          70        10.3          8.6            65          10.3
 
# Right ways:
# method 1: dropping row names
data.frame(time=c(t(trees[1,])) , status=c(t(trees[2,])))  
# OR
data.frame(time=as.numeric(trees[1,]) , status=as.numeric(trees[2,]))
#  time status
# 1  8.3    8.6
# 2 70.0  65.0
# 3 10.3   10.3
# method 2: keeping row names
data.frame(time=t(trees[1,]) , status=t(trees[2,]))
#          X1  X2
# Girth  8.3  8.6
# Height 70.0 65.0
# Volume 10.3 10.3
data.frame(time=unlist(trees[1,]) , status=unlist(trees[2,]))
#        time status
# Girth   8.3   8.6
# Height 70.0   65.0
# Volume 10.3   10.3
 
# Method 3: convert a data frame to a matrix
is.matrix(trees)
# [1] FALSE
trees2 <- as.matrix(trees)
data.frame(time=trees2[1,] , status=trees2[2,]) # row names are kept
#        time status
# Girth  8.3    8.6
# Height 70.0   65.0
# Volume 10.3  10.3
 
dim(trees[1,])
# [1] 1 3
dim(trees2[1, ])
# NULL
trees[1, ] # notice the row name '1' on the left hand side
#   Girth Height Volume
# 1  8.3    70  10.3
trees2[1, ]
#  Girth Height Volume
#    8.3   70.0   10.3
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
 
=== Convert a list to data frame ===
[https://www.statology.org/convert-list-to-data-frame-r/ How to Convert a List to a Data Frame in R].
<pre>
# method 1
data.frame(t(sapply(my_list,c)))
 
# method 2
library(dplyr)
bind_rows(my_list) # OR bind_cols(my_list)
 
# method 3
library(data.table)
rbindlist(my_list)
</pre>
 
=== tibble and data.table ===
* [[R#tibble | tibble]]
* [[Tidyverse#data.table|data.table]]
 
=== Clean  a dataset ===
[https://finnstats.com/index.php/2021/04/04/how-to-clean-the-datasets-in-r/ How to clean the datasets in R]


=== ClinReport: Statistical Reporting in Clinical Trials ===
== matrix ==
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ClinReport/index.html


=== Append figures to PDF files ===
=== Define and subset a matrix ===
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/13274272 How to append a plot to an existing pdf file]. Hint: use the recordPlot() function.
* [https://www.tutorialkart.com/r-tutorial/r-matrix/ Matrix in R]
** It is clear when a vector becomes a matrix the data is transformed column-wisely ('''byrow''' = FALSE, by default).
** When subsetting a matrix, it follows the format: '''X[rows, colums]''' or '''X[y-axis, x-axis]'''.  


=== Extracting tables from PDFs ===
<pre>
* [http://datascienceplus.com/extracting-tables-from-pdfs-in-r-using-the-tabulizer-package/ extracting Tables from PDFs in R] using Tabulizer. This needs the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rJava/index.html rJava] package. Linux works fine. Some issue came out on my macOS 10.12 Sierra. '''Library not loaded: /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk-9.jdk/Contents/Home/lib/server/libjvm.dylib. Referenced from: /Users/XXXXXXX/Library/R/3.5/library/rJava/libs/rJava.so'''.
data <- c(2, 4, 7, 5, 10, 1)
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pdftools/ pdftools] - Text Extraction, Rendering and Converting of PDF Documents. [https://ropensci.org/technotes/2018/12/14/pdftools-20/ pdf_text() and pdf_data()] functions. <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
A <- matrix(data, ncol = 3)
library(pdftools)
print(A)
pdf_file <- "https://github.com/ropensci/tabulizer/raw/master/inst/examples/data.pdf"
#     [,1] [,2] [,3]
txt <- pdf_text(pdf_file) # length = number of pages
# [1,]   2    7  10
# Suppose the table we are interested in is on page 1
# [2,]    4    5    1
cat(txt[1]) # Good but not in a data frame format


pdf_data(pdf_file)[[1]# data frame/tibble format
A[1:1, 2:3, drop=F]
</syntaxhighlight> However, it seems it does not work on [http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/8/3177/tab-figures-only Table S6]. Tabulizer package is better at this case.
#     [,1] [,2]
* [https://www.linuxuprising.com/2019/05/how-to-convert-pdf-to-text-on-linux-gui.html?m=1 How To Convert PDF To Text On Linux (GUI And Command Line)]. It works when I tested my PDF file. <syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
# [1,]   7  10
sudo apt install poppler-utils
</pre>
pdftotext -layout input.pdf output.txt
pdftotext -layout -f 3 -l 4 input.pdf output.txt # from page 3 to 4.
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Create flat tables in R console using ftable() ===
=== Prevent automatic conversion of single column to vector ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
use '''drop = FALSE''' such as mat[, 1, drop = FALSE].
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 1:3)
 
                  Survived  No Yes
=== complete.cases(): remove rows with missing in any column ===
Class Sex    Age                 
It works on a sequence of vectors, matrices and data frames.
1st  Male  Child            0  5
 
            Adult          118  57
=== NROW vs nrow ===
      Female Child            0  1
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/nrow ?nrow]. Use NROW/NCOL instead of nrow/ncol to treat vectors as 1-column matrices.
            Adult            4 140
 
2nd  Male  Child            0  11
=== matrix (column-major order) multiply a vector ===
            Adult          154  14
* Matrices in R [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row-_and_column-major_order#Programming_languages_and_libraries R (like Fortran) are stored in a column-major order]. It means array slice A[,1] are contiguous.
      Female Child            0  13
 
            Adult          13  80
{{Pre}}
3rd  Male  Child          35  13
> matrix(1:6, 3,2)
            Adult          387  75
    [,1] [,2]
      Female Child          17  14
[1,]    1    4
            Adult          89  76
[2,]    2    5
Crew  Male  Child            0  0
[3,]    3   6
            Adult          670 192
> matrix(1:6, 3,2) * c(1,2,3) # c(1,2,3) will be recycled to form a matrix. Good quiz.
      Female Child            0  0
    [,1] [,2]
            Adult            3 20
[1,]    1    4
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 1:2, col.vars = "Survived")
[2,]    10
            Survived  No Yes
[3,]    9   18
Class Sex                   
> matrix(1:6, 3,2) * c(1,2,3,4) # c(1,2,3,4) will be recycled
1st  Male            118  62
    [,1] [,2]
      Female            4 141
[1,]   1   16
2nd   Male            154  25
[2,]    4    5
      Female          13  93
[3,]    9  12
3rd   Male            422  88
</pre>
      Female          106  90
 
Crew  Male            670 192
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/20596490 How to divide each row of a matrix by elements of a vector in R]
      Female            3 20
 
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 2:1, col.vars = "Survived")
=== add a vector to all rows of a matrix ===
            Survived  No Yes
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/39443126 add a vector to all rows of a matrix]. sweep() or rep() is the best.
Sex   Class               
 
Male   1st            118  62
=== sparse matrix ===
      2nd            154  25
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/10555270 R convert matrix or data frame to sparseMatrix]
      3rd            422  88
 
      Crew          670 192
To subset a vector from some column of a sparseMatrix, we need to convert it to a regular vector, '''as.vector()'''.
Female 1st              4 141
 
      2nd            13  93
== Attributes ==
      3rd            106  90
* [https://statisticaloddsandends.wordpress.com/2020/10/19/attributes-in-r/ Attributes in R]
      Crew            3  20
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Data-structures.html#attributes Data structures] in "Advanced R"
> str(Titanic)
 
table [1:4, 1:2, 1:2, 1:2] 0 0 35 0 0 0 17 0 118 154 ...
== Names ==
- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 4
[https://masalmon.eu/2023/11/06/functions-dealing-with-names/ Useful functions for dealing with object names]. (Un)Setting object names: stats::setNames(), unname() and rlang::set_names()
  ..$ Class  : chr [1:4] "1st" "2nd" "3rd" "Crew"
 
  ..$ Sex    : chr [1:2] "Male" "Female"
=== Print a vector by suppressing names ===
  ..$ Age    : chr [1:2] "Child" "Adult"
Use '''unname'''. sapply(, , USE.NAMES = FALSE).
  ..$ Survived: chr [1:2] "No" "Yes"
 
> x <- ftable(mtcars[c("cyl", "vs", "am", "gear")])
== format.pval/print p-values/format p values ==
> x
[https://rdrr.io/r/base/format.pval.html format.pval()]. By default it will show 5 significant digits (getOption("digits")-2).
          gear  3  4  5
{{Pre}}
cyl vs am             
> format.pval(c(stats::runif(5), pi^-100, NA))
4  0  0        0  0  0
[1] "0.19571" "0.46793" "0.71696" "0.93200" "0.74485" "< 2e-16" "NA"    
      1       0 0  1
> format.pval(c(0.1, 0.0001, 1e-27))
    1  0        1  2  0
[1] "1e-01" "1e-04" "<2e-16"
      1       0 6  1
 
6  0  0        0  0  0
R> pvalue
      1       0 2  1
[1] 0.0004632104
    1 0        2  2  0
R> print(pvalue, digits =20)
      1       0  0  0
[1] 0.00046321036188223807528
8  0  0      12  0  0
R> format.pval(pvalue)
      1       0  0  2
[1] "0.00046321"
    1  0        0  0  0
R> format.pval(pvalue * 1e-1)
      1       0  0  0
[1] "4.6321e-05"
> ftable(x, row.vars = c(2, 4))
R> format.pval(0.00004632)
        cyl  4    6    8 
[1] "4.632e-05"
        am  0  1  0  1  0  1
R> getOption("digits")
vs gear                     
[1] 7
0  3        0  0  0  0 12  0
</pre>
  4        0  0  0  2  0  0
 
  5        0  1  0  1  0  2
== Customize R: options() ==
1  3        1  0  2  0  0  0
 
  4        2  6  2  0  0  0
=== Change the default R repository, my .Rprofile ===
  5        0  1  0  0  0  0
[[Rstudio#Change_repository|Change R repository]]
>
 
> ## Start with expressions, use table()'s "dnn" to change labels
Edit global Rprofile file. On *NIX platforms, it's located in /usr/lib/R/library/base/R/Rprofile although local '''.Rprofile''' settings take precedence.
> ftable(mtcars$cyl, mtcars$vs, mtcars$am, mtcars$gear, row.vars = c(2, 4),
 
        dnn = c("Cylinders", "V/S", "Transmission", "Gears"))
For example, I can specify the R mirror I like by creating a single line '''.Rprofile''' file under my home directory. Another good choice of repository is '''cloud.r-project.org'''.
 
Type '''file.edit("~/.Rprofile")'''
{{Pre}}
local({
  r = getOption("repos")
  r["CRAN"] = "https://cran.rstudio.com/"
  options(repos = r)
})
options(continue = " ", editor = "nano")
message("Hi MC, loading ~/.Rprofile")
if (interactive()) {
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory("~/.Rhistory"))
}
</pre>


          Cylinders    4    6    8 
=== Change the default web browser for utils::browseURL() ===
          Transmission  0  1  0  1  0  1
When I run help.start() function in LXLE, it cannot find its default web browser (seamonkey). The solution is to put
V/S Gears                             
<pre>
0  3                  0  0  0  0 12  0
options(browser='seamonkey')
    4                  0  0  0  2  0  0
</pre>
    5                  0  1  0  1  0  2
in the '''.Rprofile''' of your home directory. If the browser is not in the global PATH, we need to put the full path above.
1  3                  1  0  2  0  0  0
    4                  2  6  2  0  0  0
    5                  0  1  0  0  0  0
</syntaxhighlight>


==== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.5.1/topics/addmargins addmargins] ====
For one-time only purpose, we can use the ''browser'' option in help.start() function:
Puts Arbitrary Margins On Multidimensional Tables Or Arrays
{{Pre}}
> help.start(browser="seamonkey")
If the browser launched by 'seamonkey' is already running, it is *not*
    restarted, and you must switch to its window.
Otherwise, be patient ...
</pre>


=== tracemem, data type, copy ===
We can work made a change (or create the file) ~/.Renviron or etc/Renviron. See
[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18359940/r-programming-vector-a1-2-avoid-copying-the-whole-vector/18361181#18361181 How to avoid copying a long vector]
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2003-August/037484.html Changing default browser in options()].
* https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/browseURL.html


=== Tell if the current R is running in 32-bit or 64-bit mode ===
=== Change the default editor ===
<pre>
On my Linux and mac, the default editor is "vi". To change it to "nano",
8 * .Machine$sizeof.pointer
{{Pre}}
options(editor = "nano")
</pre>
</pre>
where '''sizeof.pointer''' returns the number of *bytes* in a C SEXP type and '8' means number of bits per byte.


=== 32- and 64-bit ===
=== Change prompt and remove '+' sign ===
See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html#Choosing-between-32_002d-and-64_002dbit-builds R-admin.html].
See https://stackoverflow.com/a/1448823.
* For speed you may want to use a 32-bit build, but to handle large datasets a 64-bit build.
{{Pre}}
* Even on 64-bit builds of R there are limits on the size of R objects, some of which stem from the use of 32-bit integers (especially in FORTRAN code). For example, the dimensionas of an array are limited to 2^31 -1.
options(prompt="R> ", continue=" ")
* Since R 2.15.0, it is possible to select '64-bit Files' from the standard installer even on a 32-bit version of Windows (2012/3/30).
</pre>


=== Handling length 2^31 and more in R 3.0.0 ===
=== digits ===
 
* [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/26a0b359541f4fc9fddc8f0a0c94489e Read and compute the sum of a numeric matrix file] using R vs Python vs C++. Note by default R does not show digits after the decimal point because the number is large.
From R News for 3.0.0 release:
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/2288013 Controlling number of decimal digits in print output in R]
 
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/10712012 ?print.default]
''There is a subtle change in behaviour for numeric index values 2^31 and larger. These never used to be legitimate and so were treated as NA, sometimes with a warning. They are now legal for long vectors so there is no longer a warning, and x[2^31] <- y will now extend the vector on a 64-bit platform and give an error on a 32-bit one.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/12135122 Formatting Decimal places in R, round()]. [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.3/topics/format format()] where '''nsmall''' controls the minimum number of digits to the right of the decimal point
''
* [https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17668 numerical error in round() causing round to even to fail] 2019-12-05
 
<ul>
In R 2.15.2, if I try to assign a vector of length 2^31, I will get an error
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/Round signif()] rounds x to n significant digits.
<pre>
<pre>
> x <- seq(1, 2^31)
R> signif(pi, 3)
Error in from:to : result would be too long a vector
[1] 3.14
R> signif(pi, 5)
[1] 3.1416
</pre>
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
* The default digits 7 may be too small. For example, '''if a number is very large, then we may not be able to see (enough) value after the decimal point'''. The acceptable range is 1-22. See the following examples


However, for R 3.0.0 (tested on my 64-bit Ubuntu with 16GB RAM. The R was compiled by myself):
In R,
<pre>
{{Pre}}
> system.time(x <- seq(1,2^31))
> options()$digits # Default
  user  system elapsed
[1] 7
  8.604  11.060 120.815
> print(.1+.2, digits=18)
> length(x)
[1] 0.300000000000000044
[1] 2147483648
> 100000.07 + .04
> length(x)/2^20
[1] 100000.1
[1] 2048
> options(digits = 16)
> gc()
> 100000.07 + .04
            used    (Mb) gc trigger    (Mb)  max used    (Mb)
[1] 100000.11
Ncells    183823    9.9    407500    21.8    350000    18.7
Vcells 2147764406 16386.2 2368247221 18068.3 2148247383 16389.9
>
</pre>
</pre>
Note:
# 2^31 length is about 2 Giga length. It takes about 16 GB (2^31*8/2^20 MB) memory.
# On Windows, it is almost impossible to work with 2^31 length of data if the memory is less than 16 GB because virtual disk on Windows does not work well. For example, when I tested on my 12 GB Windows 7, the whole Windows system freezes for several minutes before I force to power off the machine.
# My slide in http://goo.gl/g7sGX shows the screenshots of running the above command on my Ubuntu and RHEL machines. As you can see the linux is pretty good at handling large (> system RAM) data. That said, as long as your linux system is 64-bit, you can possibly work on large data without too much pain.
# For large dataset, it makes sense to use database or specially crafted packages like [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bigmemory/ bigmemory] or [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ff/ ff] or [https://privefl.github.io/bigstatsr/ bigstatsr].


=== NA in index ===
In Python,
* Question: what is seq(1, 3)[c(1, 2, NA)]?
{{Pre}}
>>> 100000.07 + .04
100000.11
</pre>


Answer: It will reserve the element with NA in indexing and return the value NA for it.
=== [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5352099/how-to-disable-scientific-notation Disable scientific notation in printing]: options(scipen) ===
[https://datasciencetut.com/how-to-turn-off-scientific-notation-in-r/ How to Turn Off Scientific Notation in R?]


* Question: What is TRUE & NA?
This also helps with write.table() results. For example, 0.0003 won't become 3e-4 in the output file.
Answer: NA
{{Pre}}
> numer = 29707; denom = 93874
> c(numer/denom, numer, denom)
[1] 3.164561e-01 2.970700e+04 9.387400e+04


* Question: What is FALSE & NA?
# Method 1. Without changing the global option
Answer: FALSE
> format(c(numer/denom, numer, denom), scientific=FALSE)
[1] "    0.3164561" "29707.0000000" "93874.0000000"


* Question: c("A", "B", NA) != "" ?
# Method 2. Change the global option
Answer: TRUE TRUE NA
> options(scipen=999)
> numer/denom
[1] 0.3164561
> c(numer/denom, numer, denom)
[1]    0.3164561 29707.0000000 93874.0000000
> c(4/5, numer, denom)
[1]    0.8 29707.0 93874.0
</pre>


* Question: which(c("A", "B", NA) != "") ?
=== Suppress warnings: options() and capture.output() ===
Answer: 1 2
Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.4.1/topics/options options()]. If ''warn'' is negative all warnings are ignored. If ''warn'' is zero (the default) warnings are stored until the top--level function returns.
{{Pre}}
op <- options("warn")
options(warn = -1)
....
options(op)


* Question: c(1, 2, NA) != "" & !is.na(c(1, 2, NA)) ?
# OR
Answer: TRUE TRUE FALSE
warnLevel <- options()$warn
options(warn = -1)
...
options(warn = warnLevel)
</pre>


* Question: c("A", "B", NA) != "" & !is.na(c("A", "B", NA)) ?
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/warning suppressWarnings()]
Answer: TRUE TRUE FALSE
<pre>
suppressWarnings( foo() )


'''Conclusion''': In order to exclude empty or NA for numerical or character data type, we can use '''which()''' or a convenience function '''keep.complete(x) <- function(x) x != "" & !is.na(x)'''. This will guarantee return logical values and not contain NAs.
foo <- capture.output(  
bar <- suppressWarnings(
{print( "hello, world" );
  warning("unwanted" )} ) )
</pre>


Don't just use x != "" OR !is.na(x).
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/versions/3.6.2/topics/capture.output capture.output()]
<pre>
str(iris, max.level=1) %>% capture.output(file = "/tmp/iris.txt")
</pre>


=== Constant and 'L' ===
=== Converts warnings into errors ===
Add 'L' after a constant. For example,
options(warn=2)
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
for(i in 1L:n) { }


if (max.lines > 0L) { }
=== demo() function ===
<ul>
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/18746519 How to wait for a keypress in R?] PS [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/readline.html readline()] is different from readLines().
<pre>
for(i in 1:2) { print(i); readline("Press [enter] to continue")}
</pre>
<li>Hit 'ESC' or Ctrl+c to skip the prompt "Hit <Return> to see next plot:" </li>
<li>demo() uses [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/options options()] to ask users to hit Enter on each plot
<pre>
op <- options(device.ask.default = ask)  # ask = TRUE
on.exit(options(op), add = TRUE)
</pre>
</li>
</ul>


label <- paste0(n-i+1L, ": ")
== sprintf ==
=== paste, paste0, sprintf ===
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/paste-paste0-and-sprintf/ this post], [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/09/3-r-functions-that-i-enjoy/ 3 R functions that I enjoy]


n <- length(x);  if(n == 0L) { }
=== sep vs collapse in paste() ===
</syntaxhighlight>
* sep is used if we supply multiple input objects to paste()
* collapse is used to make the output of length 1. It is commonly used if we have only 1 input object
<pre>
R> paste("a", "A", sep=",")
[1] "a,A"
R> paste("a", "A", sep=",", collapse="-")
[1] "a,A"
R> paste(c("a", "A"), collapse="-")
[1] "a-A"


=== Factor ===
R> paste(letters[1:3], LETTERS[1:3], sep=",", collapse=" - ")
We can specify the factor levels and new labels using the factor() function.
[1] "a,A - b,B - c,C"
R> paste(letters[1:3], collapse = "-")
[1] "a-b-c"
</pre>


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== Format number as fixed width, with leading zeros ===
sex <- factor(sex, levels = c("0", "1"), labels = c("Male", "Female"))
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8266915/format-number-as-fixed-width-with-leading-zeros
drug_treatment <- factor(drug_treatment, levels = c("Placebo", "Low dose", "High dose"))
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14409084/pad-with-leading-zeros-to-common-width?rq=1
health_status <- factor(health_status, levels = c("Healthy", "Alzheimer's"))
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Data frame ===
{{Pre}}
* http://blog.datacamp.com/15-easy-solutions-data-frame-problems-r/
# sprintf()
a <- seq(1,101,25)
sprintf("name_%03d", a)
[1] "name_001" "name_026" "name_051" "name_076" "name_101"


==== stringsAsFactors = FALSE ====
# formatC()
http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/03/r-tip-use-stringsasfactors-false/
paste("name", formatC(a, width=3, flag="0"), sep="_")
[1] "name_001" "name_026" "name_051" "name_076" "name_101"


==== Convert data frame factor columns to characters ====
# gsub()
[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2851015/convert-data-frame-columns-from-factors-to-characters Convert data.frame columns from factors to characters]
paste0("bm", gsub(" ", "0", format(5:15)))
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# [1] "bm05" "bm06" "bm07" "bm08" "bm09" "bm10" "bm11" "bm12" "bm13" "bm14" "bm15"
# Method 1:
</pre>
bob <- data.frame(lapply(bob, as.character), stringsAsFactors=FALSE)


# Method 2:
=== formatC and prettyNum (prettifying numbers) ===
bob[] <- lapply(bob, as.character)
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/formatC formatC() & prettyNum()]
</syntaxhighlight>
* [[R#format.pval|format.pval()]]
<pre>
R> (x <- 1.2345 * 10 ^ (-8:4))
[1] 1.2345e-08 1.2345e-07 1.2345e-06 1.2345e-05 1.2345e-04 1.2345e-03
[7] 1.2345e-02 1.2345e-01 1.2345e+00 1.2345e+01 1.2345e+02 1.2345e+03
[13] 1.2345e+04
R> formatC(x)
[1] "1.234e-08" "1.234e-07" "1.234e-06" "1.234e-05" "0.0001234" "0.001234"
[7] "0.01235"  "0.1235"    "1.234"    "12.34"    "123.4"    "1234"
[13] "1.234e+04"
R> formatC(x, digits=3)
[1] "1.23e-08" "1.23e-07" "1.23e-06" "1.23e-05" "0.000123" "0.00123"
[7] "0.0123"  "0.123"    "1.23"    "12.3"    " 123"    "1.23e+03"
[13] "1.23e+04"
R> formatC(x, digits=3, format="e")
[1] "1.234e-08" "1.234e-07" "1.234e-06" "1.234e-05" "1.234e-04" "1.234e-03"
[7] "1.235e-02" "1.235e-01" "1.234e+00" "1.234e+01" "1.234e+02" "1.234e+03"
[13] "1.234e+04"


==== data.frame to vector ====
R> x <- .000012345
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
R> prettyNum(x)
> a= matrix(1:6, 2,3)
[1] "1.2345e-05"
> rownames(a) <- c("a", "b")
R> x <- .00012345
> colnames(a) <- c("x", "y", "z")
R> prettyNum(x)
> a
[1] "0.00012345"
  x y z
</pre>
a 1 3 5
b 2 4 6
> unlist(data.frame(a))
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
1  2  3  4  5  6
</syntaxhighlight>


==== merge ====
=== Format(x, scientific = TRUE) ===
[https://jozefhajnala.gitlab.io/r/r006-merge/ How to perform merges (joins) on two or more data frames with base R, tidyverse and data.table]
Print numeric data in exponential format, so .0001 prints as 1e-4


==== matrix vs data.frame ====
== Creating publication quality graphs in R ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* http://teachpress.environmentalinformatics-marburg.de/2013/07/creating-publication-quality-graphs-in-r-7/
ip1 <- installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)] # class(ip1) = 'matrix'
unique(ip1$Priority)
# Error in ip1$Priority : $ operator is invalid for atomic vectors
unique(ip1[, "Priority"])  # OK


ip2 <- as.data.frame(installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)], stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # matrix -> data.frame
== HDF5 : Hierarchical Data Format==
unique(ip2$Priority)    # OK
HDF5 is an open binary file format for storing and managing large, complex datasets. The file format was developed by the HDF Group, and is widely used in scientific computing.
</syntaxhighlight>


The length of a matrix and a data frame is different.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_Data_Format
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* [https://support.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/ HDF5 tutorial] and others
> length(matrix(1:6, 3, 2))
* [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/rhdf5.html rhdf5] package
[1] 6
* rhdf5 is used by [http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/archs4/data.html ARCHS4] where you can download R program that will download hdf5 file storing expression and metadata such as gene ID, sample/GSM ID, tissues, et al.
> length(data.frame(matrix(1:6, 3, 2)))
[1] 2
> x[1]
  X1
1  1
2  2
3  3
4  4
5  5
6  6
> x[[1]]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
</syntaxhighlight>
So the length of a data frame is the number of columns. When we use sapply() function on a data frame, it will apply to each column of the data frame.


==== Convert a matrix (not data frame) of characters to numeric ====
== Formats for writing/saving and sharing data ==
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/20791975 Just change the mode of the object]
[http://www.econometricsbysimulation.com/2016/12/efficiently-saving-and-sharing-data-in-r_46.html Efficiently Saving and Sharing Data in R]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
tmp <- cbind(a=c("0.12", "0.34"), b =c("0.567", "0.890")); tmp
    a    b
1 0.12 0.567
2 0.34 0.890
> is.data.frame(tmp) # FALSE
> is.matrix(tmp)    # TRUE
> sum(tmp)
Error in sum(tmp) : invalid 'type' (character) of argument
> mode(tmp)  # "character"


> mode(tmp) <- "numeric"
== Write unix format files on Windows and vice versa ==
> sum(tmp)
https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2012-April/063931.html
[1] 1.917
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Select Data Frame Columns in R ====
== with() and within() functions ==
This is part of series of DATA MANIPULATION IN R from [https://www.datanovia.com/en/lessons/select-data-frame-columns-in-r/ datanovia.com]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/07/simplify-your-code-with-rs-powerful-functions-with-and-within/ Simplify Your Code with R’s Powerful Functions: with() and within()]
* within() is similar to with() except it is used to create new columns and merge them with the original data sets. But if we just want to create a new column, we can just use df$newVar = . The following example is from [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZ6Bnxg9E8w&list=PLOU2XLYxmsIK9qQfztXeybpHvru-TrqAP youtube video].
<pre>
closePr <- with(mariokart, totalPr - shipPr)
head(closePr, 20)


* pull(): Extract column values as a vector. The column of interest can be specified either by name or by index.
mk <- within(mariokart, {
* select(): Extract one or multiple columns as a data table. It can be also used to remove columns from the data frame.
            closePr <- totalPr - shipPr
* select_if(): Select columns based on a particular condition. One can use this function to, for example, select columns if they are numeric.
    })
* Helper functions - starts_with(), ends_with(), contains(), matches(), one_of(): Select columns/variables based on their names
head(mk) # new column closePr
 
mk <- mariokart
aggregate(. ~ wheels + cond, mk, mean)
# create mean according to each level of (wheels, cond)
 
aggregate(totalPr ~ wheels + cond, mk, mean)
 
tapply(mk$totalPr, mk[, c("wheels", "cond")], mean)
</pre>


==== Creating data frame using structure() function ====
== stem(): stem-and-leaf plot (alternative to histogram), bar chart on terminals ==
[https://tomaztsql.wordpress.com/2019/05/27/creating-data-frame-using-structure-function-in-r/ Creating data frame using structure() function in R]
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display
* [https://www.dataanalytics.org.uk/tally-plots-in-r/ Tally plots in R]
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14736556/ascii-plotting-functions-for-r
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/txtplot/index.html txtplot] package


==== Warning: row names were found from a short variable and have been discarded ====
== Plot histograms as lines ==
https://stackoverflow.com/a/23534617
https://stackoverflow.com/a/16681279. This is useful when we want to compare the distribution from different statistics.
<pre>
x2=invisible(hist(out2$EB))
y2=invisible(hist(out2$Bench))
z2=invisible(hist(out2$EB0.001))


My example:
plot(x=x2$mids, y=x2$density, type="l")
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
lines(y2$mids, y2$density, lty=2, pwd=2)
str(trainData)
lines(z2$mids, z2$density, lty=3, pwd=2)
# 'data.frame': 503 obs. of  500 variables:
</pre>
$ bm001: num  0.429 1 -0.5 1.415 -1.899 ...
$ bm002: num  0.0568 1 0.5 0.3556 -1.16 ...
# ...
trainData[1:3, 1:3]
#        bm001      bm002    bm003
# 1  0.4289449 0.05676296 1.657966
# 2  1.0000000 1.00000000 1.000000
# 3 -0.5000000 0.50000000 0.500000
o <- data.frame(time = trainData[1, ], status = trainData[2, ], treat = trainData[3, ], t(TData))
# Warning message:
# In data.frame(time = trainData[1, ], status = trainData[2, ], treat = trainData[3,  :
#  row names were found from a short variable and have been discarded
</syntaxhighlight>


=== matrix (column-major order) multiply a vector ===
== Histogram with density line ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row-_and_column-major_order#Programming_languages_and_libraries R (like Fortran) is following the column-major order]
<pre>
hist(x, prob = TRUE)
lines(density(x), col = 4, lwd = 2)
</pre>
The overlayed density may looks strange in cases for example counts from single-cell RNASeq or p-values from RNASeq (there is a peak around x=0).


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
== Graphical Parameters, Axes and Text, Combining Plots ==
> matrix(1:6, 3,2)
[http://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/axes.html statmethods.net]
    [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    2    5
[3,]    3    6
> matrix(1:6, 3,2) * c(1,2,3)
    [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    4  10
[3,]    9  18
> matrix(1:6, 3,2) * c(1,2,3,4)
    [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1  16
[2,]    4    5
[3,]    9  12
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Print a vector by suppressing names ===
== 15 Questions All R Users Have About Plots ==
Use '''unname'''.
See [https://www.datacamp.com/tutorial/15-questions-about-r-plots 15 Questions All R Users Have About Plots]. This is a tremendous post. It covers the built-in plot() function and ggplot() from ggplot2 package.


=== format.pval ===
# How To Draw An Empty R Plot? plot.new()
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# How To Set The Axis Labels And Title Of The R Plots?
> args(format.pval)
# How To Add And Change The Spacing Of The Tick Marks Of Your R Plot? axis()
function (pv, digits = max(1L, getOption("digits") - 2L), eps = .Machine$double.eps,  
# How To Create Two Different X- or Y-axes? par(new=TRUE), axis(), mtext(). [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.6.2/topics/par ?par].
    na.form = "NA", ...)  
# How To Add Or Change The R Plot’s Legend? legend()
# How To Draw A Grid In Your R Plot? [https://r-charts.com/base-r/grid/ grid()]
# How To Draw A Plot With A PNG As Background? rasterImage() from the '''png''' package
# How To Adjust The Size Of Points In An R Plot? cex argument
# How To Fit A Smooth Curve To Your R Data? loess() and lines()
# How To Add Error Bars In An R Plot? arrows()
# How To Save A Plot As An Image On Disc
# How To Plot Two R Plots Next To Each Other? '''par(mfrow)'''[which means Multiple Figures (use ROW-wise)], '''gridBase''' package, '''lattice''' package
# How To Plot Multiple Lines Or Points? plot(), lines()
# How To Fix The Aspect Ratio For Your R Plots? asp parameter
# What Is The Function Of hjust And vjust In ggplot2?


> format.pval(c(stats::runif(5), pi^-100, NA))
== jitter function ==
[1] "0.19571" "0.46793" "0.71696" "0.93200" "0.74485" "< 2e-16" "NA"   
* https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/jitter
> format.pval(c(0.1, 0.0001, 1e-27))
** jitter(, amount) function adds a random variation between -amount/2 and amount/2 to each element in x
[1] "1e-01"  "1e-04"  "<2e-16"
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/17552046 What does the “jitter” function do in R?]
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/09/when-to-use-jitter/ When to use Jitter]
* [https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/146174 How to calculate Area Under the Curve (AUC), or the c-statistic, by hand]


=== options(digits) ===
:[[File:Jitterbox.png|200px]]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/2288013 Controlling number of decimal digits in print output in R]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/10712012 ?print.default]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/12135122 Formatting Decimal places in R, round()]. [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.3/topics/format format()] where '''nsmall''' controls the minimum number of digits to the right of the decimal point
* The default digits 7 may be too small. The acceptable range is 1-22. See the following examples


In R,
== Scatterplot with the "rug" function ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>
> options()$digits # Default
require(stats) # both 'density' and its default method
[1] 7
with(faithful, {
> 100000.07 + .04
    plot(density(eruptions, bw = 0.15))
[1] 100000.1
    rug(eruptions)
> options(digits = 16)
    rug(jitter(eruptions, amount = 0.01), side = 3, col = "light blue")
> 100000.07 + .04
})
[1] 100000.11
</pre>
</syntaxhighlight>
[[:File:RugFunction.png]]
 
See also the [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/graphics/html/stripchart.html stripchart()] function which produces one dimensional scatter plots (or dot plots) of the given data.


In Python,
== Identify/Locate Points in a Scatter Plot ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='python'>
<ul>
>>> 100000.07 + .04
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.5.1/topics/identify ?identify]
100000.11
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/23234142 Using the identify function in R]
</syntaxhighlight>
<pre>
plot(x, y)
identify(x, y, labels = names, plot = TRUE)
# Use left clicks to select points we want to identify and "esc" to stop the process
# This will put the labels on the plot and also return the indices of points
# [1] 143
names[143]
</pre>
</ul>


=== [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5352099/how-to-disable-scientific-notation Disable scientific notation in printing]: options(scipen) ===
== Draw a single plot with two different y-axes ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* http://www.gettinggeneticsdone.com/2015/04/r-single-plot-with-two-different-y-axes.html
> numer = 29707; denom = 93874
> c(numer/denom, numer, denom)
[1] 3.164561e-01 2.970700e+04 9.387400e+04


# Method 1. Without changing the global option
== Draw Color Palette ==
> format(c(numer/denom, numer, denom), scientific=FALSE)
* http://teachpress.environmentalinformatics-marburg.de/2013/07/creating-publication-quality-graphs-in-r-7/
[1] "    0.3164561" "29707.0000000" "93874.0000000"


# Method 2. Change the global option
=== Default palette before R 4.0 ===
> options(scipen=999)
palette() # black, red, green3, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, gray
> numer/denom
[1] 0.3164561
> c(numer/denom, numer, denom)
[1]    0.3164561 29707.0000000 93874.0000000
> c(4/5, numer, denom)
[1]    0.8 29707.0 93874.0
</syntaxhighlight>


=== sprintf ===
<pre>
==== Format number as fixed width, with leading zeros ====
# Example from Coursera "Statistics for Genomic Data Science" by Jeff Leek
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8266915/format-number-as-fixed-width-with-leading-zeros
tropical = c('darkorange', 'dodgerblue', 'hotpink', 'limegreen', 'yellow')
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14409084/pad-with-leading-zeros-to-common-width?rq=1
palette(tropical)
plot(1:5, 1:5, col=1:5, pch=16, cex=5)
</pre>


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== New palette in R 4.0.0 ===
# sprintf()
[https://youtu.be/I4k0LkTOKvU?t=464 R 4.0: 3 new features], [https://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2020/04/r-400-is-released.html R 4.0.0 now available, and a look back at R's history]. For example, we can select "ggplot2" palette to make the base graphics charts that match the color scheme of ggplot2.
a <- seq(1,101,25)
<pre>
sprintf("name_%03d", a)
R> palette()
[1] "name_001" "name_026" "name_051" "name_076" "name_101"
[1] "black"  "#DF536B" "#61D04F" "#2297E6" "#28E2E5" "#CD0BBC" "#F5C710"
[8] "gray62"
R> palette.pals()
[1] "R3"              "R4"              "ggplot2"       
[4] "Okabe-Ito"      "Accent"          "Dark 2"       
[7] "Paired"          "Pastel 1"        "Pastel 2"     
[10] "Set 1"          "Set 2"          "Set 3"         
[13] "Tableau 10"      "Classic Tableau" "Polychrome 36" 
[16] "Alphabet"
R> palette.colors(palette='R4') # same as palette()
[1] "#000000" "#DF536B" "#61D04F" "#2297E6" "#28E2E5" "#CD0BBC" "#F5C710"
[8] "#9E9E9E"
R> palette("R3")  # nothing return on screen but palette has changed
R> palette()  
[1] "black"  "red"    "green3"  "blue"    "cyan"    "magenta" "yellow"  
[8] "gray"
R> palette("R4") # reset to the default color palette; OR palette("default")


# formatC()
R> scales::show_col(palette.colors(palette = "Okabe-Ito"))
paste("name", formatC(a, width=3, flag="0"), sep="_")
R> for(id in palette.pals()) {
[1] "name_001" "name_026" "name_051" "name_076" "name_101"
    scales::show_col(palette.colors(palette = id))
</syntaxhighlight>
    title(id)
    readline("Press [enter] to continue")  
  }
</pre>
The '''palette''' function can also be used to change the color palette. See [https://data.library.virginia.edu/setting-up-color-palettes-in-r/ Setting up Color Palettes in R]
<pre>
palette("ggplot2")
palette(palette()[-1]) # Remove 'black'
  # OR palette(palette.colors(palette = "ggplot2")[-1] )
with(iris, plot(Sepal.Length, Petal.Length, col = Species, pch=16))


==== sprintf does not print ====
cc <- palette()
Use cat() or print() outside sprintf(). sprintf() do not print in a non interactive mode.
palette(c(cc,"purple","brown")) # Add two colors
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
</pre>
cat(sprintf('%5.2f\t%i\n',1.234, l234))  
<pre>
</syntaxhighlight>
R> colors() |> length() # [1] 657
R> colors(distinct = T) |> length() # [1] 502
</pre>


=== Creating publication quality graphs in R ===
=== evoPalette ===
* http://teachpress.environmentalinformatics-marburg.de/2013/07/creating-publication-quality-graphs-in-r-7/
[http://gradientdescending.com/evolve-new-colour-palettes-in-r-with-evopalette/ Evolve new colour palettes in R with evoPalette]


=== HDF5 : Hierarchical Data Format===
=== rtist ===
HDF5 is an open binary file format for storing and managing large, complex datasets. The file format was developed by the HDF Group, and is widely used in scientific computing.
[https://github.com/tomasokal/rtist?s=09 rtist]: Use the palettes of famous artists in your own visualizations.


* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_Data_Format
== SVG ==
* [https://support.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/ HDF5 tutorial] and others
=== Embed svg in html ===
* [http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/rhdf5.html rhdf5] package
* http://www.magesblog.com/2016/02/using-svg-graphics-in-blog-posts.html
* rhdf5 is used by [http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/archs4/data.html ARCHS4] where you can download R program that will download hdf5 file storing expression and metadata such as gene ID, sample/GSM ID, tissues, et al.


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== svglite ===
> h5ls(destination_file)
svglite is better R's svg(). It was used by ggsave().
  group                          name      otype  dclass          dim
[https://www.rstudio.com/blog/svglite-1-2-0/ svglite 1.2.0], [https://r-graphics.org/recipe-output-vector-svg R Graphics Cookbook].
0      /                          data  H5I_GROUP                     
/data                    expression H5I_DATASET INTEGER 35238 x 65429
2      /                           info  H5I_GROUP                     
/info                        author H5I_DATASET  STRING            1
/info                        contact H5I_DATASET  STRING            1
5  /info                  creation-date H5I_DATASET  STRING            1
/info                            lab H5I_DATASET  STRING            1
/info                        version H5I_DATASET  STRING            1
8      /                           meta  H5I_GROUP                     
/meta          Sample_channel_count H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
10 /meta    Sample_characteristics_ch1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
11 /meta        Sample_contact_address H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
12 /meta            Sample_contact_city H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
13 /meta        Sample_contact_country H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
14 /meta      Sample_contact_department H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
15 /meta          Sample_contact_email H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
16 /meta      Sample_contact_institute H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
17 /meta      Sample_contact_laboratory H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
18 /meta            Sample_contact_name H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
19 /meta          Sample_contact_phone H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
20 /meta Sample_contact_zip-postal_code H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
21 /meta        Sample_data_processing H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
22 /meta          Sample_data_row_count H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
23 /meta            Sample_description H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
24 /meta    Sample_extract_protocol_ch1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
25 /meta          Sample_geo_accession H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
26 /meta        Sample_instrument_model H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
27 /meta        Sample_last_update_date H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
28 /meta      Sample_library_selection H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
29 /meta          Sample_library_source H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
30 /meta        Sample_library_strategy H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
31 /meta            Sample_molecule_ch1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
32 /meta            Sample_organism_ch1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
33 /meta            Sample_platform_id H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
34 /meta                Sample_relation H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
35 /meta              Sample_series_id H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
36 /meta        Sample_source_name_ch1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
37 /meta                  Sample_status H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
38 /meta        Sample_submission_date H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
39 /meta    Sample_supplementary_file_1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
40 /meta    Sample_supplementary_file_2 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
41 /meta              Sample_taxid_ch1 H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
42 /meta                  Sample_title H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
43 /meta                    Sample_type H5I_DATASET  STRING        65429
44 /meta                          genes H5I_DATASET  STRING        35238
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Formats for writing/saving and sharing data ===
=== pdf -> svg ===
[http://www.econometricsbysimulation.com/2016/12/efficiently-saving-and-sharing-data-in-r_46.html Efficiently Saving and Sharing Data in R]
Using Inkscape. See [https://robertgrantstats.wordpress.com/2017/09/07/svg-from-stats-software-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/ this post].


=== Write unix format files on Windows and vice versa ===
=== svg -> png ===
https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2012-April/063931.html
[https://laustep.github.io/stlahblog/posts/SVG2PNG.html SVG to PNG] using the [https://cran.rstudio.com/web/packages/gyro/index.html gyro] package


=== with() and within() functions ===
== read.table ==
within() is similar to with() except it is used to create new columns and merge them with the original data sets. See [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZ6Bnxg9E8w&list=PLOU2XLYxmsIK9qQfztXeybpHvru-TrqAP youtube video].
=== clipboard ===
<pre>
{{Pre}}
closePr <- with(mariokart, totalPr - shipPr)
source("clipboard")
head(closePr, 20)
read.table("clipboard")
</pre>


mk <- within(mariokart, {
=== inline text ===
            closePr <- totalPr - shipPr
{{Pre}}
    })
mydf <- read.table(header=T, text='
head(mk) # new column closePr
cond yval
 
    A 2
mk <- mariokart
    B 2.5
aggregate(. ~ wheels + cond, mk, mean)
    C 1.6
# create mean according to each level of (wheels, cond)
')
</pre>


aggregate(totalPr ~ wheels + cond, mk, mean)
=== http(s) connection ===
{{Pre}}
temp = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6743826/raw/23c8b0bc4b8f0d1bfe1c2fad985ca2e091aeb916/ip.txt",  
                          ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
ip <- read.table(textConnection(temp), as.is=TRUE)
</pre>


tapply(mk$totalPr, mk[, c("wheels", "cond")], mean)
=== read only specific columns ===
Use 'colClasses' option in read.table, read.delim, .... For example, the following example reads only the 3rd column of the text file and also changes its data type from a data frame to a vector. Note that we have include double quotes around NULL.
{{Pre}}
x <- read.table("var_annot.vcf", colClasses = c(rep("NULL", 2), "character", rep("NULL", 7)),
                skip=62, header=T, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)[, 1]
#
system.time(x <- read.delim("Methylation450k.txt",
                colClasses = c("character", "numeric", rep("NULL", 188)), stringsAsFactors = FALSE))
</pre>
</pre>


=== stem(): stem-and-leaf plot, bar chart on terminals ===
To know the number of columns, we might want to read the first row first.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display
{{Pre}}
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14736556/ascii-plotting-functions-for-r
library(magrittr)
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/txtplot/index.html txtplot] package
scan("var_annot.vcf", sep="\t", what="character", skip=62, nlines=1, quiet=TRUE) %>% length()
</pre>


=== Graphical Parameters, Axes and Text, Combining Plots ===
Another method is to use '''pipe()''', '''cut''' or '''awk'''. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2193742/ways-to-read-only-select-columns-from-a-file-into-r-a-happy-medium-between-re ways to read only selected columns from a file into R]
[http://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/axes.html statmethods.net]


=== 15 Questions All R Users Have About Plots ===
=== check.names = FALSE in read.table() ===
See http://blog.datacamp.com/15-questions-about-r-plots/. This is a tremendous post. It covers the built-in plot() function and ggplot() from ggplot2 package.
<pre>
gx <- read.table(file, header = T, row.names =1)
colnames(gx) %>% grep("[^[:alnum:] ]", ., value = TRUE)
# [1] "hCG_1642354" "IGH."        "IGHV1.69"    "IGKV1.5"    "IGKV2.24"    "KRTAP13.2" 
# [7] "KRTAP19.1"  "KRTAP2.4"    "KRTAP5.9"    "KRTAP6.3"    "Kua.UEV" 


# How To Draw An Empty R Plot? plot.new()
gx <- read.table(file, header = T, row.names =1, check.names = FALSE)
# How To Set The Axis Labels And Title Of The R Plots?
colnames(gx) %>% grep("[^[:alnum:] ]", ., value = TRUE)
# How To Add And Change The Spacing Of The Tick Marks Of Your R Plot? axis()
# [1] "hCG_1642354" "IGH@"        "IGHV1-69"    "IGKV1-5"    "IGKV2-24"    "KRTAP13-2" 
# How To Create Two Different X- or Y-axes? par(new=TRUE), axis(), mtext()
# [7] "KRTAP19-1"  "KRTAP2-4"    "KRTAP5-9"    "KRTAP6-3"    "Kua-UEV" 
# How To Add Or Change The R Plot’s Legend? legend()
</pre>
# How To Draw A Grid In Your R Plot? grid()
# How To Draw A Plot With A PNG As Background? rasterImage() from the '''png''' package
# How To Adjust The Size Of Points In An R Plot? cex argument
# How To Fit A Smooth Curve To Your R Data? loess() and lines()
# How To Add Error Bars In An R Plot? arrows()
# How To Save A Plot As An Image On Disc
# How To Plot Two R Plots Next To Each Other? par(mfrow), '''gridBase''' package, '''lattice''' package
# How To Plot Multiple Lines Or Points? plot(), lines()
# How To Fix The Aspect Ratio For Your R Plots? asp parameter
# What Is The Function Of hjust And vjust In ggplot2?


=== jitter function ===
=== setNames() ===
* https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/jitter
Change the colnames. See an example from [https://www.tidymodels.org/start/models/ tidymodels]
* [https://statistical-programming.com/jitter-r-function-example/ The jitter R Function] 3 Example Codes (Basic Application & Boxplot Visualization)
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/17552046 What does the “jitter” function do in R?]
* [https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/146174 How to calculate Area Under the Curve (AUC), or the c-statistic, by hand]


=== Scatterplot with the "rug" function ===
=== Testing for valid variable names ===
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/testing-for-valid-variable-names/ Testing for valid variable names]
 
=== make.names(): Make syntactically valid names out of character vectors ===
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/make.names.html make.names()]
* A valid variable name consists of letters, numbers and the '''dot''' or '''underline''' characters. The variable name starts with a letter or the dot not followed by a number. See [https://www.tutorialspoint.com/r/r_variables.htm R variables].
<pre>
<pre>
require(stats) # both 'density' and its default method
make.names("abc-d") # [1] "abc.d"
with(faithful, {
    plot(density(eruptions, bw = 0.15))
    rug(eruptions)
    rug(jitter(eruptions, amount = 0.01), side = 3, col = "light blue")
})
</pre>
</pre>
[[File:RugFunction.png|200px]]


See also the [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/graphics/html/stripchart.html stripchart()] function which produces one dimensional scatter plots (or dot plots) of the given data.
== Serialization ==
If we want to pass an R object to C (use recv() function), we can use writeBin() to output the stream size and then use serialize() function to output the stream to a file. See the  
[https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/attachments/20130628/56473803/attachment.pl post] on R mailing list.
<pre>
> a <- list(1,2,3)
> a_serial <- serialize(a, NULL)
> a_length <- length(a_serial)
> a_length
[1] 70
> writeBin(as.integer(a_length), connection, endian="big")
> serialize(a, connection)
</pre>
In C++ process, I receive one int variable first to get the length, and
then read <length> bytes from the connection.


=== Identify/Locate Points in a Scatter Plot ===
== socketConnection ==
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.5.1/topics/identify ?identify]
See ?socketconnection.  


=== Draw a single plot with two different y-axes ===
=== Simple example ===
* http://www.gettinggeneticsdone.com/2015/04/r-single-plot-with-two-different-y-axes.html
from the socketConnection's manual.


=== Draw Color Palette ===
Open one R session
* http://teachpress.environmentalinformatics-marburg.de/2013/07/creating-publication-quality-graphs-in-r-7/
<pre>
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 22131, server = TRUE) # wait until a connection from some client
writeLines(LETTERS, con1)
close(con1)
</pre>


=== SVG ===
Open another R session (client)
==== Embed svg in html ====
<pre>
* http://www.magesblog.com/2016/02/using-svg-graphics-in-blog-posts.html
con2 <- socketConnection(Sys.info()["nodename"], port = 22131)
 
# as non-blocking, may need to loop for input
==== svglite ====
readLines(con2)
https://blog.rstudio.org/2016/11/14/svglite-1-2-0/
while(isIncomplete(con2)) {
 
  Sys.sleep(1)
==== pdf -> svg ====
  z <- readLines(con2)
Using Inkscape. See [https://robertgrantstats.wordpress.com/2017/09/07/svg-from-stats-software-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/ this post].
  if(length(z)) print(z)
 
}
=== read.table ===
close(con2)
==== clipboard ====
</pre>
<syntaxhighlight lang="rsplus">
source("clipboard")
read.table("clipboard")
</syntaxhighlight>


==== inline text ====
=== Use nc in client ===
<syntaxhighlight lang="rsplus">
mydf <- read.table(header=T, text='
cond yval
    A 2
    B 2.5
    C 1.6
')
</syntaxhighlight>


==== http(s) connection ====
The client does not have to be the R. We can use telnet, nc, etc. See the post [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-sig-hpc/2009-April/000144.html here]. For example, on the client machine, we can issue
<syntaxhighlight lang="rsplus">
<pre>
temp = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6743826/raw/23c8b0bc4b8f0d1bfe1c2fad985ca2e091aeb916/ip.txt",  
nc localhost 22131  [ENTER]
                          ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
</pre>
ip <- read.table(textConnection(temp), as.is=TRUE)
Then the client will wait and show anything written from the server machine. The connection from nc will be terminated once close(con1) is given.
</syntaxhighlight>


==== read only specific columns ====
If I use the command
Use 'colClasses' option in read.table, read.delim, .... For example, the following example reads only the 3rd column of the text file and also changes its data type from a data frame to a vector. Note that we have include double quotes around NULL.
<pre>
<syntaxhighlight lang="rsplus">
nc -v -w 2 localhost -z 22130-22135
x <- read.table("var_annot.vcf", colClasses = c(rep("NULL", 2), "character", rep("NULL", 7)),
</pre>
                skip=62, header=T, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)[, 1]
then the connection will be established for a short time which means the cursor on the server machine will be returned. If we issue the above nc command again on the client machine it will show the connection to the port 22131 is refused. PS. "-w" switch denotes the number of seconds of the timeout for connects and final net reads.
#
system.time(x <- read.delim("Methylation450k.txt",
                colClasses = c("character", "numeric", rep("NULL", 188)), stringsAsFactors = FALSE))
</syntaxhighlight>


To know the number of columns, we might want to read the first row first.
Some post I don't have a chance to read. http://digitheadslabnotebook.blogspot.com/2010/09/how-to-send-http-put-request-from-r.html
<syntaxhighlight lang="rsplus">
library(magrittr)
scan("var_annot.vcf", sep="\t", what="character", skip=62, nlines=1, quiet=TRUE) %>% length()
</syntaxhighlight>


Another method is to use '''pipe()''', '''cut''' or '''awk'''. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2193742/ways-to-read-only-select-columns-from-a-file-into-r-a-happy-medium-between-re ways to read only selected columns from a file into R]
=== Use curl command in client ===
 
On the server,
=== Serialization ===
If we want to pass an R object to C (use recv() function), we can use writeBin() to output the stream size and then use serialize() function to output the stream to a file. See the
[https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/attachments/20130628/56473803/attachment.pl post] on R mailing list.
<pre>
<pre>
> a <- list(1,2,3)
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 8080, server = TRUE)
> a_serial <- serialize(a, NULL)
> a_length <- length(a_serial)
> a_length
[1] 70
> writeBin(as.integer(a_length), connection, endian="big")
> serialize(a, connection)
</pre>
</pre>
In C++ process, I receive one int variable first to get the length, and
then read <length> bytes from the connection.


=== socketConnection ===
On the client,
See ?socketconnection.
 
==== Simple example ====
from the socketConnection's manual.
 
Open one R session
<pre>
<pre>
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 22131, server = TRUE) # wait until a connection from some client
curl --trace-ascii debugdump.txt http://localhost:8080/
writeLines(LETTERS, con1)
close(con1)
</pre>
</pre>


Open another R session (client)
Then go to the server,
<pre>
<pre>
con2 <- socketConnection(Sys.info()["nodename"], port = 22131)
while(nchar(x <- readLines(con1, 1)) > 0) cat(x, "\n")
# as non-blocking, may need to loop for input
 
readLines(con2)
close(con1) # return cursor in the client machine
while(isIncomplete(con2)) {
  Sys.sleep(1)
  z <- readLines(con2)
  if(length(z)) print(z)
}
close(con2)
</pre>
</pre>


==== Use nc in client ====
=== Use telnet command in client ===
 
On the server,
The client does not have to be the R. We can use telnet, nc, etc. See the post [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-sig-hpc/2009-April/000144.html here]. For example, on the client machine, we can issue
<pre>
<pre>
nc localhost 22131  [ENTER]
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 8080, server = TRUE)
</pre>
Then the client will wait and show anything written from the server machine. The connection from nc will be terminated once close(con1) is given.
 
If I use the command
<pre>
nc -v -w 2 localhost -z 22130-22135
</pre>
then the connection will be established for a short time which means the cursor on the server machine will be returned. If we issue the above nc command again on the client machine it will show the connection to the port 22131 is refused. PS. "-w" switch denotes the number of seconds of the timeout for connects and final net reads.
 
Some post I don't have a chance to read. http://digitheadslabnotebook.blogspot.com/2010/09/how-to-send-http-put-request-from-r.html
 
==== Use curl command in client ====
On the server,
<pre>
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 8080, server = TRUE)
</pre>
 
On the client,
<pre>
curl --trace-ascii debugdump.txt http://localhost:8080/
</pre>
 
Then go to the server,
<pre>
while(nchar(x <- readLines(con1, 1)) > 0) cat(x, "\n")
 
close(con1) # return cursor in the client machine
</pre>
 
==== Use telnet command in client ====
On the server,
<pre>
con1 <- socketConnection(port = 8080, server = TRUE)
</pre>
</pre>


Line 5,547: Line 5,774:
Some [http://blog.gahooa.com/2009/01/23/basics-of-telnet-and-http/ tutorial] about using telnet on http request. And [http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/tables/telnet_commands.html this] is a summary of using telnet.
Some [http://blog.gahooa.com/2009/01/23/basics-of-telnet-and-http/ tutorial] about using telnet on http request. And [http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/tables/telnet_commands.html this] is a summary of using telnet.


=== Subsetting ===
== Subsetting ==
[http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/doc/manuals/R-lang.html#Subset-assignment Subset assignment of R Language Definition] and [http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/doc/manuals/R-lang.html#Manipulation-of-functions Manipulation of functions].
[http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/doc/manuals/R-lang.html#Subset-assignment Subset assignment of R Language Definition] and [http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/doc/manuals/R-lang.html#Manipulation-of-functions Manipulation of functions].


Line 5,557: Line 5,784:
</pre>
</pre>


==== Avoid Coercing Indices To Doubles ====
=== Avoid Coercing Indices To Doubles ===
[https://www.jottr.org/2018/04/02/coercion-of-indices/ 1 or 1L]
[https://www.jottr.org/2018/04/02/coercion-of-indices/ 1 or 1L]


=== as.formula() ===
=== Careful on NA value ===
See the example below. base::subset() or dplyr::filter() can remove NA subsets.
<pre>
R> mydf = data.frame(a=1:3, b=c(NA,5,6))
R> mydf[mydf$b >5, ]
    a  b
NA NA NA
3  3  6
R> mydf[which(mydf$b >5), ]
  a b
3 3 6
R> mydf %>% dplyr::filter(b > 5)
  a b
1 3 6
R> subset(mydf, b>5)
  a b
3 3 6
</pre>
 
=== Implicit looping ===
<pre>
set.seed(1)
i <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), size=10, replace = TRUE)
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
sum(i)        # [1] 6
x <- 1:10
length(x[i])  # [1] 6
x[i[1:3]]    # [1]  1  3  4  6  7  9 10
length(x[i[1:3]]) # [1] 7
</pre>
 
== modelling ==
=== update() ===
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.1/topics/update ?update]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/5118337 Reusing a Model Built in R]
 
=== Extract all variable names in lm(), glm(), ... ===
all.vars(formula(Model)[-2])
 
=== as.formula(): use a string in formula in lm(), glm(), ... ===
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2019/08/changing-the-variable-inside-an-r-formula/ Changing the variable inside an R formula]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5251507/how-to-succinctly-write-a-formula-with-many-variables-from-a-data-frame How to succinctly write a formula with many variables from a data frame?]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5251507/how-to-succinctly-write-a-formula-with-many-variables-from-a-data-frame How to succinctly write a formula with many variables from a data frame?]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{{Pre}}
? as.formula
? as.formula
xnam <- paste("x", 1:25, sep="")
xnam <- paste("x", 1:25, sep="")
fmla <- as.formula(paste("y ~ ", paste(xnam, collapse= "+")))
fmla <- as.formula(paste("y ~ ", paste(xnam, collapse= "+")))
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
* [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/09/r-tip-how-to-pass-a-formula-to-lm/ How to Pass A formula to lm], [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/bquote ?bquote], [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/eval ?eval]
* [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/09/r-tip-how-to-pass-a-formula-to-lm/ How to Pass A formula to lm], [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/bquote ?bquote], [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/eval ?eval]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{{Pre}}
outcome <- "mpg"
outcome <- "mpg"
variables <- c("cyl", "disp", "hp", "carb")
variables <- c("cyl", "disp", "hp", "carb")
Line 5,616: Line 5,883:
(Intercept)          cyl        disp          hp        carb   
(Intercept)          cyl        disp          hp        carb   
   34.021595    -1.048523    -0.026906    0.009349    -0.926863  
   34.021595    -1.048523    -0.026906    0.009349    -0.926863  
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
* [https://statisticaloddsandends.wordpress.com/2019/08/24/changing-the-variable-inside-an-r-formula/ Changing the variable inside an R formula] 1. as.formula() 2. subset by [[i]] 3. get() 4. eval(parse()).
 
=== reformulate ===
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/06/simplifying-model-formulas-with-the-r-function-reformulate/ Simplifying Model Formulas with the R Function ‘reformulate()’]
 
=== I() function ===
I() means isolates. See [https://stackoverflow.com/a/24192745 What does the capital letter "I" in R linear regression formula mean?],  [https://stackoverflow.com/a/8055683 In R formulas, why do I have to use the I() function on power terms, like y ~ I(x^3)]
 
=== Aggregating results from linear model ===
https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/6862
 
== Replacement function "fun(x) <- a" ==
[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11563154/what-are-replacement-functions-in-r What are Replacement Functions in R?]
<pre>
R> xx <- c(1,3,66, 99)
R> "cutoff<-" <- function(x, value){
    x[x > value] <- Inf
    x
}
R> cutoff(xx) <- 65 # xx & 65 are both input
R> xx
[1]  1  3 Inf Inf
 
R> "cutoff<-"(x = xx, value = 65)
[1]  1  3 Inf Inf
</pre>
The statement '''fun(x) <- a''' and R will read '''x <- "fun<-"(x,a) '''


=== S3 and S4 methods ===
== S3 and S4 methods and signature ==
* How S4 works in R https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/methods/versions/3.5.1/topics/Methods_Details
* How S4 works in R https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/methods/versions/3.5.1/topics/Methods_Details
* Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R by John Chambers
* Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R by John Chambers
* Programming with Data: A Guide to the S Language  by John Chambers
* Programming with Data: A Guide to the S Language  by John Chambers
* [https://www.amazon.com/Extending-Chapman-Hall-John-Chambers/dp/1498775713 Extending R] by John M. Chambers, 2016
* https://www.rmetrics.org/files/Meielisalp2009/Presentations/Chalabi1.pdf
* https://www.rmetrics.org/files/Meielisalp2009/Presentations/Chalabi1.pdf
* [https://njtierney.github.io/r/missing%20data/rbloggers/2016/11/06/simple-s3-methods/ A Simple Guide to S3 Methods]
* [https://rstudio-education.github.io/hopr/s3.html Hands-On Programming with R] by Garrett Grolemund
* https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/S-Workshop/Gentleman/S4Objects.pdf
* https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/S-Workshop/Gentleman/S4Objects.pdf
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/packS4/index.html packS4: Toy Example of S4 Package]
* [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/packS4/index.html packS4: Toy Example of S4 Package], * [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Genolini-S4tutorialV0-5en.pdf A (Not So) Short Introduction to S4]
* http://www.cyclismo.org/tutorial/R/s4Classes.html
* http://www.cyclismo.org/tutorial/R/s4Classes.html
* https://www.coursera.org/lecture/bioconductor/r-s4-methods-C4dNr
* https://www.coursera.org/lecture/bioconductor/r-s4-methods-C4dNr
* https://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2013/UnderstandingRBioc2013/
* https://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2013/UnderstandingRBioc2013/
* [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/contrib/Genolini-S4tutorialV0-5en.pdf A (Not So) Short Introduction to S4]
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/S4.html, http://adv-r.had.co.nz/OO-essentials.html
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/S4.html
* [https://appsilon.com/object-oriented-programming-in-r-part-1/ Object-Oriented Programming in R (Part 1): An Introduction], [https://appsilon.com/object-oriented-programming-in-r-part-2/ Part 2: S3 Simplified]


To get the source code of S4 methods, we can use showMethod(), getMethod() and showMethod(). For example
=== Debug an S4 function ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* '''showMethods('FUNCTION')'''
library(qrqc)
* '''getMethod('FUNCTION', 'SIGNATURE') ''' 
showMethods("gcPlot")
* '''debug(, signature)'''
getMethod("gcPlot", "FASTQSummary") # get an error
{{Pre}}
showMethods("gcPlot", "FASTQSummary") # good.
> args(debug)
</syntaxhighlight>
function (fun, text = "", condition = NULL, signature = NULL)  


* '''Debug a S4 function'''
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> library(genefilter) # Bioconductor
> library(genefilter) # Bioconductor
> showMethods("nsFilter")
> showMethods("nsFilter")
Line 5,646: Line 5,941:
eset="ExpressionSet"
eset="ExpressionSet"
> debug(nsFilter, signature="ExpressionSet")
> debug(nsFilter, signature="ExpressionSet")
</syntaxhighlight>
 
library(DESeq2)
showMethods("normalizationFactors") # show the object class
                                    # "DESeqDataSet" in this case.
getMethod(`normalizationFactors`, "DESeqDataSet") # get the source code
</pre>
See the [https://github.com/mikelove/DESeq2/blob/445ae6c61d06de69d465b57f23e1c743d9b4537d/R/methods.R#L367 source code] of '''normalizationFactors<-''' (setReplaceMethod() is used) and the [https://github.com/mikelove/DESeq2/blob/445ae6c61d06de69d465b57f23e1c743d9b4537d/R/methods.R#L385 source code] of '''estimateSizeFactors()'''. We can see how ''avgTxLength'' was used in estimateNormFactors().
 
Another example
<pre>
library(GSVA)
args(gsva) # function (expr, gset.idx.list, ...)
 
showMethods("gsva")
# Function: gsva (package GSVA)
# expr="ExpressionSet", gset.idx.list="GeneSetCollection"
# expr="ExpressionSet", gset.idx.list="list"
# expr="matrix", gset.idx.list="GeneSetCollection"
# expr="matrix", gset.idx.list="list"
# expr="SummarizedExperiment", gset.idx.list="GeneSetCollection"
# expr="SummarizedExperiment", gset.idx.list="list"
 
debug(gsva, signature = c(expr="matrix", gset.idx.list="list"))
# OR
# debug(gsva, signature = c("matrix", "list"))
gsva(y, geneSets, method="ssgsea", kcdf="Gaussian")
Browse[3]> debug(.gsva)
# return(ssgsea(expr, gset.idx.list, alpha = tau, parallel.sz = parallel.sz,
#      normalization = ssgsea.norm, verbose = verbose,
#      BPPARAM = BPPARAM))
 
isdebugged("gsva")
# [1] TRUE
undebug(gsva)
</pre>


* '''getClassDef()''' in S4 ([http://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2014/Epigenomics/BiocForSequenceAnalysis.html Bioconductor course]).
* '''getClassDef()''' in S4 ([http://www.bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2014/Epigenomics/BiocForSequenceAnalysis.html Bioconductor course]).
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{{Pre}}
library(IRanges)
library(IRanges)
ir <- IRanges(start=c(10, 20, 30), width=5)
ir <- IRanges(start=c(10, 20, 30), width=5)
Line 5,680: Line 6,009:
##  
##  
## Known Subclasses: "NormalIRanges"
## Known Subclasses: "NormalIRanges"
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
 
=== Check if a function is an S4 method ===
'''isS4(foo)'''
 
=== How to access the slots of an S4 object ===
* @ will let you access the slots of an S4 object.
* Note that often the best way to do this is to not access the slot directly but rather through an accessor function (e.g. coefs() rather than digging out the coefficients with $ or @). However, often such functions do not exist so you have to access the slots directly. This will mean that your code breaks if the internal implementation changes, however.
* [https://kasperdanielhansen.github.io/genbioconductor/html/R_S4.html#slots-and-accessor-functions R - S4 Classes and Methods] Hansen. '''getClass()''' or '''getClassDef()'''.
 
=== setReplaceMethod() ===
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/24253311 What's the difference between setMethod(“$<-”) and set setReplaceMethod(“$”)?]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/49267668 What is setReplaceMethod() and how does it work?]


==== See what methods work on an object ====
=== See what methods work on an object ===
see what methods work on an object, e.g. a GRanges object:  
see what methods work on an object, e.g. a GRanges object:  
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>methods(class="GRanges")</syntaxhighlight> Or if you have an object, x: <syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>methods(class=class(x))</syntaxhighlight>  
<pre>
methods(class="GRanges")
</pre>  
Or if you have an object, x:  
<pre>
methods(class=class(x))
</pre>  


==== View S3 function definition: double colon '::' and triple colon ':::' operators ====
=== View S3 function definition: double colon '::' and triple colon ':::' operators and getAnywhere() ===
?":::"
?":::"


Line 5,692: Line 6,039:
* pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name
* pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>
base::"+"
base::"+"
stats:::coef.default
stats:::coef.default
</syntaxhighlight>


==== Read the source code (include Fortran/C, S3 and S4 methods) ====
predict.ppr
# Error: object 'predict.ppr' not found
stats::predict.ppr
# Error: 'predict.ppr' is not an exported object from 'namespace:stats'
stats:::predict.ppr  # OR 
getS3method("predict", "ppr")
 
getS3method("t", "test")
</pre>
 
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/19226817 methods() + getAnywhere() functions]
 
=== Read the source code (include Fortran/C, S3 and S4 methods) ===
* [https://github.com/jimhester/lookup#readme lookup] package
* [https://github.com/jimhester/lookup#readme lookup] package
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/05/14/read-the-source/ Read the source]
* [https://blog.r-hub.io/2019/05/14/read-the-source/ Read the source]
* Find the source code in [https://stackoverflow.com/a/19226817 UseMethod("XXX")] for S3 methods.


==== mcols() and DataFrame() from Bioc [http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/S4Vectors.html S4Vectors] package ====
=== S3 method is overwritten ===
For example, the select() method from dplyr is overwritten by [https://github.com/cran/grpreg/blob/master/NAMESPACE grpreg] package.
 
An easy solution is to load grpreg before loading dplyr.
 
* https://stackoverflow.com/a/14407095
* [https://njtierney.github.io/r/missing%20data/rbloggers/2016/11/06/simple-s3-methods/ A Simple Guide to S3 Methods] and [https://github.com/njtierney/A-Simple-Guide-to-S3-Methods/blob/master/SimpleS3.Rmd its source]
* [https://developer.r-project.org/Blog/public/2019/08/19/s3-method-lookup/index.html S3 Method Lookup]
 
=== mcols() and DataFrame() from Bioc [http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/S4Vectors.html S4Vectors] package ===
* mcols: Get or set the metadata columns.
* mcols: Get or set the metadata columns.
* colData: SummarizedExperiment instances from GenomicRanges
* colData: SummarizedExperiment instances from GenomicRanges
Line 5,707: Line 6,075:


For example, in [http://www-huber.embl.de/DESeq2paper/vignettes/posterior.pdf Shrinkage of logarithmic fold changes] vignette of the DESeq2paper package  
For example, in [http://www-huber.embl.de/DESeq2paper/vignettes/posterior.pdf Shrinkage of logarithmic fold changes] vignette of the DESeq2paper package  
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
{{Pre}}
> mcols(ddsNoPrior[genes, ])
> mcols(ddsNoPrior[genes, ])
DataFrame with 2 rows and 21 columns
DataFrame with 2 rows and 21 columns
Line 5,726: Line 6,094:
1      TRUE        3  210.4045 0.2648753
1      TRUE        3  210.4045 0.2648753
2      TRUE        9  243.7455 0.3248949
2      TRUE        9  243.7455 0.3248949
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
 
== Pipe ==
* [https://www.tidyverse.org/blog/2023/04/base-vs-magrittr-pipe/ Differences between the base R and magrittr pipes] 4/21/2023
* [https://win-vector.com/2020/12/05/r-is-getting-an-official-pipe-operator/ R is Getting an Official Pipe Operator], [https://win-vector.com/2020/12/07/my-opinion-on-rs-upcoming-pipe/ My Opinion on R’s Upcoming Pipe]
<ul>
<li> a(b(x)) vs '''x |> b() |> a()'''. See [https://twitter.com/henrikbengtsson/status/1335328090390597632 this tweet] in R-dev 2020-12-04.
<pre>
e0 <- quote(a(b(x)))
e1 <- quote(x |> b() |> a())
identical(e0, e1)
</pre>
</li>
<li>
[https://selbydavid.com/2021/05/18/pipes/ There are now 3 different R pipes]
</li>
<li>[https://stackoverflow.com/a/67629310 Error: The pipe operator requires a function call as RHS].
<pre>
# native pipe
foo |> bar()
# magrittr pipe
foo %>% bar
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://www.infoworld.com/article/3621369/use-the-new-r-pipe-built-into-r-41.html Use the new R pipe built into R 4.1] </li>
<li>[https://towardsdatascience.com/the-new-native-pipe-operator-in-r-cbc5fa8a37bd The New Native Pipe Operator in R] </li>
<li>[https://ivelasq.rbind.io/blog/understanding-the-r-pipe/ Understanding the native R pipe |> ] </li>
</ul>
 
Packages take advantage of pipes
<ul>
<li>[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rstatix/index.html rstatix]: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests
</ul>


=== findInterval() ===
== findInterval() ==
Related functions are cuts() and split(). See also
Related functions are cuts() and split(). See also
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=oKY5QeSWb4cC&pg=PT310&lpg=PT310&dq=r+findinterval3&source=bl&ots=YjNMkHrTMw&sig=y_wIA1um420xVCI5IoGivABge-s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gm_yUrSqLKXesAS2_IGoBQ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBTgo#v=onepage&q=r%20findinterval3&f=false R Graphs Cookbook]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=oKY5QeSWb4cC&pg=PT310&lpg=PT310&dq=r+findinterval3&source=bl&ots=YjNMkHrTMw&sig=y_wIA1um420xVCI5IoGivABge-s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gm_yUrSqLKXesAS2_IGoBQ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBTgo#v=onepage&q=r%20findinterval3&f=false R Graphs Cookbook]
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Rcpp.html Hadley Wickham]
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Rcpp.html Hadley Wickham]


=== order(), rank() and sort() ===
== Assign operator ==
* Earlier versions of R used underscore (_) as an assignment operator.
* [https://developer.r-project.org/equalAssign.html Assignments with the = Operator]
* In R 1.8.0 (2003), the assign operator has been removed. See [https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/NEWS.1 NEWS].
* In R 1.9.0 (2004), "_" is allowed in valid names. See [https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/NEWS.1 NEWS].
 
: [[File:R162.png|200px]]
 
== Operator precedence ==
The ':' operator has higher precedence than '-' so 0:N-1 evaluates to (0:N)-1, not 0:(N-1) like you probably wanted.
 
== order(), rank() and sort() ==
If we want to find the indices of the first 25 genes with the smallest p-values, we can use '''order(pval)[1:25]'''.
If we want to find the indices of the first 25 genes with the smallest p-values, we can use '''order(pval)[1:25]'''.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>
> x = sample(10)
> x = sample(10)
> x
> x
Line 5,750: Line 6,161:
> sort(x)
> sort(x)
  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>


=== do.call, rbind, lapply ===
=== OS-dependent results on sorting string vector ===
Lots of examples. See for example [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/attachments/20140423/62d8d103/attachment.pl this one] for creating a data frame from a vector.
Gene symbol case.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>
x <- readLines(textConnection("---CLUSTER 1 ---
# mac:
3
order(c("DC-UbP", "DC2")) # c(1,2)
4
5
6
---CLUSTER 2 ---
9
10
8
11"))


# create a list of where the 'clusters' are
# linux:
clust <- c(grep("CLUSTER", x), length(x) + 1L)
order(c("DC-UbP", "DC2")) # c(2,1)
</pre>


# get size of each cluster
Affymetric id case.
clustSize <- diff(clust) - 1L
<pre>
# mac:
order(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] 2 1
sort(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] "2028_s_at" "202800_at"


# get cluster number
# linux
clustNum <- gsub("[^0-9]+", "", x[grep("CLUSTER", x)])
order(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] 1 2
sort(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] "202800_at" "2028_s_at"
</pre>
It does not matter if we include factor() on the character vector.


result <- do.call(rbind, lapply(seq(length(clustNum)), function(.cl){
The difference is related to locale. See
    cbind(Object = x[seq(clust[.cl] + 1L, length = clustSize[.cl])]
        , Cluster = .cl
        )
    }))


result
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/locales ?locales] in R
* On OS, type '''locale'''
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39171613/sort-produces-different-results-in-ubuntu-and-windows sort() produces different results in Ubuntu and Windows]
* To fix the inconsistency problem, we can set the locale in R code to "C" or use the stringr package (the locale is part of [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stringr/versions/1.4.0/topics/str_order str_order()]'s arguments).
<pre>
# both mac and linux
stringr::str_order(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] 2 1
stringr::str_order(c("DC-UbP", "DC2")) # [1] 1 2
 
# Or setting the locale to "C"
Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL", "C"); sort(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
# Or
Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", "C"); sort(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
# But not
Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL", "en_US.UTF-8"); sort(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
</pre>
 
=== unique() ===
It seems it does not sort. [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/unique ?unique].
<pre>
# mac & linux
R> unique(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
[1] "DC-UbP" "DC2"
</pre>


    Object Cluster
== do.call ==
[1,] "3"    "1"
'''do.call''' constructs and executes a function call from a name or a function and a list of arguments to be passed to it.
[2,] "4"    "1"
[3,] "5"    "1"
[4,] "6"    "1"
[5,] "9"    "2"
[6,] "10"  "2"
[7,] "8"    "2"
[8,] "11"  "2"
</syntaxhighlight>


A 2nd example is to [http://datascienceplus.com/working-with-data-frame-in-r/ sort a data frame] by using do.call(order, list()).
[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/05/the-do-call-function-in-r-unlocking-efficiency-and-flexibility/ The do.call() function in R: Unlocking Efficiency and Flexibility]


Another example is to reproduce aggregate(). aggregate() = do.call() + by().
Below are some examples from the [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/do.call.html help].
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
attach(mtcars)
do.call(rbind, by(mtcars, list(cyl, vs), colMeans))
# the above approach give the same result as the following
# except it does not have an extra Group.x columns
aggregate(mtcars, list(cyl, vs), FUN=mean)
</syntaxhighlight>


=== How to get examples from help file ===
* Usage
See [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2014-April/369342.html this post].
{{Pre}}
Method 1:
do.call(what, args, quote = FALSE, envir = parent.frame())
<pre>
# what: either a function or a non-empty character string naming the function to be called.
example(acf, give.lines=TRUE)
# args: a list of arguments to the function call. The names attribute of args gives the argument names.
# quote: a logical value indicating whether to quote the arguments.
# envir: an environment within which to evaluate the call. This will be most useful
#        if what is a character string and the arguments are symbols or quoted expressions.
</pre>
* do.call() is similar to [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/lapply lapply()] but not the same. It seems do.call() can make a simple function vectorized.
{{Pre}}
> do.call("complex", list(imag = 1:3))
[1] 0+1i 0+2i 0+3i
> lapply(list(imag = 1:3), complex)
$imag
[1] 0+0i
> complex(imag=1:3)
[1] 0+1i 0+2i 0+3i
> do.call(function(x) x+1, list(1:3))
[1] 2 3 4
</pre>
</pre>
Method 2:
* Applying do.call with Multiple Arguments
<pre>
<pre>
Rd <- utils:::.getHelpFile(?acf)
> do.call("sum", list(c(1,2,3,NA), na.rm = TRUE))
tools::Rd2ex(Rd)
[1] 6
> do.call("sum", list(c(1,2,3,NA) ))
[1] NA
</pre>
</pre>
* [https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~s133/Docall.html do.call() allows you to call any R function, but instead of writing out the arguments one by one, you can use a list to hold the arguments of the function.]
{{Pre}}
> tmp <- expand.grid(letters[1:2], 1:3, c("+", "-"))
> length(tmp)
[1] 3
> tmp[1:4,]
  Var1 Var2 Var3
1    a    1    +
2    b    1    +
3    a    2    +
4    b    2    +
> c(tmp, sep = "")
$Var1
[1] a b a b a b a b a b a b
Levels: a b
$Var2
[1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
$Var3
[1] + + + + + + - - - - - -
Levels: + -


=== "[" and "[[" with the sapply() function ===
$sep
Suppose we want to extract string from the id like "ABC-123-XYZ" before the first hyphen.
[1] ""
<pre>
> do.call("paste", c(tmp, sep = ""))
sapply(strsplit("ABC-123-XYZ", "-"), "[", 1)
[1] "a1+" "b1+" "a2+" "b2+" "a3+" "b3+" "a1-" "b1-" "a2-" "b2-" "a3-"
[12] "b3-"
</pre>
</pre>
is the same as
* ''environment'' and ''quote'' arguments.
{{Pre}}
> A <- 2
> f <- function(x) print(x^2)
> env <- new.env()
> assign("A", 10, envir = env)
> assign("f", f, envir = env)
> f <- function(x) print(x)
> f(A) 
[1] 2
> do.call("f", list(A))
[1] 2
> do.call("f", list(A), envir = env) 
[1] 4
> do.call(f, list(A), envir = env) 
[1] 2                      # Why?
 
> eval(call("f", A))                     
[1] 2
> eval(call("f", quote(A)))             
[1] 2
> eval(call("f", A), envir = env)       
[1] 4
> eval(call("f", quote(A)), envir = env) 
[1] 100
</pre>
* Good use case; see [https://stackoverflow.com/a/11892680 Get all Parameters as List]
{{Pre}}
> foo <- function(a=1, b=2, ...) {
        list(arg=do.call(c, as.list(match.call())[-1]))
  }
> foo()
$arg
NULL
> foo(a=1)
$arg
a
1
> foo(a=1, b=2, c=3)
$arg
a b c
1 2 3
</pre>
* do.call() + switch(). See [https://github.com/satijalab/seurat/blob/13b615c27eeeac85e5c928aa752197ac224339b9/R/preprocessing.R#L2450 an example] from Seurat::NormalizeData.
<pre>
<pre>
sapply(strsplit("ABC-123-XYZ", "-"), function(x) x[1])
do.call(
  what = switch(
    EXPR = margin,
    '1' = 'rbind',
    '2' = 'cbind',
    stop("'margin' must be 1 or 2")
  ),
  args = normalized.data
)
switch('a', 'a' = rnorm(3), 'b'=rnorm(4)) # switch returns a value
do.call(switch('a', 'a' = 'rnorm', 'b'='rexp'), args=list(n=4)) # switch returns a function
</pre>
</pre>
 
* The function we want to call is a string that may change: [https://github.com/cran/glmnet/blob/master/R/cv.glmnet.raw.R#L66 glmnet]
=== Dealing with date ===
<pre>
<pre>
d1 = date()
# Suppose we want to call cv.glmnet or cv.coxnet or cv.lognet or cv.elnet .... depending on the case
class(d1) # "character"
fun = paste("cv", subclass, sep = ".")
d2 = Sys.Date()
cvstuff = do.call(fun, list(predmat,y,type.measure,weights,foldid,grouped))
class(d2) # "Date"
</pre>


format(d2, "%a %b %d")
=== expand.grid, mapply, vapply ===
[https://shikokuchuo.net/posts/10-combinations/ A faster way to generate combinations for mapply and vapply]


library(lubridate); ymd("20140108") # "2014-01-08 UTC"
=== do.call vs mapply ===
mdy("08/04/2013") # "2013-08-04 UTC"
* do.call() is doing what [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/mapply mapply()] does but do.call() uses a list instead of multiple arguments. So do.call() more close to [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/funprog base::Map()] function.
dmy("03-04-2013") # "2013-04-03 UTC"
{{Pre}}
ymd_hms("2011-08-03 10:15:03") # "2011-08-03 10:15:03 UTC"
> mapply(paste, tmp[1], tmp[2], tmp[3], sep = "")
ymd_hms("2011-08-03 10:15:03", tz="Pacific/Auckland")
      Var1
# "2011-08-03 10:15:03 NZST"
[1,] "a1+"
?Sys.timezone
[2,] "b1+"
x = dmy(c("1jan2013", "2jan2013", "31mar2013", "30jul2013"))
[3,] "a2+"
wday(x[1]) # 3
[4,] "b2+"
wday(x[1], label=TRUE) # Tues
[5,] "a3+"
[6,] "b3+"
[7,] "a1-"
[8,] "b1-"
[9,] "a2-"
[10,] "b2-"
[11,] "a3-"
[12,] "b3-"
# It does not work if we do not explicitly specify the arguments in mapply()
> mapply(paste, tmp, sep = "")
      Var1 Var2 Var3
[1,] "a"  "1"  "+"
[2,] "b"  "1"  "+"
[3,] "a"  "2"  "+"
[4,] "b"  "2"  "+"  
[5,] "a"  "3"  "+"  
[6,] "b"  "3"  "+"  
[7,] "a"  "1"  "-"
[8,] "b"  "1"  "-"  
[9,] "a"  "2"  "-"
[10,] "b"  "2"  "-"  
[11,] "a"  "3" "-"
[12,] "b" "3"  "-"  
</pre>
* mapply is useful in generating variables with a vector of parameters. For example suppose we want to generate variables from exponential/weibull distribution and a vector of scale parameters (depending on some covariates). In this case we can use ([https://stackoverflow.com/a/17031993 Simulating Weibull distributions from vectors of parameters in R])
{{Pre}}
set.seed(1)
mapply(rweibull, 1, c(1, 10), MoreArgs=list(n=1))
# [1] 1.326108 9.885284
set.seed(1)
x <- replicate(1000, mapply(rweibull, 1, c(1, 10), MoreArgs=list(n=1)))
dim(x) # [1]  2 1000
rowMeans(x)
# [1] 1.032209 10.104131
</pre>
{{Pre}}
set.seed(1); Vectorize(rweibull)(n=1, shape=1, scale=c(1, 10))
# [1] 1.326108 9.885284
set.seed(1); x <- replicate(1000, Vectorize(rweibull)(n=1, shape=1, scale=c(1, 10)))
</pre>
</pre>
* http://www.r-statistics.com/2012/03/do-more-with-dates-and-times-in-r-with-lubridate-1-1-0/
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lubridate/vignettes/lubridate.html
* http://rpubs.com/seandavi/GEOMetadbSurvey2014
* We want our dates and times as class "Date" or the class "POSIXct", "POSIXlt". For more information type ?POSIXlt.


=== [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html Nonstandard evaluation] and deparse/substitute ===
=== do.call vs lapply ===
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lazyeval/vignettes/lazyeval.html Vignette] from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lazyeval/index.html lazyeval] package. It is needed in three cases
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/10801883 What's the difference between lapply and do.call?] It seems to me the best usage is combining both functions: '''do.call(..., lapply())'''
** Labelling: turn an argument into a label
 
** Formulas
* lapply returns a list of the same length as X, each element of which is the result of applying FUN to the corresponding element of X.
** Dot-dot-dot
* do.call constructs and executes a function call from a name or a function and a list of arguments to be passed to it. '''It is widely used, for example, to assemble lists into simpler structures (often with rbind or cbind).'''
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/substitute substitute(expr, env)] - capture expression.
* Map applies a function to the corresponding elements of given vectors... Map is a simple wrapper to mapply which does not attempt to simplify the result, similar to Common Lisp's mapcar (with arguments being recycled, however). Future versions may allow some control of the result type.
** substitute() is often paired with deparse() to create informative labels for data sets and plots.  
 
** Use 'substitute' to include the variable's name in a plot title, e.g.: '''var <- "abc"; hist(var,main=substitute(paste("Dist of ", var))) ''' will show the title "Dist of var" instead of "Dist of abc" in the title.
{{Pre}}
* quote(expr) - similar to substitute() but do nothing?? [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/noquote noquote] - print character strings without quotes
> lapply(iris, class) # same as Map(class, iris)
* eval(expr, envir), evalq(expr, envir) - eval evaluates its first argument in the current scope before passing it to the evaluator: evalq avoids this.
$Sepal.Length
* deparse(expr) - turns unevaluated expressions into character strings. For example,
[1] "numeric"
<pre>
 
> deparse(args(lm))
$Sepal.Width
[1] "function (formula, data, subset, weights, na.action, method = \"qr\", "
[1] "numeric"
[2] "   model = TRUE, x = FALSE, y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, singular.ok = TRUE, "
 
[3] "   contrasts = NULL, offset, ...) "                                  
$Petal.Length
[4] "NULL"    
[1] "numeric"
 
$Petal.Width
[1] "numeric"
 
$Species
[1] "factor"


> deparse(args(lm), width=20)
> x <- lapply(iris, class)
[1] "function (formula, data, "        "    subset, weights, "         
> do.call(c, x)
[3] "    na.action, method = \"qr\", " "   model = TRUE, x = FALSE, "  
Sepal.Length  Sepal.Width Petal.Length  Petal.Width      Species
[5] "    y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, "       "    singular.ok = TRUE, "      
   "numeric"    "numeric"    "numeric"    "numeric"     "factor"  
[7] "    contrasts = NULL, "           "   offset, ...) "             
[9] "NULL"
</pre>
</pre>
* parse(text) - returns the parsed but unevaluated expressions in a list. See [[R#Create_a_Simple_Socket_Server_in_R|Create a Simple Socket Server in R]] for the application of '''eval(parse(text))'''. Be cautious!
** [http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/using-eval-parse-paste-in-a-loop-td849207.html eval(parse...)) should generally be avoided]
** [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13649979/what-specifically-are-the-dangers-of-evalparse What specifically are the dangers of eval(parse(…))?]


Following is another example. Assume we have a bunch of functions (f1, f2, ...; each function implements a different algorithm) with same input arguments format (eg a1, a2). We like to run these function on the same data (to compare their performance).  
https://stackoverflow.com/a/10801902
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
* '''lapply''' applies a function '''over a list'''. So there will be several function calls.
f1 <- function(x) x+1; f2 <- function(x) x+2; f3 <- function(x) x+3
* '''do.call''' calls a function with '''a list of arguments''' (... argument) such as [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/c c()] or [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/cbind rbind()/cbind()] or [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/sum sum] or [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/order order] or [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/Extract "["] or paste. So there is only one function call.
{{Pre}}
> X <- list(1:3,4:6,7:9)
> lapply(X,mean)
[[1]]
[1] 2
 
[[2]]
[1] 5


f1(1:3)
[[3]]
f2(1:3)
[1] 8
f3(1:3)
> do.call(sum, X)
[1] 45
> sum(c(1,2,3), c(4,5,6), c(7,8,9))
[1] 45
> do.call(mean, X) # Error
> do.call(rbind,X)
    [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1   2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
[3,]    7    8    9
> lapply(X,rbind)
[[1]]
    [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1   2    3


# Or
[[2]]
myfun <- function(f, a) {
    [,1] [,2] [,3]
    eval(parse(text = f))(a)
[1,]    4    5    6
}
myfun("f1", 1:3)
myfun("f2", 1:3)
myfun("f3", 1:3)


# Or with lapply
[[3]]
method <- c("f1", "f2", "f3")
    [,1] [,2] [,3]
res <- lapply(method, function(M) {
[1,]    7    8    9
                    Mres <- eval(parse(text = M))(1:3)
> mapply(mean, X, trim=c(0,0.5,0.1))
                    return(Mres)
[1] 2 5 8
})
> mapply(mean, X)  
names(res) <- method
[1] 2 5 8
</syntaxhighlight>
</pre>
Below is a good example to show the difference of lapply() and do.call() - [https://stackoverflow.com/a/42734863 Generating Random Strings].
{{Pre}}
> set.seed(1)
> x <- replicate(2, sample(LETTERS, 4), FALSE)
> x
[[1]]
[1] "Y" "D" "G" "A"
 
[[2]]
[1] "B" "W" "K" "N"


=== The ‘…’ argument ===
> lapply(x, paste0)
See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.html#The-three-dots-argument Section 10.4 of An Introduction to R]. Especially, the expression '''list(...)''' evaluates all such arguments and returns them in a named list
[[1]]
[1] "Y" "D" "G" "A"


=== Lazy evaluation in R functions arguments ===
[[2]]
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html
[1] "B" "W" "K" "N"
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-February/070688.html


'''R function arguments are lazy — they’re only evaluated if they’re actually used'''.
> lapply(x, paste0, collapse= "")
[[1]]
[1] "YDGA"


* Example 1. By default, R function arguments are lazy.
[[2]]
<pre>
[1] "BWKN"
f <- function(x) {
  999
}
f(stop("This is an error!"))
#> [1] 999
</pre>


* Example 2. If you want to ensure that an argument is evaluated you can use '''force()'''.
> do.call(paste0, x)
<pre>
[1] "YB" "DW" "GK" "AN"
add <- function(x) {
  force(x)
  function(y) x + y
}
adders2 <- lapply(1:10, add)
adders2[[1]](10)
#> [1] 11
adders2[[10]](10)
#> [1] 20
</pre>
</pre>


* Example 3. Default arguments are evaluated inside the function.
=== do.call + rbind + lapply ===
<pre>
Lots of examples. See for example [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/attachments/20140423/62d8d103/attachment.pl this one] for creating a data frame from a vector.
f <- function(x = ls()) {
{{Pre}}
  a <- 1
x <- readLines(textConnection("---CLUSTER 1 ---
  x
3
}
4
5
6
---CLUSTER 2 ---
9
10
8
11"))


# ls() evaluated inside f:
# create a list of where the 'clusters' are
f()
clust <- c(grep("CLUSTER", x), length(x) + 1L)
# [1] "a" "x"


# ls() evaluated in global environment:
# get size of each cluster
f(ls())
clustSize <- diff(clust) - 1L
# [1] "add"    "adders" "f"
</pre>


* Example 4. Laziness is useful in if statements — the second statement below will be evaluated only if the first is true.
# get cluster number
<pre>
clustNum <- gsub("[^0-9]+", "", x[grep("CLUSTER", x)])
x <- NULL
if (!is.null(x) && x > 0) {


}
result <- do.call(rbind, lapply(seq(length(clustNum)), function(.cl){
</pre>
    cbind(Object = x[seq(clust[.cl] + 1L, length = clustSize[.cl])]
        , Cluster = .cl
        )
    }))


=== Backtick sign, infix/prefix/postfix operators ===
result
The backtick sign ` (not the single quote) refers to functions or variables that have otherwise reserved or illegal names; e.g. '&&', '+', '(', 'for', 'if', etc. See some examples in [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html this note].


'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation infix]''' operator.
    Object Cluster
<pre>
[1,] "3"    "1"
1 + 2    # infix
[2,] "4"    "1"
+ 1 2    # prefix
[3,] "5"    "1"
1 2 +    # postfix
[4,] "6"    "1"
[5,] "9"    "2"
[6,] "10"  "2"
[7,] "8"    "2"
[8,] "11"  "2"
</pre>
 
A 2nd example is to [http://datascienceplus.com/working-with-data-frame-in-r/ sort a data frame] by using do.call(order, list()).
 
Another example is to reproduce aggregate(). aggregate() = do.call() + by().
{{Pre}}
attach(mtcars)
do.call(rbind, by(mtcars, list(cyl, vs), colMeans))
# the above approach give the same result as the following
# except it does not have an extra Group.x columns
aggregate(mtcars, list(cyl, vs), FUN=mean)
</pre>
</pre>


=== List data type ===
== Run examples ==
==== [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html Calling a function given a list of arguments] ====
When we call help(FUN), it shows the document in the browser. The browser will show
<pre>
<pre>
> args <- list(c(1:10, NA, NA), na.rm = TRUE)
example(FUN, package = "XXX") was run in the console
> do.call(mean, args)
To view output in the browser, the knitr package must be installed
[1] 5.5
> mean(c(1:10, NA, NA), na.rm = TRUE)
[1] 5.5
</pre>
</pre>


=== Error handling and exceptions, tryCatch(), stop(), warning() and message() ===
== How to get examples from help file, example() ==
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Exceptions-Debugging.html
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2020/01/27/examples/ Code examples in the R package manuals]:
* try() allows execution to continue even after an error has occurred. You can suppress the message with try(..., silent = TRUE).
<pre>
<pre>
out <- try({
# How to run all examples from a man page
  a <- 1
example(within)
  b <- "x"
 
  a + b
# How to check your examples?
})
devtools::run_examples()
testthat::test_examples()
</pre>


elements <- list(1:10, c(-1, 10), c(T, F), letters)
See [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-help/2014-April/369342.html this post].
results <- lapply(elements, log)
Method 1:
is.error <- function(x) inherits(x, "try-error")
<pre>
succeeded <- !sapply(results, is.error)
example(acf, give.lines=TRUE)
</pre>
</pre>
* tryCatch(): With tryCatch() you map conditions to handlers (like switch()), named functions that are called with the condition as an input. Note that try() is a simplified version of tryCatch().
Method 2:
<pre>
<pre>
tryCatch(expr, ..., finally)
Rd <- utils:::.getHelpFile(?acf)
tools::Rd2ex(Rd)
</pre>


show_condition <- function(code) {
== "[" and "[[" with the sapply() function ==
  tryCatch(code,
Suppose we want to extract string from the id like "ABC-123-XYZ" before the first hyphen.
    error = function(c) "error",
<pre>
    warning = function(c) "warning",
sapply(strsplit("ABC-123-XYZ", "-"), "[", 1)
    message = function(c) "message"
  )
}
show_condition(stop("!"))
#> [1] "error"
show_condition(warning("?!"))
#> [1] "warning"
show_condition(message("?"))
#> [1] "message"
show_condition(10)
#> [1] 10
</pre>
</pre>
Below is another snippet from available.packages() function,
is the same as
<pre>
<pre>
z <- tryCatch(download.file(....), error = identity)
sapply(strsplit("ABC-123-XYZ", "-"), function(x) x[1])
if (!inherits(z, "error")) STATEMENTS
</pre>
</pre>


=== Using list type ===
== Dealing with dates ==
==== Avoid if-else or switch ====
* Find difference
?plot.stepfun.
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
<pre>
# Convert the dates to Date objects
y0 <- c(1,2,4,3)
date1 <- as.Date("6/29/21", format="%m/%d/%y")
sfun0  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 0)
date2 <- as.Date("11/9/21", format="%m/%d/%y")
sfun.2 <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = .2)
sfun1  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, right = TRUE)


tt <- seq(0, 3, by = 0.1)
# Calculate the difference in days
op <- par(mfrow = c(2,2))
diff_days <- as.numeric(difftime(date2, date1, units="days")) # 133
plot(sfun0); plot(sfun0, xval = tt, add = TRUE, col.hor = "bisque")
# In months
plot(sfun.2);plot(sfun.2, xval = tt, add = TRUE, col = "orange") # all colors
diff_days / (365.25/12# 4.36961 
plot(sfun1);lines(sfun1, xval = tt, col.hor = "coral")
##-- This is  revealing :
plot(sfun0, verticals = FALSE,
    main = "stepfun(x, y0, f=ffor f = 0, .2, 1")


for(i in 1:3)
# OR using the lubridate package
  lines(list(sfun0, sfun.2, stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 1))[[i]], col = i)
library(lubridate)
legend(2.5, 1.9, paste("f =", c(0, 0.2, 1)), col = 1:3, lty = 1, y.intersp = 1)
# Convert the dates to Date objects
date1 <- mdy("6/29/21")
date2 <- mdy("11/9/21")
interval(date1, date2) %/% months(1)
</syntaxhighlight>
* http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lubridate/vignettes/lubridate.html
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
d1 = date()
class(d1) # "character"
d2 = Sys.Date()
class(d2) # "Date"


par(op)
format(d2, "%a %b %d")
</pre>
[[File:StepfunExample.svg|400px]]


=== Open a new Window device ===
library(lubridate); ymd("20140108") # "2014-01-08 UTC"
X11() or dev.new()
mdy("08/04/2013") # "2013-08-04 UTC"
dmy("03-04-2013") # "2013-04-03 UTC"
ymd_hms("2011-08-03 10:15:03") # "2011-08-03 10:15:03 UTC"
ymd_hms("2011-08-03 10:15:03", tz="Pacific/Auckland")
# "2011-08-03 10:15:03 NZST"
?Sys.timezone
x = dmy(c("1jan2013", "2jan2013", "31mar2013", "30jul2013"))
wday(x[1]) # 3
wday(x[1], label=TRUE) # Tues
</syntaxhighlight>
* http://www.r-statistics.com/2012/03/do-more-with-dates-and-times-in-r-with-lubridate-1-1-0/
* http://rpubs.com/seandavi/GEOMetadbSurvey2014
* We want our dates and times as class "Date" or the class "POSIXct", "POSIXlt". For more information type ?POSIXlt.
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/anytime/index.html anytime] package
* weeks to Christmas difftime(as.Date(“2019-12-25”), Sys.Date(), units =“weeks”)
* [https://blog.rsquaredacademy.com/handling-date-and-time-in-r/ A Comprehensive Introduction to Handling Date & Time in R] 2020
* [https://www.spsanderson.com/steveondata/posts/rtip-2023-05-12/index.html Working with Dates and Times Pt 1]
** Three major functions: as.Date(), as.POSIXct(), and as.POSIXlt().
** '''POSIXct''' is a class in R that represents date-time data. The ct stands for “calendar time” and it represents the (signed) number of seconds since the beginning of 1970 as a numeric vector1.  '''It stores date time as integer.'''
** '''POSIXlt''' is a class in R that represents date-time data. It stands for “local time” and is a list with components as integer vectors, which can represent a vector of broken-down times. '''It stores date time as list:sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday, yday, isdst, zone, gmtoff'''.


=== par() ===
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/11/r-lubridate-how-to-efficiently-work-with-dates-and-times-in-r/ R lubridate: How To Efficiently Work With Dates and Times in R] 2023
?par


==== text size and font on main, lab & axis ====
== Nonstandard/non-standard evaluation, deparse/substitute and scoping ==
* [https://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/parameters.html Graphical Parameters] from statmethods.net.
* [https://www.brodieg.com/2020/05/05/on-nse/ Standard and Non-Standard Evaluation in R]
* [https://designdatadecisions.wordpress.com/2015/06/09/graphs-in-r-overlaying-data-summaries-in-dotplots/ Overlaying Data Summaries in Dotplots]
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html Nonstandard evaluation] from Advanced R book.
* [https://edwinth.github.io/blog/nse/ Non-standard evaluation, how tidy eval builds on base R]
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lazyeval/vignettes/lazyeval.html Vignette] from the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lazyeval/index.html lazyeval] package. It is needed in three cases
** Labelling: turn an argument into a label
** Formulas
** Dot-dot-dot
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/substitute substitute(expr, env)] - capture expression. The return mode is a '''call'''.
** substitute() is often paired with '''deparse'''() to create informative labels for data sets and plots. The return mode of deparse() is '''character strings'''.
** Use 'substitute' to include the variable's name in a plot title, e.g.: '''var <- "abc"; hist(var,main=substitute(paste("Dist of ", var))) ''' will show the title "Dist of var" instead of "Dist of abc" in the title.
** [https://stackoverflow.com/a/34079727 Passing a variable name to a function in R]
** Example:
::<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
f <- function(x) {
  substitute(x)
}
f(1:10)
# 1:10
class(f(1:10)) # or mode()
# [1] "call"
g <- function(x) deparse(substitute(x))
g(1:10)
# [1] "1:10"
class(g(1:10)) # or mode()
# [1] "character"
</syntaxhighlight>
* quote(expr) - similar to substitute() but do nothing?? [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/noquote noquote] - print character strings without quotes
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
mode(quote(1:10))
# [1] "call"
</syntaxhighlight>
* eval(expr, envir), evalq(expr, envir) - eval evaluates its first argument in the current scope before passing it to the evaluator: evalq avoids this.
** The '''parent.frame()''' is necessary in cases like the [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/versions/3.6.2/topics/update stats::update()] function used by [https://github.com/cran/glmnet/blob/master/R/relax.glmnet.R#L66 relax.glmnet()].
** Example:
::<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
sample_df <- data.frame(a = 1:5, b = 5:1, c = c(5, 3, 1, 4, 1))


Examples:
subset1 <- function(x, condition) {
* cex.main=0.9
  condition_call <- substitute(condition)
* cex.lab=0.8
  r <- eval(condition_call, x)
* font.lab=2
  x[r, ]
* cex.axis=0.8
}
* font.axis=2
x <- 4
* col.axis="grey50"
condition <- 4
subset1(sample_df, a== 4) # same as subset(sample_df, a >= 4)
subset1(sample_df, a== x) # WRONG!
subset1(sample_df, a == condition) # ERROR


==== layout ====
subset2 <- function(x, condition) {
http://datascienceplus.com/adding-text-to-r-plot/
  condition_call <- substitute(condition)
 
  r <- eval(condition_call, x, parent.frame())
==== reset the settings ====
  x[r, ]
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
}
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1), mar = c(5,7,4,2) + 0.1)  
subset2(sample_df, a == 4) # same as subset(sample_df, a >= 4)
....
subset2(sample_df, a == x) # 👌
par(op) # mfrow=c(1,1), mar = c(5,4,4,2) + .1
subset2(sample_df, a == condition) # 👍
</syntaxhighlight>
</syntaxhighlight>
* deparse(expr) - turns unevaluated expressions into character strings. For example,
:<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> deparse(args(lm))
[1] "function (formula, data, subset, weights, na.action, method = \"qr\", "
[2] "    model = TRUE, x = FALSE, y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, singular.ok = TRUE, "
[3] "    contrasts = NULL, offset, ...) "                                   
[4] "NULL"   


==== mtext (margin text) vs title ====
> deparse(args(lm), width=20)
* https://datascienceplus.com/adding-text-to-r-plot/
[1] "function (formula, data, "        "    subset, weights, "         
* https://datascienceplus.com/mastering-r-plot-part-2-axis/
[3] "    na.action, method = \"qr\", " "    model = TRUE, x = FALSE, " 
[5] "    y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, "      "    singular.ok = TRUE, "       
[7] "    contrasts = NULL, "          "    offset, ...) "             
[9] "NULL"
</syntaxhighlight>
* parse(text) - returns the parsed but unevaluated expressions in a list. See [[R#Create_a_Simple_Socket_Server_in_R|Create a Simple Socket Server in R]] for the application of '''eval(parse(text))'''. Be cautious!
** [http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/using-eval-parse-paste-in-a-loop-td849207.html eval(parse...)) should generally be avoided]
** [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13649979/what-specifically-are-the-dangers-of-evalparse What specifically are the dangers of eval(parse(…))?]


==== mgp (axis label locations) ====
Following is another example. Assume we have a bunch of functions (f1, f2, ...; each function implements a different algorithm) with same input arguments format (eg a1, a2). We like to run these function on the same data (to compare their performance).  
# The margin line (in ‘mex’ units) for the axis title, axis labels and axis line. Note that ‘mgp[1]’ affects ‘title’ whereas ‘mgp[2:3]’ affect ‘axis’. The default is ‘c(3, 1, 0). If we like to make the axis labels closer to an axis, we can use mgp=c(2.3, 1, 0) for example.
{{Pre}}
# http://rfunction.com/archives/1302 mgp – A numeric vector of length 3, which sets the axis label locations relative to the edge of the inner plot window. The first value represents the location the labels (i.e. xlab and ylab in plot), the second the tick-mark labels, and third the tick marks. The default is c(3, 1, 0).
f1 <- function(x) x+1; f2 <- function(x) x+2; f3 <- function(x) x+3


==== pch ====
f1(1:3)
[[File:R pch.png|250px]]
f2(1:3)
f3(1:3)


([https://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/parameters.html figure source])
# Or
myfun <- function(f, a) {
    eval(parse(text = f))(a)
}
myfun("f1", 1:3)
myfun("f2", 1:3)
myfun("f3", 1:3)


* Full circle: pch=16
# Or with lapply
method <- c("f1", "f2", "f3")
res <- lapply(method, function(M) {
                    Mres <- eval(parse(text = M))(1:3)
                    return(Mres)
})
names(res) <- method
</pre>


==== lty (line type) ====
=== library() accept both quoted and unquoted strings ===
[[File:R lty.png|250px]]
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/25210607 How can library() accept both quoted and unquoted strings]. The key lines are
<pre>
  if (!character.only)
    package <- as.character(substitute(package))
</pre>


([http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/line-types-in-r-lty figure source])
=== Lexical scoping ===
* [https://lgreski.github.io/dsdepot/2020/06/28/rObjectsSObjectsAndScoping.html R Objects, S Objects, and Lexical Scoping]
* [http://www.biostat.jhsph.edu/~rpeng/docs/R-classes-scope.pdf#page=31 Dynamic scoping vs Lexical scoping] and the example of [http://www.biostat.jhsph.edu/~rpeng/docs/R-classes-scope.pdf#page=41 optimization]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2024/03/indicating-local-functions-in-r-scripts/ Indicating local functions in R scripts]


==== las (label style) ====
== The ‘…’ argument ==
0: The default, parallel to the axis
* See [http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.html#The-three-dots-argument Section 10.4 of An Introduction to R]. Especially, the expression '''list(...)''' evaluates all such arguments and returns them in a named list
* [https://statisticaloddsandends.wordpress.com/2020/11/15/some-notes-when-using-dot-dot-dot-in-r/ Some notes when using dot-dot-dot () in R]
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26684509/how-to-check-if-any-arguments-were-passed-via-ellipsis-in-r-is-missing How to check if any arguments were passed via “…” (ellipsis) in R? Is missing(…) valid?]


1: Always horizontal
== Functions ==
* https://adv-r.hadley.nz/functions.html
* [https://towardsdatascience.com/writing-better-r-functions-best-practices-and-tips-d48ef0691c24 Writing Better R Functions — Best Practices and Tips]. The [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/docstring/index.html docstring] package and "?" is interesting!


2: Perpendicular to the axis
=== Function argument ===
[https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-lang.html#Argument-matching Argument matching] from [https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-lang.html R Language Definition] manual.


3: Always vertical
Argument matching is augmented by the functions
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/match.arg match.arg],
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/match.call match.call]
* [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/match.fun match.fun].


==== oma (outer margin), common title for two plots ====
Access to the partial matching algorithm used by R is via [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/pmatch pmatch].
The following trick is useful when we want to draw multiple plots with a common title.


<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== Check function arguments ===
par(mfrow=c(1,2),oma = c(0, 0, 2, 0))  # oma=c(0, 0, 0, 0) by default
[https://blog.r-hub.io/2022/03/10/input-checking/ Checking the inputs of your R functions]: '''match.arg()''' , '''stopifnot()'''
plot(1:10,  main="Plot 1")
plot(1:100, main="Plot 2")
mtext("Title for Two Plots", outer = TRUE, cex = 1.5) # outer=FALSE by default
</syntaxhighlight>


[https://datascienceplus.com/mastering-r-plot-part-3-outer-margins/ Mastering R plot – Part 3: Outer margins] '''mtext()''' & '''par(xpd)'''.
'''stopifnot()''': function argument sanity check
<ul>
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/stopifnot stopifnot()]. ''stopifnot'' is a quick way to check multiple conditions on the input. so for instance. The code stops when either of the three conditions are not satisfied. However, it doesn't produce pretty error messages.
<pre>
stopifnot(condition1, condition2, ...)
</pre>
</li>
<li>[https://rud.is/b/2020/05/19/mining-r-4-0-0-changelog-for-nuggets-of-gold-1-stopifnot/ Mining R 4.0.0 Changelog for Nuggets of Gold] </li>
</ul>


=== Non-standard fonts in postscript and pdf graphics ===
=== Lazy evaluation in R functions arguments ===
https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2006-2.pdf#page=41
* http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html
* https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2015-February/070688.html
* https://twitter.com/_wurli/status/1451459394009550850


=== Suppress warnings ===
'''R function arguments are lazy — they’re only evaluated if they’re actually used'''.  
Use [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.4.1/topics/options options()]. If ''warn'' is negative all warnings are ignored. If ''warn'' is zero (the default) warnings are stored until the top--level function returns.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
op <- options("warn")
options(warn = -1)
....
options(op)


# OR
* Example 1. By default, R function arguments are lazy.
warnLevel <- options()$warn
options(warn = -1)
...
options(warn = warnLevel)
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== NULL, NA, NaN, Inf ===
https://tomaztsql.wordpress.com/2018/07/04/r-null-values-null-na-nan-inf/
 
=== save() vs saveRDS() ===
# saveRDS() can only save one R object while save() does not have this constraint.
# saveRDS() doesn’t save the both the object and its name it just saves a representation of the object. As a result, the saved object can be loaded into a named object within R that is different from the name it had when originally serialized. See [http://www.fromthebottomoftheheap.net/2012/04/01/saving-and-loading-r-objects/ this post].
<pre>
<pre>
x <- 5
f <- function(x) {
saveRDS(x, "myfile.rds")
  999
x2 <- readRDS("myfile.rds")
}
identical(mod, mod2, ignore.environment = TRUE)
f(stop("This is an error!"))
#> [1] 999
</pre>
</pre>


=== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.0/topics/all.equal ==, all.equal(), identical()] ===
* Example 2. If you want to ensure that an argument is evaluated you can use '''force()'''.
* ==: exact match
* all.equal: compare R objects x and y testing ‘near equality’
* identical: The safe and reliable way to test two objects for being exactly equal.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
x <- 1.0; y <- 0.99999999999
all.equal(x, y)
# [1] TRUE
identical(x, y)
# [1] FALSE
</syntaxhighlight>
 
See also the [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/testthat/index.html testhat] package.
 
=== testhat ===
* https://github.com/r-lib/testthat
* [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2019/03/unit-tests-in-r/ Unit Tests in R]
 
=== tinytest ===
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tinytest/index.html tinytest]: Lightweight but Feature Complete Unit Testing Framework
 
=== Numerical Pitfall ===
[http://bayesfactor.blogspot.com/2016/05/numerical-pitfalls-in-computing-variance.html Numerical pitfalls in computing variance]
<syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
.1 - .3/3
## [1] 0.00000000000000001388
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== Sys.getpid() ===
This can be used to monitor R process memory usage or stop the R process. See [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2016-November/073360.html this post].
 
=== How to debug an R code ===
==== Using assign() in functions ====
For example, insert the following line to your function
<pre>
<pre>
assign(envir=globalenv(), "GlobalVar", localvar)
add <- function(x) {
  force(x)
  function(y) x + y
}
adders2 <- lapply(1:10, add)
adders2[[1]](10)
#> [1] 11
adders2[[10]](10)
#> [1] 20
</pre>
</pre>


=== Debug lapply()/sapply() ===
* Example 3. Default arguments are evaluated inside the function.
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1395622/debugging-lapply-sapply-calls
<pre>
* https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/utils/html/recover.html. Use options(error=NULL) to turn it off.
f <- function(x = ls()) {
  a <- 1
  x
}


=== Debugging with RStudio ===
# ls() evaluated inside f:
* https://www.rstudio.com/resources/videos/debugging-techniques-in-rstudio/
f()
* https://github.com/ajmcoqui/debuggingRStudio/blob/master/RStudio_Debugging_Cheatsheet.pdf
# [1] "a" "x"
* https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/205612627-Debugging-with-RStudio


=== Debug R source code ===
# ls() evaluated in global environment:
==== Build R with debug information ====
f(ls())
* [[R#Build_R_from_its_source|R -> Build R from its source on Windows]]
# [1] "add"    "adders" "f"
* http://www.stats.uwo.ca/faculty/murdoch/software/debuggingR/ (defunct)
</pre>
* http://www.stats.uwo.ca/faculty/murdoch/software/debuggingR/gdb.shtml (defunct)
* Build R with debug information (see the discussion [https://stackoverflow.com/a/30001096 here]). Cf [https://github.com/arraytools/r-build-output output messages] from running ./configure and make using the default options.
: <syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
$ ./configure --help
$ ./configure --enable-R-shlib --with-valgrind-instrumentation=2 \
                              --with-system-valgrind-headers \
              CFLAGS='-g -O0 -fPIC' \
              FFLAGS='-g -O0 -fPIC' \
              CXXFLAGS='-g -O0 -fPIC' \
              FCFLAGS='-g -O0 -fPIC'
$ make -j4
$ sudo make install
</syntaxhighlight>
* [https://github.com/arraytools/r-debug My note of debugging cor() function]
* [https://vimeo.com/11937905 Using gdb to debug R packages with native code] (Video) The steps to debug is given below.
: <syntaxhighlight lang='bash'>
# Make sure to create a file <src/Makevars> with something like: CFLAGS=-ggdb -O0
# Or more generally
# CFLAGS=-Wall -Wextra -pedantic -O0 -ggdb
# CXXFLAGS=-Wall -Wextra -pedantic -O0 -ggdb
# FFLAGS=-Wall -Wextra -pedantic -O0 -ggdb


$ tree nidemo
* Example 4. Laziness is useful in if statements — the second statement below will be evaluated only if the first is true.
$ R CMD INSTALL nidemo
<pre>
$ cat bug.R
x <- NULL
$ R -f bug.R
if (!is.null(x) && x > 0) {
$ R -d gdb
(gdb) r
> library(nidemo)
> Ctrl+C
(gdb) b nid_buggy_freq
(gdb) c  # continue
> buggy_freq("nidemo/DESCRIPTION") # stop at breakpoint 1
(gdb) list
(gdb) n # step through
(gdb) # press RETURN a few times until you see the bug
(gdb) d 1 # delete the first break point
(gdb) b Rf_error # R's C entry point for the error function
(gdb) c
> buggy_freq("nidemo/DESCRIPTION")
(gdb) bt 5 # last 5 stack frames
(gdb) frame 2
(gdb) list
(gdb) p freq_data
(gdb) p ans
(gdb) call Rf_PrintValues(ans)
(gdb) call Rf_PrintValues(fname)
(gdb) q
# Edit buggy.c


$ R CMD INSTALL nidemo # re-install the package
}
$ R -f bug.R
</pre>
$ R -d gdb
(gdb) run
> source("bug.R") # error happened
(gdb) bt 5 # show the last 5 frames
(gdb) frame 2
(gdb) list
(gdb) frame 1
(gdb) list
(gdb) p file
(gdb) p fh
(gdb) q
# Edit buggy.c


$ R CMD INSTALL nidemo
=== Use of functions as arguments ===
$ R -f bug.R
[https://www.njtierney.com/post/2019/09/29/unexpected-function/ Just Quickly: The unexpected use of functions as arguments]
</syntaxhighlight>
 
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/src.html Compiled code] from "R packages" by Hadley Wickham
=== body() ===
* [https://www.bioconductor.org/developers/how-to/c-debugging/ Debugging C/C++ code] from Bioconductor (case study)
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/51548945 Remove top axis title base plot]
* Same idea for the Rcpp situation. See [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21226337/what-are-productive-ways-to-debug-rcpp-compiled-code-loaded-in-r-on-os-x-maveri What are productive ways to debug Rcpp compiled code loaded in R (on OS X Mavericks)?]


==== .Call ====
=== Return functions in R ===
* [https://cran.rstudio.com/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html#Calling-_002eCall Writing R Extensions] manual.
* [https://win-vector.com/2015/04/03/how-and-why-to-return-functions-in-r/ How and why to return functions in R]
* [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/C-interface.html R’s C interface] from Advanced R by Hadley Wickham
* See the doc & example from [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/taskCallback taskCallback - Create an R-level task callback manager]. [https://developer.r-project.org/TaskHandlers.pdf Top-level Task Callbacks in R].
* [https://purrple.cat/blog/2017/05/28/turn-r-users-insane-with-evil/ Turn R users insane with evil]


==== Registering native routines ====
=== anonymous function ===
https://cran.rstudio.com/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html#Registering-native-routines
In R, the main difference between a lambda function (also known as an anonymous function) and a regular function is that a '''lambda function is defined without a name''', while a regular function is defined with a name.


Pay attention to the prefix argument '''.fixes''' (eg .fixes = "C_") in '''useDynLib()''' function in the NAMESPACE file.
<ul>
<li>See [[Tidyverse#Anonymous_functions|Tidyverse]] page
<li>But defining functions to use them only once is kind of overkill. That's why you can use so-called anonymous functions in R. For example, '''lapply(list(1,2,3), function(x) { x * x }) '''
<li>you can use lambda functions with many other functions in R that take a function as an argument. Some examples include '''sapply, apply, vapply, mapply, Map, Reduce, Filter''', and '''Find'''. These functions all work in a similar way to lapply by applying a function to elements of a list or vector.
<pre>
Reduce(function(x, y) x*y, list(1, 2, 3, 4)) # 24
</pre>
<li>[https://coolbutuseless.github.io/2019/03/13/anonymous-functions-in-r-part-1/ purrr anonymous function]
<li>[https://towardsdatascience.com/the-new-pipe-and-anonymous-function-syntax-in-r-54d98861014c The new pipe and anonymous function syntax in R 4.1.0]
<li>[http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functional-programming.html#anonymous-functions Functional programming] from Advanced R
<li>[https://www.projectpro.io/recipes/what-are-anonymous-functions-r What are anonymous functions in R].  
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
> (function(x) x * x)(3)
[1] 9
> (\(x) x * x)(3)
[1] 9
</syntaxhighlight>
</ul>


==== Example of debugging cor() function ====
== Backtick sign, infix/prefix/postfix operators ==  
Note that R's cor() function called a C function cor().
The backtick sign ` (not the single quote) refers to functions or variables that have otherwise reserved or illegal names; e.g. '&&', '+', '(', 'for', 'if', etc. See some examples in [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html Advanced R] and [https://stackoverflow.com/a/36229703 What do backticks do in R?].
<pre>
<pre>
stats::cor
iris %>% `[[`("Species")
....
  .Call(C_cor, x, y, na.method, method == "kendall")
</pre>
</pre>


A step-by-step screenshot of debugging using the GNU debugger '''gdb''' can be found on my Github repository https://github.com/arraytools/r-debug.
'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation infix]''' operator.
<pre>
1 + 2    # infix
+ 1 2    # prefix
1 2 +    # postfix
</pre>


=== Locale bug (grep did not handle UTF-8 properly PR#16264) ===
Use with functions like sapply, e.g. '''sapply(1:5, `+`, 3) '''  .
https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16264


=== Path length in dir.create() (PR#17206) ===
== Error handling and exceptions, tryCatch(), stop(), warning() and message() ==
https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=17206 (Windows only)
<ul>
<li>http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Exceptions-Debugging.html </li>
<li>[https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/11/catch-me-if-you-can-exception-handling-in-r/ Catch Me If You Can: Exception Handling in R] </li>
<li>Temporarily disable warning messages
<pre>
# Method1:
suppressWarnings(expr)


=== install.package() error, R_LIBS_USER is empty in R 3.4.1 ===
# Method 2:
* https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/115008369408-Since-update-to-R-3-4-1-R-LIBS-USER-is-empty and http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/R-LIBS-USER-on-Ubuntu-16-04-td4740935.html. Modify '''/etc/R/Renviron''' (if you have a sudo right) by uncomment out line 43.
<pre>
<pre>
R_LIBS_USER=${R_LIBS_USER-'~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4'}
defaultW <- getOption("warn")
options(warn = -1)
[YOUR CODE]
options(warn = defaultW)
</pre>
</pre>
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44873972/default-r-personal-library-location-is-null. Modify '''$HOME/.Renviron''' by adding a line
</li>
<li>try() allows execution to continue even after an error has occurred. You can suppress the message with '''try(..., silent = TRUE)'''.
<pre>
<pre>
R_LIBS_USER="${HOME}/R/${R_PLATFORM}-library/3.4"
out <- try({
  a <- 1
  b <- "x"
  a + b
})
 
elements <- list(1:10, c(-1, 10), c(T, F), letters)
results <- lapply(elements, log)
is.error <- function(x) inherits(x, "try-error")
succeeded <- !sapply(results, is.error)
</pre>
</pre>
* http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/libPaths.html. Play with .libPaths()
</li>
<li>tryCatch(): With tryCatch() you map conditions to handlers (like switch()), named functions that are called with the condition as an input. Note that try() is a simplified version of tryCatch().
<pre>
tryCatch(expr, ..., finally)


On Mac & R 3.4.0 (it's fine)
show_condition <- function(code) {
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
  tryCatch(code,
> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
    error = function(c) "error",
[1] "~/Library/R/3.4/library"
    warning = function(c) "warning",
> .libPaths()
    message = function(c) "message"
[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.4/Resources/library"
  )
</syntaxhighlight>
}
show_condition(stop("!"))
#> [1] "error"
show_condition(warning("?!"))
#> [1] "warning"
show_condition(message("?"))
#> [1] "message"
show_condition(10)
#> [1] 10
</pre>
Below is another snippet from available.packages() function,
{{Pre}}
z <- tryCatch(download.file(....), error = identity)
if (!inherits(z, "error")) STATEMENTS
</pre>
</li>
<li>The return class from tryCatch() may not be fixed.
<pre>
result <- tryCatch({
  # Code that might generate an error or warning
  log(99)
}, warning = function(w) {
  # Code to handle warnings
  print(paste("Warning:", w))
}, error = function(e) {
  # Code to handle errors
  print(paste("Error:", e))
}, finally = {
  # Code to always run, regardless of whether an error or warning occurred
  print("Finished")
}) 
# character type. But if we remove 'finally', it will be numeric.
</pre>
<li>[https://www.bangyou.me/post/capture-logs/ Capture message, warnings and errors from a R function]
</li>
</ul>
 
=== suppressMessages() ===
suppressMessages(expression)


On Linux & R 3.3.1 (ARM)
== List data type ==
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
=== Create an empty list ===
> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
<pre>
[1] "~/R/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-library/3.3"
out <- vector("list", length=3L) # OR out <- list()
> .libPaths()
for(j in 1:3) out[[j]] <- myfun(j)
[1] "/home/$USER/R/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-library/3.3"
[2] "/usr/local/lib/R/library"
</syntaxhighlight>


On Linux & R 3.4.1 (*Problem*)
outlist <- as.list(seq(nfolds))
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
</pre>
> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] ""
> .libPaths()
[1] "/usr/local/lib/R/site-library" "/usr/lib/R/site-library"
[3] "/usr/lib/R/library"
</syntaxhighlight>


I need to specify the '''lib''' parameter when I use the '''install.packages''' command.
=== Using $ in R on a List ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
[https://r-lang.com/dollar-sign-in-r-with-example/ How to Use Dollar sign in R]
> install.packages("devtools", "~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4")
> library(devtools)
Error in library(devtools) : there is no package called 'devtools'


# Specify lib.loc parameter will not help with the dependency package
=== [http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functions.html Calling a function given a list of arguments] ===
> library(devtools, lib.loc = "~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4")
<pre>
Error: package or namespace load failed for 'devtools':
> args <- list(c(1:10, NA, NA), na.rm = TRUE)
.onLoad failed in loadNamespace() for 'devtools', details:
> do.call(mean, args)
  call: loadNamespace(name)
[1] 5.5
  error: there is no package called 'withr'
> mean(c(1:10, NA, NA), na.rm = TRUE)
[1] 5.5
</pre>


# A solution is to redefine .libPaths
=== Descend recursively through lists ===
> .libPaths(c("~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4", .libPaths()))
<nowiki>x[[c(5,3)]] </nowiki> is the same as <nowiki>x[[5]][[3]]</nowiki>. See [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/Extract ?Extract].
> library(devtools) # Works
</syntaxhighlight>


A better solution is to specify R_LIBS_USER in '''~/.Renviron''' file or '''~/.bash_profile'''; see [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/base/html/Startup.html ?Startup].
=== Avoid if-else or switch ===
?plot.stepfun.
<pre>
y0 <- c(1,2,4,3)
sfun0  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 0)
sfun.2 <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = .2)
sfun1  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, right = TRUE)


=== Using external data from within another package ===
tt <- seq(0, 3, by = 0.1)
https://logfc.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/using-external-data-from-within-another-package/
op <- par(mfrow = c(2,2))
plot(sfun0); plot(sfun0, xval = tt, add = TRUE, col.hor = "bisque")
plot(sfun.2);plot(sfun.2, xval = tt, add = TRUE, col = "orange") # all colors
plot(sfun1);lines(sfun1, xval = tt, col.hor = "coral")
##-- This is  revealing :
plot(sfun0, verticals = FALSE,
    main = "stepfun(x, y0, f=f)  for f = 0, .2, 1")


=== How to run R scripts from the command line ===
for(i in 1:3)
https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/218012917-How-to-run-R-scripts-from-the-command-line
  lines(list(sfun0, sfun.2, stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 1))[[i]], col = i)
legend(2.5, 1.9, paste("f =", c(0, 0.2, 1)), col = 1:3, lty = 1, y.intersp = 1)
 
par(op)
</pre>
[[:File:StepfunExample.svg]]
 
== Open a new Window device ==
X11() or dev.new()
 
== par() ==
?par
 
=== text size (cex) and font size on main, lab & axis ===
* [https://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/parameters.html Graphical Parameters] from statmethods.net.
* [https://designdatadecisions.wordpress.com/2015/06/09/graphs-in-r-overlaying-data-summaries-in-dotplots/ Overlaying Data Summaries in Dotplots]
 
Examples (default is 1 for each of them):
* cex.main=0.9
* cex.sub
* cex.lab=0.8, font.lab=2 (x/y axis labels)
* cex.axis=0.8, font.axis=2 (axis/tick text/labels)
* col.axis="grey50"
 
An quick example to increase font size ('''cex.lab''', '''cex.axis''', '''cex.main''') and line width ('''lwd''') in a line plot and '''cex''' & '''lwd''' in the legend.
<pre>
plot(x=x$mids, y=x$density, type="l",
    xlab="p-value", ylab="Density", lwd=2,
    cex.lab=1.5, cex.axis=1.5,
    cex.main=1.5, main = "")
lines(y$mids, y$density, lty=2, pwd=2)
lines(z$mids, z$density, lty=3, pwd=2)
legend('topright',legend = c('Method A','Method B','Method C'),
      lty=c(2,1,3), lwd=c(2,2,2), cex = 1.5, xjust = 0.5, yjust = 0.5)
</pre>
 
ggplot2 case (default font size is [https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/articles/faq-customising.html 11 points]):
* plot.title
* plot.subtitle
* axis.title.x, axis.title.y: (x/y axis labels)
* axis.text.x & axis.text.y: (axis/tick text/labels)
<pre>
ggplot(df, aes(x, y)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Title", subtitle = "Subtitle", x = "X-axis", y = "Y-axis") +
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 20),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 15),
        axis.title.x = element_text(size = 15),
        axis.title.y = element_text(size = 15),
        axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10),
        axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10))
</pre>
 
=== Default font ===
* [https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/grDevices/html/png.html ?png].  The default font family is '''Arial''' on Windows and '''Helvetica''' otherwise.
* ''sans''. See [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2015/08/changing-the-font-of-r-base-graphic-plots/ Changing the font of R base graphic plots]
* [http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/Fonts/ Fonts] from ''Cookbook for R''. It seems ggplot2 also uses '''sans''' as the default font.
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2021/07/using-different-fonts-with-ggplot2/ Using different fonts with ggplot2]
* [https://r-coder.com/plot-r/#Font_family R plot font family]
* [https://r-coder.com/custom-fonts-r/ Add custom fonts in R]
 
=== layout ===
* [https://blog.rsquaredacademy.com/data-visualization-with-r-combining-plots/ Data Visualization with R - Combining Plots]
* http://datascienceplus.com/adding-text-to-r-plot/
 
=== reset the settings ===
{{Pre}}
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1), mar = c(5,7,4,2) + 0.1)
....
par(op) # mfrow=c(1,1), mar = c(5,4,4,2) + .1
</pre>
 
=== mtext (margin text) vs title ===
* https://datascienceplus.com/adding-text-to-r-plot/
* https://datascienceplus.com/mastering-r-plot-part-2-axis/
 
=== mgp (axis tick label locations or axis title) ===
# The margin line (in ‘mex’ units) for the axis title, axis labels and axis line.  Note that ‘mgp[1]’ affects the axis ‘title’ whereas ‘mgp[2:3]’ affect tick mark labels.  The default is ‘c(3, 1, 0)’. If we like to make the axis labels closer to an axis, we can use mgp=c(1.5, .5, 0) for example.
#* the default is c(3,1,0) which specify the margin line for the '''axis title''', '''axis labels''' and '''axis line'''.
#* the axis title is drawn in the fourth line of the margin starting from the plot region, the axis labels are drawn in the second line and the axis line itself is the first line.
# [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2010/06/setting-graph-margins-in-r-using-the-par-function-and-lots-of-cow-milk/ Setting graph margins in R using the par() function and lots of cow milk]
# [https://statisticsglobe.com/move-axis-label-closer-to-plot-in-base-r Move Axis Label Closer to Plot in Base R (2 Examples)]
# http://rfunction.com/archives/1302 mgp – A numeric vector of length 3, which sets the axis label locations relative to the edge of the inner plot window. The first value represents the location the '''labels/axis title''' (i.e. xlab and ylab in plot), the second the '''tick-mark labels''', and third the '''tick marks'''. The default is c(3, 1, 0).
 
=== move axis title closer to axis ===
* [https://r-charts.com/base-r/title/ Setting a title and a subtitle]. Default is around 1.7(?). [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.6.2/topics/title ?title].
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/30265996 move axis label closer to axis] '''title(, line)'''. This is useful when we use '''xaxt='n' ''' to hide the ticks and labels.
<pre>
title(ylab="Within-cluster variance", line=0,
      cex.lab=1.2, family="Calibri Light")
</pre>
 
=== pch and point shapes ===
[[:File:R pch.png]]
 
See [https://www.statmethods.net/advgraphs/parameters.html here].
 
* Full circle: pch=16
* Display all possibilities: ggpubr::show_point_shapes()


=== How to exit a sourced R script ===
=== lty (line type) ===
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25313406/how-to-exit-a-sourced-r-script How to exit a sourced R script]
[[:File:R lty.png]]
* [http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Problem-using-the-source-function-within-R-functions-td907180.html Problem using the source-function within R-functions] ''' ''The best way to handle the generic sort of problem you are describing is to take those source'd files, and rewrite their content as functions to be called from your other functions.'' '''


=== Decimal point & decimal comma ===
[https://finnstats.com/index.php/2021/06/11/line-types-in-r-lty-for-r-baseplot-and-ggplot/ Line types in R: Ultimate Guide For R Baseplot and ggplot]
Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal comma (Austria, Belgium, Brazil France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, ...) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_mark


=== setting seed locally (not globally) in R ===
See [http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/line-types-in-r-lty here].
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14324096/setting-seed-locally-not-globally-in-r


=== R's internal C API ===
ggpubr::show_line_types()
 
=== las (label style) ===
0: The default, parallel to the axis
 
1: Always horizontal
 
2: Perpendicular to the axis
 
3: Always vertical
 
=== oma (outer margin), xpd, common title for two plots, 3 types of regions, multi-panel plots ===
<ul>
<li>The following trick is useful when we want to draw multiple plots with a common title.
{{Pre}}
par(mfrow=c(1,2),oma = c(0, 0, 2, 0))  # oma=c(0, 0, 0, 0) by default
plot(1:10,  main="Plot 1")
plot(1:100,  main="Plot 2")
mtext("Title for Two Plots", outer = TRUE, cex = 1.5) # outer=FALSE by default
</pre>
<li>[[PCA#Visualization|PCA plot]] example (the plot in the middle)
<li>For scatterplot3d() function, '''oma''' is not useful and I need to use '''xpd'''.
<li>[https://datascienceplus.com/mastering-r-plot-part-3-outer-margins/ Mastering R plot – Part 3: Outer margins] '''mtext()''' & '''par(xpd)'''.
<li>[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/versions/3.6.2/topics/par ?par] about '''xpd''' option
* If FALSE (default), all plotting is clipped to the plot region,
* If TRUE, all plotting is clipped to the figure region,
* If NA, all plotting is clipped to the device region.
<li>3 types of regions. See [https://www.benjaminbell.co.uk/2018/02/creating-multi-panel-plots-and-figures.html Creating multi-panel plots and figures using layout()] & [https://www.seehuhn.de/blog/122 publication-quality figures with R, part 2]
* plot region,
* figure region,
* device region.
<li>[https://www.benjaminbell.co.uk/2018/02/creating-multi-panel-plots-and-figures.html Creating multi-panel plots and figures using layout()] includes several tricks including creating a picture-in-picture plot.
</ul>
 
=== no.readonly ===
[https://www.zhihu.com/question/54116933 R语言里par(no.readonly=TURE)括号里面这个参数什么意思?], [https://www.jianshu.com/p/a716db5d30ef R-par()]
 
== Non-standard fonts in postscript and pdf graphics ==
https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2006-2.pdf#page=41
 
 
== NULL, NA, NaN, Inf ==
https://tomaztsql.wordpress.com/2018/07/04/r-null-values-null-na-nan-inf/
 
== save()/load() vs saveRDS()/readRDS() vs dput()/dget() vs dump()/source() ==
# saveRDS() can only save one R object while save() does not have this constraint.
# saveRDS() doesn’t save the both the object and its name it just saves a representation of the object. As a result, the saved object can be loaded into a named object within R that is different from the name it had when originally serialized. See [http://www.fromthebottomoftheheap.net/2012/04/01/saving-and-loading-r-objects/ this post].
<pre>
x <- 5
saveRDS(x, "myfile.rds")
x2 <- readRDS("myfile.rds")
identical(mod, mod2, ignore.environment = TRUE)
</pre>
 
[https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.1/topics/dput dput]: Writes an ASCII text representation of an R object. The object name is not written (unlike '''dump''').
{{Pre}}
$ data(pbc, package = "survival")
$ names(pbc)
$ dput(names(pbc))
c("id", "time", "status", "trt", "age", "sex", "ascites", "hepato",
"spiders", "edema", "bili", "chol", "albumin", "copper", "alk.phos",
"ast", "trig", "platelet", "protime", "stage")
 
> iris2 <- iris[1:2, ]
> dput(iris2)
structure(list(Sepal.Length = c(5.1, 4.9), Sepal.Width = c(3.5,
3), Petal.Length = c(1.4, 1.4), Petal.Width = c(0.2, 0.2), Species = structure(c(1L,
1L), .Label = c("setosa", "versicolor", "virginica"), class = "factor")), row.names = 1:2, class = "data.frame")
</pre>
 
=== User 'verbose = TRUE' in load() ===
When we use load(), it is helpful to add 'verbose =TRUE' to see what objects get loaded.
 
=== What are RDS files anyways ===
[https://www.statworx.com/de/blog/archive-existing-rds-files/ Archive Existing RDS Files]
 
== [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.0/topics/all.equal ==, all.equal(), identical()] ==
* ==: exact match
* '''all.equal''': compare R objects x and y testing ‘near equality’
* identical: The safe and reliable way to test two objects for being exactly equal.
{{Pre}}
x <- 1.0; y <- 0.99999999999
all.equal(x, y)
# [1] TRUE
identical(x, y)
# [1] FALSE
</pre>
 
Be careful about using "==" to return an index of matches in the case of data with missing values.
<pre>
R> c(1,2,NA)[c(1,2,NA) == 1]
[1]  1 NA
R> c(1,2,NA)[which(c(1,2,NA) == 1)]
[1] 1
</pre>
 
See also the [http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/testthat/index.html testhat] package.
 
I found a case when I compare two objects where 1 is generated in ''Linux'' and the other is generated in ''macOS'' that identical() gives FALSE but '''all.equal()''' returns TRUE. The difference has a magnitude only e-17.
 
=== waldo ===
* https://waldo.r-lib.org/ or [https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/waldo/index.html CRAN]. Find and concisely describe the difference between a pair of R objects.
* [https://predictivehacks.com/how-to-compare-objects-in-r/ How To Compare Objects In R]
 
=== diffobj: Compare/Diff R Objects ===
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/diffobj/index.html
 
== testthat ==
* https://github.com/r-lib/testthat
* [http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2019/03/unit-tests-in-r/ Unit Tests in R]
* [https://davidlindelof.com/machine-learning-in-r-start-with-an-end-to-end-test/ Start with an End-to-End Test]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2023/12/a-beautiful-mind-writing-testable-r-code/ A Beautiful Mind: Writing Testable R Code]
 
== tinytest ==
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tinytest/index.html tinytest]: Lightweight but Feature Complete Unit Testing Framework
 
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ttdo/index.html ttdo] adds support of the 'diffobj' package for 'diff'-style comparison of R objects.
 
== Numerical Pitfall ==
[http://bayesfactor.blogspot.com/2016/05/numerical-pitfalls-in-computing-variance.html Numerical pitfalls in computing variance]
{{Pre}}
.1 - .3/3
## [1] 0.00000000000000001388
</pre>
 
== Sys.getpid() ==
This can be used to monitor R process memory usage or stop the R process. See [https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2016-November/073360.html this post].
 
== Sys.getenv() & make the script more portable ==
Replace all the secrets from the script and replace them with '''Sys.getenv("secretname")'''. You can save the secrets in an '''.Renviron''' file next to the script in the same project.
<pre>
$ for v in 1 2; do MY=$v Rscript -e "Sys.getenv('MY')"; done
[1] "1"
[1] "2"
$ echo $MY
2
</pre>
 
== How to write R codes ==
* [https://youtu.be/7oyiPBjLAWY Code smells and feels] from R Consortium
** write simple conditions,
** handle class properly,
** return and exit early,
** polymorphism,
** switch() [e.g., switch(var, value1=out1, value2=out2, value3=out3). Several examples in [https://github.com/cran/glmnet/blob/master/R/assess.glmnet.R#L103 glmnet] ]
** case_when(),
** %||%.
* [https://appsilon.com/write-clean-r-code/ 5 Tips for Writing Clean R Code] – Leave Your Code Reviewer Commentless
** Comments
** Strings
** Loops
** Code Sharing
**Good Programming Practices
 
== How to debug an R code ==
[[Debug#R|Debug R]]
 
== Locale bug (grep did not handle UTF-8 properly PR#16264) ==
https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16264
 
== Path length in dir.create() (PR#17206) ==
https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=17206 (Windows only)
 
== install.package() error, R_LIBS_USER is empty in R 3.4.1 & .libPaths() ==
* https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/115008369408-Since-update-to-R-3-4-1-R-LIBS-USER-is-empty and http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/R-LIBS-USER-on-Ubuntu-16-04-td4740935.html. Modify '''/etc/R/Renviron''' (if you have a sudo right) by uncomment out line 43.
<pre>
R_LIBS_USER=${R_LIBS_USER-'~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4'}
</pre>
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44873972/default-r-personal-library-location-is-null. Modify '''$HOME/.Renviron''' by adding a line
<pre>
R_LIBS_USER="${HOME}/R/${R_PLATFORM}-library/3.4"
</pre>
* http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/libPaths.html. Play with .libPaths()
 
On Mac & R 3.4.0 (it's fine)
{{Pre}}
> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] "~/Library/R/3.4/library"
> .libPaths()
[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.4/Resources/library"
</pre>
 
On Linux & R 3.3.1 (ARM)
{{Pre}}
> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] "~/R/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-library/3.3"
> .libPaths()
[1] "/home/$USER/R/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-library/3.3"
[2] "/usr/local/lib/R/library"
</pre>
 
On Linux & R 3.4.1 (*Problematic*)
{{Pre}}
> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] ""
> .libPaths()
[1] "/usr/local/lib/R/site-library" "/usr/lib/R/site-library"
[3] "/usr/lib/R/library"
</pre>
 
I need to specify the '''lib''' parameter when I use the '''install.packages''' command.
{{Pre}}
> install.packages("devtools", "~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4")
> library(devtools)
Error in library(devtools) : there is no package called 'devtools'
 
# Specify lib.loc parameter will not help with the dependency package
> library(devtools, lib.loc = "~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4")
Error: package or namespace load failed for 'devtools':
.onLoad failed in loadNamespace() for 'devtools', details:
  call: loadNamespace(name)
  error: there is no package called 'withr'
 
# A solution is to redefine .libPaths
> .libPaths(c("~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4", .libPaths()))
> library(devtools) # Works
</pre>
 
A better solution is to specify R_LIBS_USER in '''~/.Renviron''' file or '''~/.bash_profile'''; see [http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/base/html/Startup.html ?Startup].
 
== Using external data from within another package ==
https://logfc.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/using-external-data-from-within-another-package/
 
== How to run R scripts from the command line ==
https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/218012917-How-to-run-R-scripts-from-the-command-line
 
== How to exit a sourced R script ==
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25313406/how-to-exit-a-sourced-r-script How to exit a sourced R script]
* [http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/Problem-using-the-source-function-within-R-functions-td907180.html Problem using the source-function within R-functions] ''' ''The best way to handle the generic sort of problem you are describing is to take those source'd files, and rewrite their content as functions to be called from your other functions.'' '''
* ‘source()’ and ‘example()’ have a new optional argument ‘catch.aborts’ which allows continued evaluation of the R code after an error. [https://developer.r-project.org/blosxom.cgi/R-devel/2023/10/11 4-devel] 2023/10/11.
 
== Decimal point & decimal comma ==
Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal comma (Austria, Belgium, Brazil France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, ...) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_mark
 
== setting seed locally (not globally) in R ==
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14324096/setting-seed-locally-not-globally-in-r
 
== R's internal C API ==
https://github.com/hadley/r-internals
https://github.com/hadley/r-internals


=== cleancall package for C resource cleanup ===
== cleancall package for C resource cleanup ==
[https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2019/05/resource-cleanup-in-c-and-the-r-api/ Resource Cleanup in C and the R API]
[https://www.tidyverse.org/articles/2019/05/resource-cleanup-in-c-and-the-r-api/ Resource Cleanup in C and the R API]
 
 
=== Random numbers: multivariate normal ===
== Random number generator ==
Why [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/MASS/versions/7.3-49/topics/mvrnorm MASS::mvrnorm()] gives different result on Mac and Linux/Windows?
* https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-exts.html#Random-numbers
 
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/14555220 C code from R with .C(): random value is the same every time]
The reason could be the covariance matrix decomposition - and that may be due to the LAPACK/BLAS libraries. See
* [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.08009v2.pdf Random number generators produce collisions: Why, how many and more] Marius Hofert 2020 and the published paper in [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2020.1782261 American Statistician] (including R code).
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11567613/different-random-number-generation-between-os
* R package examples. [https://github.com/cran/party/blob/5ddbd382f01fef2ab993401b43d1fc78d0b061fb/src/RandomForest.c party] package.
* https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/149321/generating-and-working-with-random-vectors-in-r
 
* [https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/61719/cholesky-versus-eigendecomposition-for-drawing-samples-from-a-multivariate-norma Cholesky versus eigendecomposition for drawing samples from a multivariate normal distribution]
{{Pre}}
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
#include <R.h>
set.seed(1234)
 
junk <- biospear::simdata(n=500, p=500, q.main = 10, q.inter = 10,
void myunif(){
                          prob.tt = .5, m0=1, alpha.tt= -.5,
  GetRNGstate();
                          beta.main= -.5, beta.inter= -.5, b.corr = .7, b.corr.by=25,
  double u = unif_rand();
                          wei.shape = 1, recr=3, fu=2, timefactor=1)
  PutRNGstate();
## Method 1: MASS::mvrnorm()
  Rprintf("%f\n",u);
## This is simdata() has used. It gives different numbers on different OS.
}
##
</pre>
library(MASS)
 
set.seed(1234)
<pre>
m0 <-1
$ R CMD SHLIB r_rand.c
n <- 500
$ R
prob.tt <- .5
R> dyn.load("r_rand.so")
p <- 500
R> set.seed(1)
b.corr.by <- 25
R> .C("myunif")
b.corr <- .7
0.265509
data <- data.frame(treat = rbinom(n, 1, prob.tt) - 0.5)
list()
n.blocks <- p%/%b.corr.by
R> .C("myunif")
covMat <- diag(n.blocks) %x%
0.372124
  matrix(b.corr^abs(matrix(1:b.corr.by, b.corr.by, b.corr.by, byrow = TRUE) -  
list()
                    matrix(1:b.corr.by, b.corr.by, b.corr.by)), b.corr.by, b.corr.by)
R> set.seed(1)
diag(covMat) <- 1
R> .C("myunif")
data <- cbind(data, mvrnorm(n, rep(0, p), Sigma = covMat))
0.265509
range(data)
list()
# Mac: -4.963827  4.133723
</pre>
# Linux/Windows: -4.327635  4.408097
 
packageVersion("MASS")
=== Test For Randomness ===
# Mac: [1] ‘7.3.49’
* [https://predictivehacks.com/how-to-test-for-randomness/ How To Test For Randomness]
# Linux: [1] ‘7.3.49’
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/2021/08/test-for-randomness-in-r-how-to-check-dataset-randomness/ Test For Randomness in R-How to check Dataset Randomness]
# Windows: [1] ‘7.3.47’
 
 
== Different results in Mac and Linux ==
R.version$version.string
=== Random numbers: multivariate normal ===
# Mac: [1] "R version 3.4.3 (2017-11-30)"
Why [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/MASS/versions/7.3-49/topics/mvrnorm MASS::mvrnorm()] gives different result on Mac and Linux/Windows?
# Linux: [1] "R version 3.4.4 (2018-03-15)"
 
# Windows: [1] "R version 3.4.3 (2017-11-30)"
The reason could be the covariance matrix decomposition - and that may be due to the LAPACK/BLAS libraries. See
 
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11567613/different-random-number-generation-between-os
## Method 2: mvtnorm::rmvnorm()
* https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/149321/generating-and-working-with-random-vectors-in-r
library(mvtnorm)
<ul>
set.seed(1234)
<li>[https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/61719/cholesky-versus-eigendecomposition-for-drawing-samples-from-a-multivariate-norma Cholesky versus eigendecomposition for drawing samples from a multivariate normal distribution]
sigma <- matrix(c(4,2,2,3), ncol=2)
 
x <- rmvnorm(n=n, rep(0, p), sigma=covMat)
See [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/0d7f0a02c233aefb9cefc6eb5f7b7754 this example]. A little more investigation shows the eigen values differ a little bit on macOS and Linux. See [https://gist.github.com/arraytools/0d7f0a02c233aefb9cefc6eb5f7b7754#file-mvtnorm_debug-r here].
range(x)
</li>
# Mac: [1] -4.482566  4.459236
</ul>
# Linux: [1] -4.482566  4.459236
 
== rle() running length encoding ==
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding
* [https://masterr.org/r/how-to-find-consecutive-repeats-in-r/ How to Find Consecutive Repeats in R]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/r-function-of-the-day-rle-2/amp/ R Function of the Day: rle]
* [https://blogs.reed.edu/ed-tech/2015/10/creating-nice-tables-using-r-markdown/ Creating nice tables using R Markdown]
* https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding
* R's [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/rle base::rle()] function
* R's [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/S4Vectors/versions/0.10.2/topics/Rle-class Rle class] from S4Vectors package which was used in for example [http://genomicsclass.github.io/book/pages/iranges_granges.html IRanges/GRanges/GenomicRanges] package
 
== citation() ==
{{Pre}}
citation()
citation("MASS")
toBibtex(citation())
</pre>
 
== R not responding request to interrupt stop process ==
[https://stackoverflow.com/a/43172530 R not responding request to interrupt stop process]. ''R is executing (for example) a C / C++ library call that doesn't provide R an opportunity to check for interrupts.'' It seems to match with the case I'm running (''dist()'' function).
 
== Monitor memory usage ==
* x <- rnorm(2^27) will create an object of the size 1GB (2^27*8/2^20=1024 MB).
* Windows: memory.size(max=TRUE)
* Linux
** RStudio: '''htop -p PID''' where PID is the process ID of ''/usr/lib/rstudio/bin/rsession'', not ''/usr/lib/rstudio/bin/rstudio''. This is obtained by running ''x <- rnorm(2*1e8)''. The object size can be obtained through ''print(object.size(x), units = "auto")''. Note that 1e8*8/2^20 = 762.9395.
** R: '''htop -p PID''' where PID is the process ID of ''/usr/lib/R/bin/exec/R''. Alternatively, use '''htop -p `pgrep -f /usr/lib/R/bin/exec/R`'''
** To find the peak memory usage '''grep VmPeak /proc/$PID/status'''
* '''mem_used()''' function from [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pryr/index.html pryr] package. It is not correct or useful if I use it to check the value compared to the memory returned by '''jobload''' in biowulf. So I cannot use it to see the memory used in running mclapply().
* [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/peakRAM/index.html peakRAM]: Monitor the Total and Peak RAM Used by an Expression or Function
* [https://www.zxzyl.com/archives/1456/ Error: protect () : protection stack overflow] and [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.6.2/topics/Memory ?Memory]
 
References:
* [https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/554/how-to-monitor-cpu-memory-usage-of-a-single-process How to monitor CPU/memory usage of a single process?]. ''htop -p $PID'' is recommended. It only shows the percentage of memory usage.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/774556/peak-memory-usage-of-a-linux-unix-process '''Peak''' memory usage of a linux/unix process] ''grep VmPeak /proc/$PID/status'' is recommended.
* [https://serverfault.com/a/264856 How can I see the memory usage of a Linux process?] ''pmap $PID | tail -n 1'' is recommended. It shows the memory usage in absolute value (eg 1722376K).
* [https://stackoverflow.com/a/6457769 How to check the amount of RAM in R] '''memfree <- as.numeric(system("awk '/MemFree/ {print $2}' /proc/meminfo", intern=TRUE)); memfree '''
 
== Monitor Data ==
[https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v098i01?s=09 Monitoring Data in R with the lumberjack Package]
 
== Pushover ==
[https://rud.is/b/2020/01/29/monitoring-website-ssl-tls-certificate-expiration-times-with-r-openssl-pushoverr-and-dt/ Monitoring Website SSL/TLS Certificate Expiration Times with R, {openssl}, {pushoverr}, and {DT}]
 
[https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pushoverr/ pushoverr]
 
= Resource =
== Books ==
* [https://forwards.github.io/rdevguide/ R Development Guide] R Contribution Working Group
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2021/11/04/bookdown-org/ An R Community Public Library] 2011-11-04
* A list of recommended books http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/11/r-recommended-reading.html
* [http://statisticalestimation.blogspot.com/2016/11/learning-r-programming-by-reading-books.html Learning R programming by reading books: A book list]
* [http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/ Modern Applied Statistics with S] by William N. Venables and Brian D. Ripley
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.html Seamless R and C++ Integration with Rcpp] by Dirk Eddelbuettel
* [http://www.amazon.com/Advanced-Chapman-Hall-CRC-Series/dp/1466586966/ref=pd_sim_b_6?ie=UTF8&refRID=0C98YDK5MRSTRY0ZX1DB Advanced R] by Hadley Wickham 2014
** http://brettklamer.com/diversions/statistical/compile-hadleys-advanced-r-programming-to-a-pdf/ Compile Hadley's Advanced R to a PDF
* [https://b-rodrigues.github.io/fput/ Functional programming and unit testing for data munging with R] by Bruno Rodrigues
* [http://www.amazon.com/Cookbook-OReilly-Cookbooks-Paul-Teetor/dp/0596809158/ref=pd_sim_b_3?ie=UTF8&refRID=0C98YDK5MRSTRY0ZX1DB R Cookbook] by Paul Teetor
* [http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Learning-R-Brett-Lantz/dp/1782162143/ref=pd_sim_b_13?ie=UTF8&refRID=1851BAX3M17CK00VSMA6 Machine Learning with R] by Brett Lantz
* [http://www.amazon.com/Everyone-Advanced-Analytics-Graphics-Addison-Wesley/dp/0321888030/ref=pd_sim_b_3?ie=UTF8&refRID=1851BAX3M17CK00VSMA6 R for Everyone] by [http://www.jaredlander.com/r-for-everyone/ Jared P. Lander]
* [http://www.amazon.com/The-Art-Programming-Statistical-Software/dp/1593273843/ref=pd_sim_b_2?ie=UTF8&refRID=1851BAX3M17CK00VSMA6 The Art of R Programming] by Norman Matloff
* [http://www.amazon.com/Applied-Predictive-Modeling-Max-Kuhn/dp/1461468485/ref=pd_sim_b_3?ie=UTF8&refRID=0H3NMWX7KTRAEB32902Q Applied Predictive Modeling] by Max Kuhn
* [http://www.amazon.com/R-Action-Robert-Kabacoff/dp/1935182390/ref=pd_sim_b_17?ie=UTF8&refRID=0H3NMWX7KTRAEB32902Q R in Action] by Robert Kabacoff
* [http://www.amazon.com/The-Book-Michael-J-Crawley/dp/0470973927/ref=pd_sim_b_6?ie=UTF8&refRID=0CNF2XK8VBGF5A6W3NE3 The R Book] by Michael J. Crawley
* Regression Modeling Strategies, with Applications to Linear Models, Survival Analysis and Logistic Regression by Frank E. Harrell
* Data Manipulation with R by Phil Spector
* [https://www.datanovia.com/en/courses/data-manipulation-in-r/ DATA MANIPULATION IN R] by ALBOUKADEL KASSAMBARA
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2017/05/19/efficient_r_programming/ Review of Efficient R Programming]
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/ R packages: Organize, Test, Document, and Share Your Code] by Hadley Wicklam 2015
* [http://tidytextmining.com/ Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach] and a [http://pacha.hk/2017-05-20_text_mining_with_r.html blog]
<ul>
<li>[https://github.com/csgillespie/efficientR Efficient R programming] by Colin Gillespie and Robin Lovelace. It works to re-create the html version of the book if we follow their simple instruction in the [https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/building-the-book-from-source.html Appendix]. Note that pdf version has advantages of expected output (mathematical notations, tables) over the epub version.
{{Pre}}
# R 3.4.1
.libPaths(c("~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4", .libPaths()))
setwd("/tmp/efficientR/")
bookdown::render_book("index.Rmd", output_format = "bookdown::pdf_book")
# generated pdf file is located _book/_main.pdf
 
bookdown::render_book("index.Rmd", output_format = "bookdown::epub_book")
# generated epub file is located _book/_main.epub.
# This cannot be done in RStudio ("parse_dt" not resolved from current namespace (lubridate))
# but it is OK to run in an R terminal
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
* [https://learningstatisticswithr.com/book/ Learning statistics with R: A tutorial for psychology students and other beginners] by Danielle Navarro
* [https://rstats.wtf/ What They Forgot to Teach You About R] Jennifer Bryan & Jim Hester
* [http://knosof.co.uk/ESEUR/ Evidence-based Software Engineering] by Derek M. Jones
* [https://www.bigbookofr.com/index.html Big Book of R]
* [https://epirhandbook.com/?s=09 R for applied epidemiology and public health]
* [http://bendixcarstensen.com/EwR/ Epidemiology with R] and the [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Epi/ Epi] package. [https://rdrr.io/cran/Epi/man/ci.lin.html ci.lin()] function to return the CI from glm() fit.
* [https://education.rstudio.com/learn/ RStudio &rarr; Finding Your Way To R]. Beginners/Intermediates/Experts
* [https://deepr.gagolewski.com/index.html Deep R Programming]
 
== Videos ==
[https://www.infoworld.com/article/3411819/do-more-with-r-video-tutorials.html “Do More with R” video tutorials]. Search for R video tutorials by task, topic, or package. Most videos are shorter than 10 minutes.
 
=== Webinar ===
* [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/webinars/ RStudio] & its [https://github.com/rstudio/webinars github] repository
 
== useR! ==
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/07/revisiting-user2017.html
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JacpQdj1Vfc&list=PL4IzsxWztPdnyAKQQLxA4ucpaCLdsKvZw UseR 2018 workshop and tutorials]
* [http://www.user2019.fr/ UseR! 2019], [https://github.com/sowla/useR2019-materials tutorial], [https://www.mango-solutions.com/blog/user2019-roundup-workflow-reproducibility-and-friends Better workflow]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_R5smHVXRYGhZYDJsnXTwg/playlists UseR! 2020 & 2021]
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2021/09/09/a-guide-to-binge-watching-r-medicine/ A Guide to Binge Watching R / Medicine 2021]
* [https://t.co/QBZwNoPJsC UseR! 2022]
 
== R consortium ==
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_R5smHVXRYGhZYDJsnXTwg/featured
 
== Blogs, Tips, Socials, Communities ==
* Google: revolutionanalytics In case you missed it
* [http://r4stats.com/articles/why-r-is-hard-to-learn/ Why R is hard to learn] by Bob Musenchen.
* [http://onetipperday.sterding.com/2016/02/my-15-practical-tips-for.html My 15 practical tips for a bioinformatician]
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/06/r-community.html The R community is one of R's best features]
* [https://hbctraining.github.io/main/ Bioinformatics Training at the Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core]
* The R Blog <s>https://developer.r-project.org/Blog/public/</s> https://blog.r-project.org/
* [https://www.dataquest.io/blog/top-tips-for-learning-r-from-africa-rs-shelmith-kariuki/ Top Tips for Learning R from Africa R’s Shelmith Kariuki]
* [https://smach.github.io/R4JournalismBook/HowDoI.html How Do I? …(do that in R)] by Sharon Machlis
* [https://www.t4rstats.com/ Twitter for R programmers]
 
== Bug Tracking System ==
https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/ and [https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/query.cgi Search existing bug reports]. Remember to select 'All' in the Status drop-down list.
 
Use '''sessionInfo()'''.
 
== License ==
[http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2019/07/some-notes-on-gnu-licenses-in-r-packages/ Some Notes on GNU Licenses in R Packages]


## Method 3: mvnfast::rmvn()
[https://moderndata.plot.ly/why-dash-uses-the-mit-license/ Why Dash uses the mit license (and not a copyleft gpl license)]
set.seed(1234)
x <- mvnfast::rmvn(n, rep(0, p), covMat)
range(x)
# Mac: [1] -4.323585  4.355666
# Linux: [1] -4.323585  4.355666


library(microbenchmark)
== Interview questions ==
library(MASS)
* Does R store matrices in column-major order or row-major order?
library(mvtnorm)
** Matrices are stored in column-major order, which means that elements are arranged and accessed by columns. This is in contrast to languages like Python, where matrices (or arrays) are typically stored in row-major order.
library(mvnfast)
microbenchmark(v1 <- rmvnorm(n=n, rep(0, p), sigma=covMat, "eigen"),
              v2 <- rmvnorm(n=n, rep(0, p), sigma=covMat, "svd"),
              v3 <- rmvnorm(n=n, rep(0, p), sigma=covMat, "chol"),
              v4 <- rmvn(n, rep(0, p), covMat),
              v5 <- mvrnorm(n, rep(0, p), Sigma = covMat))
Unit: milliseconds
expr      min        lq
v1 <- rmvnorm(n = n, rep(0, p), sigma = covMat, "eigen") 296.55374 300.81089
v2 <- rmvnorm(n = n, rep(0, p), sigma = covMat, "svd") 461.81867 466.98806
v3 <- rmvnorm(n = n, rep(0, p), sigma = covMat, "chol") 118.33759 120.01829
v4 <- rmvn(n, rep(0, p), covMat)  66.64675  69.89383
v5 <- mvrnorm(n, rep(0, p), Sigma = covMat) 291.19826 294.88038
mean    median        uq      max neval  cld
306.72485 301.99339 304.46662 335.6137  100    d
478.58536 470.44085 493.89041 571.7990  100    e
125.85427 121.26185 122.21361 151.1658  100  b 
71.67996  70.52985  70.92923 100.2622  100 a   
301.88144 296.76028 299.50839 346.7049  100  c 
</syntaxhighlight>
A little more investigation shows the eigen values differ a little bit on macOS and Linux.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
set.seed(1234); x <- mvrnorm(n, rep(0, p), Sigma = covMat)
debug(mvrnorm)
# eS --- macOS
# eS2 -- Linux
Browse[2]> range(abs(eS$values - eS2$values))
# [1] 0.000000e+00 1.776357e-15
Browse[2]> var(as.vector(eS$vectors))
[1] 0.002000006
Browse[2]> var(as.vector(eS2$vectors))
[1] 0.001999987
Browse[2]> all.equal(eS$values, eS2$values)
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> which(eS$values != eS2$values)
  [1]  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  20  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29
  ...
[451] 494 495 496 497 499 500
Browse[2]> range(abs(eS$vectors - eS2$vectors))
[1] 0.0000000 0.5636919
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== rle() running length encoding ===
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding
* [https://masterr.org/r/how-to-find-consecutive-repeats-in-r/ How to Find Consecutive Repeats in R]
* [https://www.r-bloggers.com/r-function-of-the-day-rle-2/amp/ R Function of the Day: rle]
* [https://blogs.reed.edu/ed-tech/2015/10/creating-nice-tables-using-r-markdown/ Creating nice tables using R Markdown]
* https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding
* R's [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.2/topics/rle base::rle()] function
* R's [https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/S4Vectors/versions/0.10.2/topics/Rle-class Rle class] from S4Vectors package which was used in for example [http://genomicsclass.github.io/book/pages/iranges_granges.html IRanges/GRanges/GenomicRanges] package
 
=== citation() ===
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
citation()
citation("MASS")
toBibtex(citation())
</syntaxhighlight>
 
=== Monitor memory usage ===
* Windows: memory.size(max=TRUE)
* Linux
** RStudio: '''htop -p PID''' where PID is the process ID of ''/usr/lib/rstudio/bin/rsession'', not ''/usr/lib/rstudio/bin/rstudio''. This is obtained by running ''x <- rnorm(2*1e8)''. The object size can be obtained through ''print(object.size(x), units = "auto")''. Note that 1e8*8/2^20 = 762.9395.
** R: '''htop -p PID''' where PID is the process ID of ''/usr/lib/R/bin/exec/R''. Alternatively, use '''htop -p `pgrep -f /usr/lib/R/bin/exec/R`'''
** To find the peak memory usage '''grep VmPeak /proc/$PID/status'''
 
References:
* [https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/554/how-to-monitor-cpu-memory-usage-of-a-single-process How to monitor CPU/memory usage of a single process?]. ''htop -p $PID'' is recommended. It only shows the percentage of memory usage.
* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/774556/peak-memory-usage-of-a-linux-unix-process '''Peak''' memory usage of a linux/unix process] ''grep VmPeak /proc/$PID/status'' is recommended.
* [https://serverfault.com/a/264856 How can I see the memory usage of a Linux process?] ''pmap $PID | tail -n 1'' is recommended. It shows the memory usage in absolute value (eg 1722376K).


== Resource ==
* Explain the difference between == and === in R. Provide an example to illustrate their use.
=== Books ===
** The == operator is used for testing equality of values in R. It returns TRUE if the values on the left and right sides are equal, otherwise FALSE. The === operator does not exist in base R.  
* A list of recommended books http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2015/11/r-recommended-reading.html
* [http://statisticalestimation.blogspot.com/2016/11/learning-r-programming-by-reading-books.html Learning R programming by reading books: A book list]
* [http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/ Modern Applied Statistics with S] by William N. Venables and Brian D. Ripley
* [http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.html Seamless R and C++ Integration with Rcpp] by Dirk Eddelbuettel
* [http://www.amazon.com/Advanced-Chapman-Hall-CRC-Series/dp/1466586966/ref=pd_sim_b_6?ie=UTF8&refRID=0C98YDK5MRSTRY0ZX1DB Advanced R] by Hadley Wickham 2014
** http://brettklamer.com/diversions/statistical/compile-hadleys-advanced-r-programming-to-a-pdf/ Compile Hadley's Advanced R to a PDF
* [http://www.brodrigues.co/functional_programming_and_unit_testing_for_data_munging/ Functional programming and unit testing for data munging with R] by Bruno Rodrigues
* [http://www.amazon.com/Cookbook-OReilly-Cookbooks-Paul-Teetor/dp/0596809158/ref=pd_sim_b_3?ie=UTF8&refRID=0C98YDK5MRSTRY0ZX1DB R Cookbook] by Paul Teetor
* [http://www.amazon.com/Machine-Learning-R-Brett-Lantz/dp/1782162143/ref=pd_sim_b_13?ie=UTF8&refRID=1851BAX3M17CK00VSMA6 Machine Learning with R] by Brett Lantz
* [http://www.amazon.com/Everyone-Advanced-Analytics-Graphics-Addison-Wesley/dp/0321888030/ref=pd_sim_b_3?ie=UTF8&refRID=1851BAX3M17CK00VSMA6 R for Everyone] by [http://www.jaredlander.com/r-for-everyone/ Jared P. Lander]
* [http://www.amazon.com/The-Art-Programming-Statistical-Software/dp/1593273843/ref=pd_sim_b_2?ie=UTF8&refRID=1851BAX3M17CK00VSMA6 The Art of R Programming] by Norman Matloff
* [http://www.amazon.com/Applied-Predictive-Modeling-Max-Kuhn/dp/1461468485/ref=pd_sim_b_3?ie=UTF8&refRID=0H3NMWX7KTRAEB32902Q Applied Predictive Modeling] by Max Kuhn
* [http://www.amazon.com/R-Action-Robert-Kabacoff/dp/1935182390/ref=pd_sim_b_17?ie=UTF8&refRID=0H3NMWX7KTRAEB32902Q R in Action] by Robert Kabacoff
* [http://www.amazon.com/The-Book-Michael-J-Crawley/dp/0470973927/ref=pd_sim_b_6?ie=UTF8&refRID=0CNF2XK8VBGF5A6W3NE3 The R Book] by Michael J. Crawley
* Regression Modeling Strategies, with Applications to Linear Models, Survival Analysis and Logistic Regression by Frank E. Harrell
* Data Manipulation with R by Phil Spector
* [https://www.datanovia.com/en/courses/data-manipulation-in-r/ DATA MANIPULATION IN R] by ALBOUKADEL KASSAMBARA
* [https://rviews.rstudio.com/2017/05/19/efficient_r_programming/ Review of Efficient R Programming]
* [http://r-pkgs.had.co.nz/ R packages: Organize, Test, Document, and Share Your Code] by Hadley Wicklam 2015
* [http://tidytextmining.com/ Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach] and a [http://pacha.hk/2017-05-20_text_mining_with_r.html blog]
* [https://github.com/csgillespie/efficientR Efficient R programming] by Colin Gillespie and Robin Lovelace. It works to re-create the html version of the book if we follow their simple instruction in the [https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/building-the-book-from-source.html Appendix]. Note that pdf version has advantages of expected output (mathematical notations, tables) over the epub version.
<syntaxhighlight lang='rsplus'>
# R 3.4.1
.libPaths(c("~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4", .libPaths()))
setwd("/tmp/efficientR/")
bookdown::render_book("index.Rmd", output_format = "bookdown::pdf_book")
# generated pdf file is located _book/_main.pdf


bookdown::render_book("index.Rmd", output_format = "bookdown::epub_book")
* What is the purpose of the apply() function in R? How does it differ from the for loop?
# generated epub file is located _book/_main.epub.
** The apply() function in R is used to apply a function over the margins of an array or matrix. It is often used as an alternative to loops for applying a function to each row or column of a matrix.
# This cannot be done in RStudio ("parse_dt" not resolved from current namespace (lubridate))
# but it is OK to run in an R terminal
</syntaxhighlight>


=== Webinar ===
* Describe the concept of factors in R. How are they used in data manipulation and analysis?
* [https://www.rstudio.com/resources/webinars/ RStudio] & its [https://github.com/rstudio/webinars github] repository
** Factors in R are used to represent categorical data. They are an essential data type for statistical modeling and analysis. Factors store both the unique values that occur in a dataset and the corresponding integer codes used to represent those values.


=== useR! ===
* What is the significance
* http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/07/revisiting-user2017.html
of the attach() and detach() functions in R? When should they be used?
** A: The attach() function is used to add a data frame to the search path in R, making it easier to access variables within the data frame. The detach() function is used to remove a data frame from the search path, which can help avoid naming conflicts and reduce memory usage.


=== Blogs, Tips, Socials, Communities ===
* Explain the concept of vectorization in R. How does it impact the performance of R code?
* Google: revolutionanalytics In case you missed it
** Vectorization in R refers to the ability to apply operations to entire vectors or arrays at once, without needing to write explicit loops. This can significantly improve the performance of R code, as it allows operations to be performed in a more efficient, vectorized manner by taking advantage of R's underlying C code.
* [http://r4stats.com/articles/why-r-is-hard-to-learn/ Why R is hard to learn] by Bob Musenchen.
* [http://onetipperday.sterding.com/2016/02/my-15-practical-tips-for.html My 15 practical tips for a bioinformatician]
* [http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/06/r-community.html The R community is one of R's best features]
* [https://hbctraining.github.io/main/ Bioinformatics Training at the Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core]


=== Bug Tracking System ===
* Describe the difference between data.frame and matrix in R. When would you use one over the other?
https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/ and [https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/query.cgi Search existing bug reports]. Remember to select 'All' in the Status drop-down list.
** A data.frame in R is a two-dimensional structure that can store different types of data (e.g., numeric, character, factor) in its columns. It is similar to a table in a database.
** A matrix in R is also a two-dimensional structure, but it can only store elements of the same data type. It is more like a mathematical matrix.
** You would use a data.frame when you have heterogeneous data (i.e., different types of data) and need to work with it as a dataset. You would use a matrix when you have homogeneous data (i.e., the same type of data) and need to perform matrix operations.


Use '''sessionInfo()'''.
* What are the benefits of using the dplyr package in R for data manipulation? Provide an example of how you would use dplyr to filter a data frame.
** The dplyr package provides a set of functions that make it easier to manipulate data frames in R.
** It uses a syntax that is easy to read and understand, making complex data manipulations more intuitive.
** To filter a data frame using dplyr, you can use the filter() function. For example, filter(df, column_name == value) would filter df to include only rows where column_name is equal to value.

Revision as of 13:56, 22 April 2024

Install and upgrade R

Here

New release

Online Editor

We can run R on web browsers without installing it on local machines (similar to [/ideone.com Ideone.com] for C++. It does not require an account either (cf RStudio).

rdrr.io

It can produce graphics too. The package I am testing (cobs) is available too.

rstudio.cloud

RDocumentation

The interactive engine is based on DataCamp Light

For example, tbl_df function from dplyr package.

The website DataCamp allows to run library() on the Script window. After that, we can use the packages on R Console.

Here is a list of (common) R packages that users can use on the web.

The packages on RDocumentation may be outdated. For example, the current stringr on CRAN is v1.2.0 (2/18/2017) but RDocumentation has v1.1.0 (8/19/2016).

Web Applications

R web applications

Creating local repository for CRAN and Bioconductor

R repository

Parallel Computing

See R parallel.

Cloud Computing

Install R on Amazon EC2

http://randyzwitch.com/r-amazon-ec2/

Bioconductor on Amazon EC2

http://www.bioconductor.org/help/bioconductor-cloud-ami/

Big Data Analysis

bigmemory, biganalytics, bigtabulate

ff, ffbase

biglm

data.table

See data.table.

disk.frame

Split-apply-combine for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a linear model

Apache arrow

Reproducible Research

Reproducible Environments

https://rviews.rstudio.com/2019/04/22/reproducible-environments/

checkpoint package

Some lessons in R coding

  1. don't use rand() and srand() in c. The result is platform dependent. My experience is Ubuntu/Debian/CentOS give the same result but they are different from macOS and Windows. Use Rcpp package and R's random number generator instead.
  2. don't use list.files() directly. The result is platform dependent even different Linux OS. An extra sorting helps!

Useful R packages

Rcpp

http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/index.html. See more here.

RInside : embed R in C++ code

Ubuntu

With RInside, R can be embedded in a graphical application. For example, $HOME/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/qt directory includes source code of a Qt application to show a kernel density plot with various options like kernel functions, bandwidth and an R command text box to generate the random data. See my demo on Youtube. I have tested this qtdensity example successfully using Qt 4.8.5.

  1. Follow the instruction cairoDevice to install required libraries for cairoDevice package and then cairoDevice itself.
  2. Install Qt. Check 'qmake' command becomes available by typing 'whereis qmake' or 'which qmake' in terminal.
  3. Open Qt Creator from Ubuntu start menu/Launcher. Open the project file $HOME/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/qt/qtdensity.pro in Qt Creator.
  4. Under Qt Creator, hit 'Ctrl + R' or the big green triangle button on the lower-left corner to build/run the project. If everything works well, you shall see the interactive program qtdensity appears on your desktop.

File:qtdensity.png

With RInside + Wt web toolkit installed, we can also create a web application. To demonstrate the example in examples/wt directory, we can do

cd ~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.0/RInside/examples/wt
make
sudo ./wtdensity --docroot . --http-address localhost --http-port 8080

Then we can go to the browser's address bar and type http://localhost:8080 to see how it works (a screenshot is in here).

Windows 7

To make RInside works on Windows OS, try the following

  1. Make sure R is installed under C:\ instead of C:\Program Files if we don't want to get an error like g++.exe: error: Files/R/R-3.0.1/library/RInside/include: No such file or directory.
  2. Install RTools
  3. Instal RInside package from source (the binary version will give an error )
  4. Create a DOS batch file containing necessary paths in PATH environment variable
@echo off
set PATH=C:\Rtools\bin;c:\Rtools\gcc-4.6.3\bin;%PATH%
set PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.1\bin\i386;%PATH%
set PKG_LIBS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::LdFlags()"`
set PKG_CPPFLAGS=`Rscript -e "Rcpp:::CxxFlags()"`
set R_HOME=C:\R\R-3.0.1
echo Setting environment for using R
cmd

In the Windows command prompt, run

cd C:\R\R-3.0.1\library\RInside\examples\standard
make -f Makefile.win

Now we can test by running any of executable files that make generates. For example, rinside_sample0.

rinside_sample0

As for the Qt application qdensity program, we need to make sure the same version of MinGW was used in building RInside/Rcpp and Qt. See some discussions in

So the Qt and Wt web tool applications on Windows may or may not be possible.

GUI

Qt and R

tkrplot

On Ubuntu, we need to install tk packages, such as by

sudo apt-get install tk-dev

reticulate - Interface to 'Python'

Python -> reticulate

Hadoop (eg ~100 terabytes)

See also HighPerformanceComputing

RHadoop

Snowdoop: an alternative to MapReduce algorithm

XML

On Ubuntu, we need to install libxml2-dev before we can install XML package.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev

On CentOS,

yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel

XML

library(XML)

# Read and parse HTML file
doc.html = htmlTreeParse('http://apiolaza.net/babel.html', useInternal = TRUE)

# Extract all the paragraphs (HTML tag is p, starting at
# the root of the document). Unlist flattens the list to
# create a character vector.
doc.text = unlist(xpathApply(doc.html, '//p', xmlValue))

# Replace all by spaces
doc.text = gsub('\n', ' ', doc.text)

# Join all the elements of the character vector into a single
# character string, separated by spaces
doc.text = paste(doc.text, collapse = ' ')

This post http://stackoverflow.com/questions/25315381/using-xpathsapply-to-scrape-xml-attributes-in-r can be used to monitor new releases from github.com.

> library(RCurl) # getURL()
> library(XML)   # htmlParse and xpathSApply
> xData <- getURL("https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> plain.text <- xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
  # I look at the source code and search 2.5.3a and find the tag as
  # 2.5.3a
> plain.text
 [1] "2.5.3a"      "2.5.2b"      "2.5.2a"      "2.5.1b"      "2.5.1a"     
 [6] "2.5.0c"      "2.5.0b"      "STAR_2.5.0a" "STAR_2.4.2a" "STAR_2.4.1d"
>
> # try bwa
> > xData <- getURL("https://github.com/lh3/bwa/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
[1] "v0.7.15" "v0.7.13"

> # try picard
> xData <- getURL("https://github.com/broadinstitute/picard/releases")
> doc = htmlParse(xData)
> xpathSApply(doc, "//span[@class='css-truncate-target']", xmlValue)
 [1] "2.9.1" "2.9.0" "2.8.3" "2.8.2" "2.8.1" "2.8.0" "2.7.2" "2.7.1" "2.7.0"
[10] "2.6.0"

This method can be used to monitor new tags/releases from some projects like Cura, BWA, Picard, STAR. But for some projects like sratools the class attribute in the span element ("css-truncate-target") can be different (such as "tag-name").

xmlview

RCurl

On Ubuntu, we need to install the packages (the first one is for XML package that RCurl suggests)

# Test on Ubuntu 14.04
sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev

Scrape google scholar results

https://github.com/tonybreyal/Blog-Reference-Functions/blob/master/R/googleScholarXScraper/googleScholarXScraper.R

No google ID is required

Seems not work

 Error in data.frame(footer = xpathLVApply(doc, xpath.base, "/font/span[@class='gs_fl']",  : 
  arguments imply differing number of rows: 2, 0 

devtools

devtools package depends on Curl. It actually depends on some system files. If we just need to install a package, consider the remotes package which was suggested by the BiocManager package.

# Ubuntu 14.04
sudo apt-get install libcurl4-openssl-dev

# Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04
sudo apt-get install build-essential libcurl4-gnutls-dev libxml2-dev libssl-dev

# Ubuntu 20.04
sudo apt-get install -y libxml2-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev

Lazy-load database XXX is corrupt. internal error -3. It often happens when you use install_github to install a package that's currently loaded; try restarting R and running the app again.

NB. According to the output of apt-cache show r-cran-devtools, the binary package is very old though apt-cache show r-base and supported packages like survival shows the latest version.

httr

httr imports curl, jsonlite, mime, openssl and R6 packages.

When I tried to install httr package, I got an error and some message:

Configuration failed because openssl was not found. Try installing:
 * deb: libssl-dev (Debian, Ubuntu, etc)
 * rpm: openssl-devel (Fedora, CentOS, RHEL)
 * csw: libssl_dev (Solaris)
 * brew: openssl (Mac OSX)
If openssl is already installed, check that 'pkg-config' is in your
PATH and PKG_CONFIG_PATH contains a openssl.pc file. If pkg-config
is unavailable you can set INCLUDE_DIR and LIB_DIR manually via:
R CMD INSTALL --configure-vars='INCLUDE_DIR=... LIB_DIR=...'
--------------------------------------------------------------------
ERROR: configuration failed for package ‘openssl’

It turns out after I run sudo apt-get install libssl-dev in the terminal (Debian), it would go smoothly with installing httr package. Nice httr!

Real example: see this post. Unfortunately I did not get a table result; I only get an html file (R 3.2.5, httr 1.1.0 on Ubuntu and Debian).

Since httr package was used in many other packages, take a look at how others use it. For example, aRxiv package.

A package to download free Springer books during Covid-19 quarantine, An update to "An adventure in downloading books" (rvest package)

curl

curl is independent of RCurl package.

library(curl)
h <- new_handle()
handle_setform(h,
  name="aaa", email="bbb"
)
req <- curl_fetch_memory("http://localhost/d/phpmyql3_scripts/ch02/form2.html", handle = h)
rawToChar(req$content)

rOpenSci packages

rOpenSci contains packages that allow access to data repositories through the R statistical programming environment

remotes

Download and install R packages stored in 'GitHub', 'BitBucket', or plain 'subversion' or 'git' repositories. This package is a lightweight replacement of the 'install_*' functions in 'devtools'. Also remotes does not require any extra OS level library (at least on Ubuntu 16.04).

Example:

# https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/matrixstats
remotes::install_github('HenrikBengtsson/matrixStats@develop')

DirichletMultinomial

On Ubuntu, we do

sudo apt-get install libgsl0-dev

Create GUI

gWidgets

GenOrd: Generate ordinal and discrete variables with given correlation matrix and marginal distributions

here

json

R web -> json

Map

leaflet

choroplethr

ggplot2

How to make maps with Census data in R

googleVis

See an example from RJSONIO above.

googleAuthR

Create R functions that interact with OAuth2 Google APIs easily, with auto-refresh and Shiny compatibility.

gtrendsR - Google Trends

quantmod

Maintaining a database of price files in R. It consists of 3 steps.

  1. Initial data downloading
  2. Update existing data
  3. Create a batch file

caret

Tool for connecting Excel with R

write.table

Output a named vector

vec <- c(a = 1, b = 2, c = 3)
write.csv(vec, file = "my_file.csv", quote = F)
x = read.csv("my_file.csv", row.names = 1)
vec2 <- x[, 1]
names(vec2) <- rownames(x)
all.equal(vec, vec2)

# one liner: row names of a 'matrix' become the names of a vector
vec3 <- as.matrix(read.csv('my_file.csv', row.names = 1))[, 1]
all.equal(vec, vec3)

Avoid leading empty column to header

write.table writes unwanted leading empty column to header when has rownames

write.table(a, 'a.txt', col.names=NA)

Add blank field AND column names in write.table

  • write.table(, row.names = TRUE) will miss one element on the 1st row when "row.names = TRUE" which is enabled by default.
    • Suppose x is (n x 2)
    • write.table(x, sep="\t") will generate a file with 2 element on the 1st row
    • read.table(file) will return an object with a size (n x 2)
    • read.delim(file) and read.delim2(file) will also be correct
  • Note that write.csv() does not have this issue that write.table() has
    • Suppose x is (n x 2)
    • Suppose we use write.csv(x, file). The csv file will be ((n+1) x 3) b/c the header row.
    • If we use read.csv(file), the object is (n x 3). So we need to use read.csv(file, row.names = 1)
  • adding blank field AND column names in write.table(); write.table writes unwanted leading empty column to header when has rownames
write.table(a, 'a.txt', col.names=NA)
  • readr::write_tsv() does not include row names in the output file

read.delim(, row.names=1) and write.table(, row.names=TRUE)

How to Use read.delim Function in R

Case 1: no row.names

write.table(df, 'my_data.txt', quote=FALSE, sep='\t', row.names=FALSE)
my_df <- read.delim('my_data.txt')  # the rownames will be 1, 2, 3, ...

Case 2: with row.names. Note: if we open the text file in Excel, we'll see the 1st row is missing one header at the end. It is actually missing the column name for the 1st column.

write.table(df, 'my_data.txt', quote=FALSE, sep='\t', row.names=TRUE)
my_df <- read.delim('my_data.txt')  # it will automatically assign the rownames

Read/Write Excel files package

  • http://www.milanor.net/blog/?p=779
  • flipAPI. One useful feature of DownloadXLSX, which is not supported by the readxl package, is that it can read Excel files directly from the URL.
  • xlsx: depends on Java
  • openxlsx: not depend on Java. Depend on zip application. On Windows, it seems to be OK without installing Rtools. But it can not read xls file; it works on xlsx file.
  • readxl: it does not depend on anything although it can only read but not write Excel files.
    • It is part of tidyverse package. The readxl website provides several articles for more examples.
    • readxl webinar.
    • One advantage of read_excel (as with read_csv in the readr package) is that the data imports into an easy to print object with three attributes a tbl_df, a tbl and a data.frame.
    • For writing to Excel formats, use writexl or openxlsx package.
library(readxl)
read_excel(path, sheet = NULL, range = NULL, col_names = TRUE, 
    col_types = NULL, na = "", trim_ws = TRUE, skip = 0, n_max = Inf, 
    guess_max = min(1000, n_max), progress = readxl_progress(), 
    .name_repair = "unique")
# Example
read_excel(path, range = cell_cols("c:cx"), col_types = "numeric")
  • writexl: zero dependency xlsx writer for R
library(writexl)
mylst <- list(sheet1name = df1, sheet2name = df2)
write_xlsx(mylst, "output.xlsx")

For the Chromosome column, integer values becomes strings (but converted to double, so 5 becomes 5.000000) or NA (empty on sheets).

> head(read_excel("~/Downloads/BRCA.xls", 4)[ , -9], 3)
  UniqueID (Double-click) CloneID UGCluster
1                   HK1A1   21652 Hs.445981
2                   HK1A2   22012 Hs.119177
3                   HK1A4   22293 Hs.501376
                                                    Name Symbol EntrezID
1 Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1, 102kDa CTNNA1     1495
2                              ADP-ribosylation factor 3   ARF3      377
3                          Uroporphyrinogen III synthase   UROS     7390
  Chromosome      Cytoband ChimericClusterIDs Filter
1   5.000000        5q31.2               <NA>      1
2  12.000000         12q13               <NA>      1
3       <NA> 10q25.2-q26.3               <NA>      1

The hidden worksheets become visible (Not sure what are those first rows mean in the output).

> excel_sheets("~/Downloads/BRCA.xls")
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 01 00 00 00 9a 0c 00 00 1a 00 
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 03 00 00 00 9b 0c 00 00 0a 00 
DEFINEDNAME: 21 00 00 01 0b 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 0d 3b 02 00 00 00 9a 0c 00 00 06 00 
[1] "Experiment descriptors" "Filtered log ratio"     "Gene identifiers"      
[4] "Gene annotations"       "CollateInfo"            "GeneSubsets"           
[7] "GeneSubsetsTemp"       

The Chinese character works too.

> read_excel("~/Downloads/testChinese.xlsx", 1)
   中文 B C
1     a b c
2     1 2 3

To read all worksheets we need a convenient function

read_excel_allsheets <- function(filename) {
    sheets <- readxl::excel_sheets(filename)
    sheets <- sheets[-1] # Skip sheet 1
    x <- lapply(sheets, function(X) readxl::read_excel(filename, sheet = X, col_types = "numeric"))
    names(x) <- sheets
    x
}
dcfile <- "table0.77_dC_biospear.xlsx"
dc <- read_excel_allsheets(dcfile)
# Each component (eg dc1) is a tibble.

readr

Compared to base equivalents like read.csv(), readr is much faster and gives more convenient output: it never converts strings to factors, can parse date/times, and it doesn’t munge the column names.

1.0.0 released. readr 2.0.0 adds built-in support for reading multiple files at once, fast multi-threaded lazy reading and automatic guessing of delimiters among other changes.

Consider a text file where the table (6100 x 22) has duplicated row names and the (1,1) element is empty. The column names are all unique.

  • read.delim() will treat the first column as rownames but it does not allow duplicated row names. Even we use row.names=NULL, it still does not read correctly. It does give warnings (EOF within quoted string & number of items read is not a multiple of the number of columns). The dim is 5177 x 22.
  • readr::read_delim(Filename, "\t") will miss the last column. The dim is 6100 x 21.
  • data.table::fread(Filename, sep = "\t") will detect the number of column names is less than the number of columns. Added 1 extra default column name for the first column which is guessed to be row names or an index. The dim is 6100 x 22. (Winner!)

The readr::read_csv() function is as fast as data.table::fread() function. For files beyond 100MB in size fread() and read_csv() can be expected to be around 5 times faster than read.csv(). See 5.3 of Efficient R Programming book.

Note that data.table::fread() can read a selection of the columns.

Speed comparison

The Fastest Way To Read And Write Files In R. data.table >> readr >> base.

ggplot2

See ggplot2

Data Manipulation & Tidyverse

See Tidyverse.

Data Science

See Data science page

microbenchmark & rbenchmark

Plot, image

jpeg

If we want to create the image on this wiki left hand side panel, we can use the jpeg package to read an existing plot and then edit and save it.

We can also use the jpeg package to import and manipulate a jpg image. See Fun with Heatmaps and Plotly.

png and resolution

It seems people use res=300 as a definition of high resolution.

  • Bottom line: fix res=300 and adjust height/width as needed. The default is res=72, height=width=480. If we increase res=300, the text font size will be increased, lines become thicker and the plot looks like a zoom-in.
  • Saving high resolution plot in png.
    png("heatmap.png", width = 8, height = 6, units='in', res = 300) 
    # we can adjust width/height as we like
    # the pixel values will be width=8*300 and height=6*300 which is equivalent to 
    # 8*300 * 6*300/10^6 = 4.32 Megapixels (1M pixels = 10^6 pixels) in camera's term
    # However, if we use png(, width=8*300, height=6*300, units='px'), it will produce
    # a plot with very large figure body and tiny text font size.
    
    # It seems the following command gives the same result as above
    png("heatmap.png", width = 8*300, height = 6*300, res = 300) # default units="px"
    
  • Chapter 14.5 Outputting to Bitmap (PNG/TIFF) Files by R Graphics Cookbook
    • Changing the resolution affects the size (in pixels) of graphical objects like text, lines, and points.
  • 10 tips for making your R graphics look their best David Smith
    • In Word you can resize the graphic to an appropriate size, but the high resolution gives you the flexibility to choose a size while not compromising on the quality. I'd recommend at least 1200 pixels on the longest side for standard printers.
  • ?png. The png function has default settings ppi=72, height=480, width=480, units="px".
    • By default no resolution is recorded in the file, except for BMP.
    • BMP vs PNG format. If you need a smaller file size and don’t mind a lossless compression, PNG might be a better choice. If you need to retain as much detail as possible and don’t mind a larger file size, BMP could be the way to go.
      • Compression: BMP files are raw and uncompressed, meaning they’re large files that retain as much detail as possible. On the other hand, PNG files are compressed but still lossless. This means you can reduce or expand PNGs without losing any information.
      • File size: BMPs are larger than PNGs. This is because PNG files automatically compress, and can be compressed again to make the file even smaller.
      • Common uses: BMP contains a maximum amount of details while PNGs are good for small illustrations, sketches, drawings, logos and icons.
      • Quality: No difference
      • Transparency: PNG supports transparency while BMP doesn't
  • Some comparison about the ratio
    • 11/8.5=1.29 (A4 paper)
    • 8/6=1.33 (plot output)
    • 1440/900=1.6 (my display)
  • Setting resolution and aspect ratios in R
  • The difference of res parameter for a simple plot. How to change the resolution of a plot in base R?
  • High Resolution Figures in R.
  • High resolution graphics with R
  • R plot: size and resolution
  • How can I increase the resolution of my plot in R?, devEMF package
  • See Images -> Anti-alias.
  • How to check DPI on PNG
    • The width of a PNG file in terms of inches cannot be determined directly from the file itself, as the file contains pixel dimensions, not physical dimensions. However, you can calculate the width in inches if you know the resolution (DPI, dots per inch) of the image. Remember that converting pixel measurements to physical measurements like inches involves a specific resolution (DPI), and different devices may display the same image at different sizes due to having different resolutions.
  • Cairo case.

PowerPoint

  • For PP presentation, I found it is useful to use svg() to generate a small size figure. Then when we enlarge the plot, the text font size can be enlarged too. According to svg, by default, width = 7, height = 7, pointsize = 12, family = sans.
  • Try the following code. The font size is the same for both plots/files. However, the first plot can be enlarged without losing its quality.
    svg("svg4.svg", width=4, height=4)
    plot(1:10, main="width=4, height=4")
    dev.off()
    
    svg("svg7.svg", width=7, height=7) # default
    plot(1:10, main="width=7, height=7")
    dev.off()
    

magick

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/magick/

See an example here I created.

Cairo

See White strips problem in png() or tiff().

geDevices

cairoDevice

PS. Not sure the advantage of functions in this package compared to R's functions (eg. Cairo_svg() vs svg()).

For ubuntu OS, we need to install 2 libraries and 1 R package RGtk2.

sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev libcairo2-dev

On Windows OS, we may got the error: unable to load shared object 'C:/Program Files/R/R-3.0.2/library/cairoDevice/libs/x64/cairoDevice.dll' . We need to follow the instruction in here.

dpi requirement for publication

For import into PDF-incapable programs (MS Office)

sketcher: photo to sketch effects

https://htsuda.net/sketcher/

httpgd

igraph

creating directed networks with igraph

Identifying dependencies of R functions and scripts

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8761857/identifying-dependencies-of-r-functions-and-scripts

library(mvbutils)
foodweb(where = "package:batr")

foodweb( find.funs("package:batr"), prune="survRiskPredict", lwd=2)

foodweb( find.funs("package:batr"), prune="classPredict", lwd=2)

iterators

Iterator is useful over for-loop if the data is already a collection. It can be used to iterate over a vector, data frame, matrix, file

Iterator can be combined to use with foreach package http://www.exegetic.biz/blog/2013/11/iterators-in-r/ has more elaboration.

Colors

  • scales package. This is used in ggplot2 package.
  • colorspace: A Toolbox for Manipulating and Assessing Colors and Palettes. Popular! Many reverse imports/suggests; e.g. ComplexHeatmap. See my ggplot2 page.
    hcl_palettes(plot = TRUE) # a quick overview
    hcl_palettes(palette = "Dark 2", n=5, plot = T)
    q4 <- qualitative_hcl(4, palette = "Dark 3")
    
  • convert hex value to color names
    library(plotrix)
    sapply(rainbow(4), color.id) # color.id is a function
              # it is used to identify closest match to a color
    sapply(palette(), color.id)
    sapply(RColorBrewer::brewer.pal(4, "Set1"), color.id)
    

Below is an example using the option scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired"). See the source code at gist. Note that only set1 and set3 palettes in qualitative scheme can support up to 12 classes.

According to the information from the colorbrew website, qualitative schemes do not imply magnitude differences between legend classes, and hues are used to create the primary visual differences between classes.

File:GgplotPalette.svg

colortools

Tools that allow users generate color schemes and palettes

colourpicker

A Colour Picker Tool for Shiny and for Selecting Colours in Plots

eyedroppeR

Select colours from an image in R with {eyedroppeR}

rex

Friendly Regular Expressions

formatR

The best strategy to avoid failure is to put comments in complete lines or after complete R expressions.

See also this discussion on stackoverflow talks about R code reformatting.

library(formatR)
tidy_source("Input.R", file = "output.R", width.cutoff=70)
tidy_source("clipboard") 
# default width is getOption("width") which is 127 in my case.

Some issues

  • Comments appearing at the beginning of a line within a long complete statement. This will break tidy_source().
cat("abcd",
    # This is my comment
    "defg")

will result in

> tidy_source("clipboard")
Error in base::parse(text = code, srcfile = NULL) : 
  3:1: unexpected string constant
2: invisible(".BeGiN_TiDy_IdEnTiFiEr_HaHaHa# This is my comment.HaHaHa_EnD_TiDy_IdEnTiFiEr")
3: "defg"
   ^
  • Comments appearing at the end of a line within a long complete statement won't break tidy_source() but tidy_source() cannot re-locate/tidy the comma sign.
cat("abcd"
    ,"defg"   # This is my comment
  ,"ghij")

will become

cat("abcd", "defg"  # This is my comment
, "ghij") 

Still bad!!

  • Comments appearing at the end of a line within a long complete statement breaks tidy_source() function. For example,
cat("</p>",
	"<HR SIZE=5 WIDTH=\"100%\" NOSHADE>",
	ifelse(codeSurv == 0,"<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes which are differentially expressed among classes:</u></b></a></h3>", #4/9/09
	                     "<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes significantly associated with survival:</u></b></a></h3>"), 
	file=ExternalFileName, sep="\n", append=T)

will result in

> tidy_source("clipboard", width.cutoff=70)
Error in base::parse(text = code, srcfile = NULL) : 
  3:129: unexpected SPECIAL
2: "<HR SIZE=5 WIDTH=\"100%\" NOSHADE>" ,
3: ifelse ( codeSurv == 0 , "<h3><a name='Genes'><b><u>Genes which are differentially expressed among classes:</u></b></a></h3>" , %InLiNe_IdEnTiFiEr%
  • width.cutoff parameter is not always working. For example, there is no any change for the following snippet though I hope it will move the cat() to the next line.
if (codePF & !GlobalTest & !DoExactPermTest) cat(paste("Multivariate Permutations test was computed based on", 
    NumPermutations, "random permutations"), "<BR>", " ", file = ExternalFileName, 
    sep = "\n", append = T)
  • It merges lines though I don't always want to do that. For example
cat("abcd"
    ,"defg"  
  ,"ghij")

will become

cat("abcd", "defg", "ghij") 

styler

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/styler/index.html Pretty-prints R code without changing the user's formatting intent.

Download papers

biorxivr

Search and Download Papers from the bioRxiv Preprint Server (biology)

aRxiv

Interface to the arXiv API

pdftools

aside: set it aside

An RStudio addin to run long R commands aside your current session.

Teaching

  • smovie: Some Movies to Illustrate Concepts in Statistics

Organize R research project

How to save (and load) datasets in R (.RData vs .Rds file)

How to save (and load) datasets in R: An overview

Naming convention

Efficient Data Management in R

Efficient Data Management in R. .Rprofile, renv package and dplyr package.

Text to speech

Text-to-Speech with the googleLanguageR package

Speech to text

https://github.com/ggerganov/whisper.cpp and an R package audio.whisper

Weather data

logR

https://github.com/jangorecki/logR

Progress bar

https://github.com/r-lib/progress#readme

Configurable Progress bars, they may include percentage, elapsed time, and/or the estimated completion time. They work in terminals, in 'Emacs' 'ESS', 'RStudio', 'Windows' 'Rgui' and the 'macOS'.

cron

beepr: Play A Short Sound

https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/beepr/versions/1.3/topics/beep. Try sound=3 "fanfare", 4 "complete", 5 "treasure", 7 "shotgun", 8 "mario".

utils package

https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/versions/3.6.2

tools package

Different ways of using R

Extending R by John M. Chambers (2016)

10 things R can do that might surprise you

https://simplystatistics.org/2019/03/13/10-things-r-can-do-that-might-surprise-you/

R call C/C++

Mainly talks about .C() and .Call().

Note that scalars and arrays must be passed using pointers. So if we want to access a function not exported from a package, we may need to modify the function to make the arguments as pointers.

.Call

Be sure to add the PACKAGE parameter to avoid an error like

cvfit <- cv.grpsurvOverlap(X, Surv(time, event), group, 
                            cv.ind = cv.ind, seed=1, penalty = 'cMCP')
Error in .Call("standardize", X) : 
  "standardize" not resolved from current namespace (grpreg)

NAMESPACE file & useDynLib

(From Writing R Extensions manual) Loading is most often done automatically based on the useDynLib() declaration in the NAMESPACE file, but may be done explicitly via a call to library.dynam(). This has the form

library.dynam("libname", package, lib.loc) 

library.dynam.unload()

gcc

Coping with varying `gcc` versions and capabilities in R packages

Primitive functions

Primitive Functions List

SEXP

Some examples from packages

  • sva package has one C code function

R call Fortran

Embedding R

An very simple example (do not return from shell) from Writing R Extensions manual

The command-line R front-end, R_HOME/bin/exec/R, is one such example. Its source code is in file <src/main/Rmain.c>.

This example can be run by

R_HOME/bin/R CMD R_HOME/bin/exec/R

Note:

  1. R_HOME/bin/exec/R is the R binary. However, it couldn't be launched directly unless R_HOME and LD_LIBRARY_PATH are set up. Again, this is explained in Writing R Extension manual.
  2. R_HOME/bin/R is a shell-script front-end where users can invoke it. It sets up the environment for the executable. It can be copied to /usr/local/bin/R. When we run R_HOME/bin/R, it actually runs R_HOME/bin/R CMD R_HOME/bin/exec/R (see line 259 of R_HOME/bin/R as in R 3.0.2) so we know the important role of R_HOME/bin/exec/R.

More examples of embedding can be found in tests/Embedding directory. Read <index.html> for more information about these test examples.

An example from Bioconductor workshop

Example: Create embed.c file. Then build the executable. Note that I don't need to create R_HOME variable.

cd 
tar xzvf 
cd R-3.0.1
./configure --enable-R-shlib
make
cd tests/Embedding
make
~/R-3.0.1/bin/R CMD ./Rtest

nano embed.c
# Using a single line will give an error and cannot not show the real problem.
# ../../bin/R CMD gcc -I../../include -L../../lib -lR embed.c
# A better way is to run compile and link separately
gcc -I../../include -c embed.c
gcc -o embed embed.o -L../../lib -lR -lRblas
../../bin/R CMD ./embed

Note that if we want to call the executable file ./embed directly, we shall set up R environment by specifying R_HOME variable and including the directories used in linking R in LD_LIBRARY_PATH. This is based on the inform provided by Writing R Extensions.

export R_HOME=/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib
./embed # No need to include R CMD in front.

Question: Create a data frame in C? Answer: Use data.frame() via an eval() call from C. Or see the code is stats/src/model.c, as part of model.frame.default. Or using Rcpp as here.

Reference http://bioconductor.org/help/course-materials/2012/Seattle-Oct-2012/AdvancedR.pdf

Create a Simple Socket Server in R

This example is coming from this paper.

Create an R function

simpleServer <- function(port=6543)
{
  sock <- socketConnection ( port=port , server=TRUE)
  on.exit(close( sock ))
  cat("\nWelcome to R!\nR>" ,file=sock )
  while(( line <- readLines ( sock , n=1)) != "quit")
  {
    cat(paste("socket >" , line , "\n"))
    out<- capture.output (try(eval(parse(text=line ))))
    writeLines ( out , con=sock )
    cat("\nR> " ,file =sock )
  }
}

Then run simpleServer(). Open another terminal and try to communicate with the server

$ telnet localhost 6543
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.

Welcome to R!
R> summary(iris[, 3:5])
  Petal.Length    Petal.Width          Species  
 Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.100   setosa    :50  
 1st Qu.:1.600   1st Qu.:0.300   versicolor:50  
 Median :4.350   Median :1.300   virginica :50  
 Mean   :3.758   Mean   :1.199                  
 3rd Qu.:5.100   3rd Qu.:1.800                  
 Max.   :6.900   Max.   :2.500                  

R> quit
Connection closed by foreign host.

Rserve

Note the way of launching Rserve is like the way we launch C program when R was embedded in C. See Example from Bioconductor workshop.

See my Rserve page.

outsider

(Commercial) StatconnDcom

R.NET

rJava

Terminal

# jdk 7
sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-*
update-alternatives --config java
# oracle jdk 8
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:webupd8team/java
sudo apt-get update
echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 select true | sudo debconf-set-selections
echo debconf shared/accepted-oracle-license-v1-1 seen true | sudo debconf-set-selections
sudo apt-get -y install openjdk-8-jdk

and then run the following (thanks to http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12872699/error-unable-to-load-installed-packages-just-now) to fix an error: libjvm.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory.

  • Create the file /etc/ld.so.conf.d/java.conf with the following entries:
/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/jre/lib/amd64
/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-oracle/jre/lib/amd64/server
  • And then run sudo ldconfig

Now go back to R

install.packages("rJava")

Done!

If above does not work, a simple way is by (under Ubuntu) running

sudo apt-get install r-cran-rjava

which will create new package 'default-jre' (under /usr/lib/jvm) and 'default-jre-headless'.

RCaller

RApache

Rscript, arguments and commandArgs()

Passing arguments to an R script from command lines Syntax:

$ Rscript --help
Usage: /path/to/Rscript [--options] [-e expr [-e expr2 ...] | file] [args]

Example:

args = commandArgs(trailingOnly=TRUE)
# test if there is at least one argument: if not, return an error
if (length(args)==0) {
  stop("At least one argument must be supplied (input file).n", call.=FALSE)
} else if (length(args)==1) {
  # default output file
  args[2] = "out.txt"
}
cat("args[1] = ", args[1], "\n")
cat("args[2] = ", args[2], "\n")
Rscript --vanilla sillyScript.R iris.txt out.txt
# args[1] =  iris.txt 
# args[2] =  out.txt

Rscript, #! Shebang and optparse package

littler

Provides hash-bang (#!) capability for R

FAQs:

root@ed5f80320266:/# ls -l /usr/bin/{r,R*}
# R 3.5.2 docker container
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 82632 Jan 26 18:26 /usr/bin/r        # binary, can be used for 'shebang' lines, r --help
                                              # Example: r --verbose -e "date()"

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  8722 Dec 20 11:35 /usr/bin/R        # text, R --help
                                              # Example: R -q -e "date()"

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 14552 Dec 20 11:35 /usr/bin/Rscript  # binary, can be used for 'shebang' lines, Rscript --help
                                              # It won't show the startup message when it is used in the command line.
                                              # Example: Rscript -e "date()"

We can install littler using two ways.

  • install.packages("littler"). This will install the latest version but the binary 'r' program is only available under the package/bin directory (eg ~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4/littler/bin/r). You need to create a soft link in order to access it globally.
  • sudo apt install littler. This will install 'r' globally; however, the installed version may be old.

After the installation, vignette contains several examples. The off-line vignette has a table of contents. Nice! The web version of examples does not have the TOC.

r was not meant to run interactively like R. See man r.

RInside: Embed R in C++

See RInside

(From RInside documentation) The RInside package makes it easier to embed R in your C++ applications. There is no code you would execute directly from the R environment. Rather, you write C++ programs that embed R which is illustrated by some the included examples.

The included examples are armadillo, eigen, mpi, qt, standard, threads and wt.

To run 'make' when we don't have a global R, we should modify the file <Makefile>. Also if we just want to create one executable file, we can do, for example, 'make rinside_sample1'.

To run any executable program, we need to specify LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable, something like

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib 

The real build process looks like (check <Makefile> for completeness)

g++ -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/include \
    -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/include \
    -I/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/include -g -O2 -Wall \
    -I/usr/local/include   \
    rinside_sample0.cpp  \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/lib -lR  -lRblas -lRlapack \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/lib -lRcpp \
    -Wl,-rpath,/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/Rcpp/lib \
    -L/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/lib -lRInside \
    -Wl,-rpath,/home/brb/Downloads/R-3.0.2/library/RInside/lib \
    -o rinside_sample0

Hello World example of embedding R in C++.

#include <RInside.h>                    // for the embedded R via RInside

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

    RInside R(argc, argv);              // create an embedded R instance 

    R["txt"] = "Hello, world!\n";	// assign a char* (string) to 'txt'

    R.parseEvalQ("cat(txt)");           // eval the init string, ignoring any returns

    exit(0);
}

The above can be compared to the Hello world example in Qt.

#include <QApplication.h>
#include <QPushButton.h>

int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
    QApplication app( argc, argv );

    QPushButton hello( "Hello world!", 0 );
    hello.resize( 100, 30 );

    app.setMainWidget( &hello );
    hello.show();

    return app.exec();
}

RFortran

RFortran is an open source project with the following aim:

To provide an easy to use Fortran software library that enables Fortran programs to transfer data and commands to and from R.

It works only on Windows platform with Microsoft Visual Studio installed:(

Call R from other languages

C

Using R from C/C++

Error: “not resolved from current namespace” error, when calling C routines from R

Solution: add getNativeSymbolInfo() around your C/Fortran symbols. Search Google:r dyn.load not resolved from current namespace

JRI

http://www.rforge.net/JRI/

ryp2

http://rpy.sourceforge.net/rpy2.html

Create a standalone Rmath library

R has many math and statistical functions. We can easily use these functions in our C/C++/Fortran. The definite guide of doing this is on Chapter 9 "The standalone Rmath library" of R-admin manual.

Here is my experience based on R 3.0.2 on Windows OS.

Create a static library <libRmath.a> and a dynamic library <Rmath.dll>

Suppose we have downloaded R source code and build R from its source. See Build_R_from_its_source. Then the following 2 lines will generate files <libRmath.a> and <Rmath.dll> under C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone directory.

cd C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone
make -f Makefile.win

Use Rmath library in our code

set CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\include
set LIBRARY_PATH=C:\R\R-3.0.2\src\nmath\standalone
# It is not LD_LIBRARY_PATH in above.

# Created <RmathEx1.cpp> from the book "Statistical Computing in C++ and R" web site
# http://math.la.asu.edu/~eubank/CandR/ch4Code.cpp
# It is OK to save the cpp file under any directory.

# Force to link against the static library <libRmath.a>
g++ RmathEx1.cpp -lRmath -lm -o RmathEx1.exe
# OR
g++ RmathEx1.cpp -Wl,-Bstatic -lRmath -lm -o RmathEx1.exe

# Force to link against dynamic library <Rmath.dll>
g++ RmathEx1.cpp Rmath.dll -lm -o RmathEx1Dll.exe

Test the executable program. Note that the executable program RmathEx1.exe can be transferred to and run in another computer without R installed. Isn't it cool!

c:\R>RmathEx1
Enter a argument for the normal cdf:
1
Enter a argument for the chi-squared cdf:
1
Prob(Z <= 1) = 0.841345
Prob(Chi^2 <= 1)= 0.682689

Below is the cpp program <RmathEx1.cpp>.

//RmathEx1.cpp
#define MATHLIB_STANDALONE 
#include <iostream>
#include "Rmath.h"

using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl;

int main()
{
  double x1, x2;
  cout << "Enter a argument for the normal cdf:" << endl;
  cin >> x1;
  cout << "Enter a argument for the chi-squared cdf:" << endl;
  cin >> x2;

  cout << "Prob(Z <= " << x1 << ") = " << 
    pnorm(x1, 0, 1, 1, 0)  << endl;
  cout << "Prob(Chi^2 <= " << x2 << ")= " << 
    pchisq(x2, 1, 1, 0) << endl;
  return 0;
}

Calling R.dll directly

See Chapter 8.2.2 of R Extensions. This is related to embedding R under Windows. The file <R.dll> on Windows is like <libR.so> on Linux.

Create HTML report

ReportingTools (Jason Hackney) from Bioconductor. See Genome->ReportingTools.

htmlTable package

The htmlTable package is intended for generating tables using HTML formatting. This format is compatible with Markdown when used for HTML-output. The most basic table can easily be created by just passing a matrix or a data.frame to the htmlTable-function.

formattable

htmltab package

This package is NOT used to CREATE html report but EXTRACT html table.

ztable package

Makes zebra-striped tables (tables with alternating row colors) in LaTeX and HTML formats easily from a data.frame, matrix, lm, aov, anova, glm or coxph objects.

Create academic report

reports package in CRAN and in github repository. The youtube video gives an overview of the package.

Create pdf and epub files

# Idea:
#        knitr        pdflatex
#   rnw -------> tex ----------> pdf
library(knitr)
knit("example.rnw") # create example.tex file
  • A very simple example <002-minimal.Rnw> from yihui.name works fine on linux.
git clone https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples.git
  • <knitr-minimal.Rnw>. I have no problem to create pdf file on Windows but still cannot generate pdf on Linux from tex file. Some people suggested to run sudo apt-get install texlive-fonts-recommended to install missing fonts. It works!

To see a real example, check out DESeq2 package (inst/doc subdirectory). In addition to DESeq2, I also need to install DESeq, BiocStyle, airway, vsn, gplots, and pasilla packages from Bioconductor. Note that, it is best to use sudo/admin account to install packages.

Or starts with markdown file. Download the example <001-minimal.Rmd> and remove the last line of getting png file from internet.

# Idea:
#        knitr        pandoc
#   rmd -------> md ----------> pdf

git clone https://github.com/yihui/knitr-examples.git
cd knitr-examples
R -e "library(knitr); knit('001-minimal.Rmd')"
pandoc 001-minimal.md -o 001-minimal.pdf # require pdflatex to be installed !!

To create an epub file (not success yet on Windows OS, missing figures on Linux OS)

# Idea:
#        knitr        pandoc
#   rnw -------> tex ----------> markdown or epub

library(knitr)
knit("DESeq2.Rnw") # create DESeq2.tex
system("pandoc  -f latex -t markdown -o DESeq2.md DESeq2.tex")

Convert tex to epub

kable() for tables

Create Tables In LaTeX, HTML, Markdown And ReStructuredText

Create Word report

Using the power of Word

How to go from R to nice tables in Microsoft Word

knitr + pandoc

It is better to create rmd file in RStudio. Rstudio provides a template for rmd file and it also provides a quick reference to R markdown language.

# Idea:
#        knitr       pandoc
#   rmd -------> md --------> docx
library(knitr)
knit2html("example.rmd") #Create md and html files

and then

FILE <- "example"
system(paste0("pandoc -o ", FILE, ".docx ", FILE, ".md"))

Note. For example reason, if I play around the above 2 commands for several times, the knit2html() does not work well. However, if I click 'Knit HTML' button on the RStudio, it then works again.

Another way is

library(pander)
name = "demo"
knit(paste0(name, ".Rmd"), encoding = "utf-8")
Pandoc.brew(file = paste0(name, ".md"), output = paste0(-name, "docx"), convert = "docx")

Note that once we have used knitr command to create a md file, we can use pandoc shell command to convert it to different formats:

  • A pdf file: pandoc -s report.md -t latex -o report.pdf
  • A html file: pandoc -s report.md -o report.html (with the -c flag html files can be added easily)
  • Openoffice: pandoc report.md -o report.odt
  • Word docx: pandoc report.md -o report.docx

We can also create the epub file for reading on Kobo ereader. For example, download this file and save it as example.Rmd. I need to remove the line containing the link to http://i.imgur.com/RVNmr.jpg since it creates an error when I run pandoc (not sure if it is the pandoc version I have is too old). Now we just run these 2 lines to get the epub file. Amazing!

knit("example.Rmd")
pandoc("example.md", format="epub")

PS. If we don't remove the link, we will get an error message (pandoc 1.10.1 on Windows 7)

> pandoc("Rmd_to_Epub.md", format="epub")
executing pandoc   -f markdown -t epub -o Rmd_to_Epub.epub "Rmd_to_Epub.utf8md"
pandoc.exe: .\.\http://i.imgur.com/RVNmr.jpg: openBinaryFile: invalid argument (Invalid argument)
Error in (function (input, format, ext, cfg)  : conversion failed
In addition: Warning message:
running command 'pandoc   -f markdown -t epub -o Rmd_to_Epub.epub "Rmd_to_Epub.utf8md"' had status 1

pander

Try pandoc[1] with a minimal reproducible example, you might give a try to my "pander" package [2] too:

library(pander)
Pandoc.brew(system.file('examples/minimal.brew', package='pander'),
            output = tempfile(), convert = 'docx')

Where the content of the "minimal.brew" file is something you might have got used to with Sweave - although it's using "brew" syntax instead. See the examples of pander [3] for more details. Please note that pandoc should be installed first, which is pretty easy on Windows.

  1. http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
  2. http://rapporter.github.com/pander/
  3. http://rapporter.github.com/pander/#examples

R2wd

Use R2wd package. However, only 32-bit R is allowed and sometimes it can not produce all 'table's.

> library(R2wd)
> wdGet()
Loading required package: rcom
Loading required package: rscproxy
rcom requires a current version of statconnDCOM installed.
To install statconnDCOM type
     installstatconnDCOM()

This will download and install the current version of statconnDCOM

You will need a working Internet connection
because installation needs to download a file.
Error in if (wdapp[["Documents"]][["Count"]] == 0) wdapp[["Documents"]]$Add() : 
  argument is of length zero 

The solution is to launch 32-bit R instead of 64-bit R since statconnDCOM does not support 64-bit R.

Convert from pdf to word

The best rendering of advanced tables is done by converting from pdf to Word. See http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/wiki/Main/SweaveConvert

rtf

Use rtf package for Rich Text Format (RTF) Output.

xtable

Package xtable will produce html output.

print(xtable(X), type="html")

If you save the file and then open it with Word, you will get serviceable results. I've had better luck copying the output from xtable and pasting it into Excel.

officer

  • CRAN. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Powerpoint and HTML documents generation from R.
  • The gist includes a comprehensive example that encompasses various elements such as sections, subsections, and tables. It also incorporates a detailed paragraph, along with visual representations created using base R plots and ggplots.
  • Add a line space
    doc <- body_add_par(doc, "")
    
    # Function to add n line spaces
    body_add_par_n <- function (doc, n) {
      for(i in 1:n){
        doc <- body_add_par(doc, "")
      }
      return(doc)
    }
    body_add_par_n(3)
    
  • Figures from the documentation of officeverse.
  • See Data frame to word table?.
  • See Office page for some code.
  • How to read and create Word Documents in R where we can extracting tables from Word Documents.
    x = read_docx("myfile.docx")
    content <- docx_summary(x) # a vector
    grep("nlme", content$text, ignore.case = T, value = T)
    

Powerpoint

PDF manipulation

staplr

R Graphs Gallery

COM client or server

Client

RDCOMClient where excel.link depends on it.

Server

RDCOMServer

Use R under proxy

http://support.rstudio.org/help/kb/faq/configuring-r-to-use-an-http-proxy

RStudio

  • Github
  • Installing RStudio (1.0.44) on Ubuntu will not install Java even the source code contains 37.5% Java??
  • Preview

rstudio.cloud

https://rstudio.cloud/

Launch RStudio

Multiple versions of R

Create .Rproj file

If you have an existing package that doesn't have an .Rproj file, you can use devtools::use_rstudio("path/to/package") to add it.

With an RStudio project file, you can

  • Restore .RData into workspace at startup
  • Save workspace to .RData on exit (or save.image("Robj.RData") & load("Robj.RData"))
  • Always save history (even if no saving .RData, savehistory(".Rhistory") & loadhistory(".Rhistory"))
  • etc

package search

https://github.com/RhoInc/CRANsearcher

Git

Visual Studio

R and Python support now built in to Visual Studio 2017

List files using regular expression

  • Extension
list.files(pattern = "\\.txt$")

where the dot (.) is a metacharacter. It is used to refer to any character.

  • Start with
list.files(pattern = "^Something")

Using Sys.glob()"' as

> Sys.glob("~/Downloads/*.txt")
[1] "/home/brb/Downloads/ip.txt"       "/home/brb/Downloads/valgrind.txt"

Hidden tool: rsync in Rtools

c:\Rtools\bin>rsync -avz "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Downloads/a.exe" "/cygdrive/c/users/limingc/Documents/"
sending incremental file list
a.exe

sent 323142 bytes  received 31 bytes  646346.00 bytes/sec
total size is 1198416  speedup is 3.71

c:\Rtools\bin>

Unforunately, if the destination is a network drive, I could get a permission denied (13) error. See also rsync file permissions on windows.

Install rgdal package (geospatial Data) on ubuntu

Terminal

sudo apt-get install libgdal1-dev libproj-dev # https://stackoverflow.com/a/44389304
sudo apt-get install libgdal1i # Ubuntu 16.04 https://stackoverflow.com/a/12143411

R

install.packages("rgdal")

Install sf package

I got the following error even I have installed some libraries.

checking GDAL version >= 2.0.1... no
configure: error: sf is not compatible with GDAL versions below 2.0.1

Then I follow the instruction here

sudo apt remove libgdal-dev
sudo apt remove libproj-dev
sudo apt remove gdal-bin
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-stable

sudo apt update
sudo apt-cache policy libgdal-dev # Make sure a version >= 2.0 appears 

sudo apt install libgdal-dev # works on ubuntu 20.04 too
                             # no need the previous lines

Database

RSQLite

Creating a new database:

library(DBI)

mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "my-db.sqlite")
dbDisconnect(mydb)
unlink("my-db.sqlite")

# temporary database
mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "")
dbDisconnect(mydb)

Loading data:

mydb <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), "")
dbWriteTable(mydb, "mtcars", mtcars)
dbWriteTable(mydb, "iris", iris)

dbListTables(mydb)

dbListFields(con, "mtcars")

dbReadTable(con, "mtcars")

Queries:

dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM mtcars LIMIT 5')

dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < 4.6')

dbGetQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < :x', params = list(x = 4.6))

res <- dbSendQuery(con, "SELECT * FROM mtcars WHERE cyl = 4")
dbFetch(res)

Batched queries:

dbClearResult(rs)
rs <- dbSendQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM mtcars')
while (!dbHasCompleted(rs)) {
  df <- dbFetch(rs, n = 10)
  print(nrow(df))
}

dbClearResult(rs)

Multiple parameterised queries:

rs <- dbSendQuery(mydb, 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" = :x')
dbBind(rs, param = list(x = seq(4, 4.4, by = 0.1)))
nrow(dbFetch(rs))
#> [1] 4
dbClearResult(rs)

Statements:

dbExecute(mydb, 'DELETE FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < 4')
#> [1] 0
rs <- dbSendStatement(mydb, 'DELETE FROM iris WHERE "Sepal.Length" < :x')
dbBind(rs, param = list(x = 4.5))
dbGetRowsAffected(rs)
#> [1] 4
dbClearResult(rs)

sqldf

Manipulate R data frames using SQL. Depends on RSQLite. A use of gsub, reshape2 and sqldf with healthcare data

RPostgreSQL

RMySQL

MongoDB

odbc

RODBC

DBI

dbplyr

Create a new SQLite database:

surveys <- read.csv("data/surveys.csv")
plots <- read.csv("data/plots.csv")

my_db_file <- "portal-database.sqlite"
my_db <- src_sqlite(my_db_file, create = TRUE)

copy_to(my_db, surveys)
copy_to(my_db, plots)
my_db

Connect to a database:

download.file(url = "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2292171",
              destfile = "portal_mammals.sqlite", mode = "wb")

library(dbplyr)
library(dplyr)
mammals <- src_sqlite("portal_mammals.sqlite")

Querying the database with the SQL syntax:

tbl(mammals, sql("SELECT year, species_id, plot_id FROM surveys"))

Querying the database with the dplyr syntax:

surveys <- tbl(mammals, "surveys")
surveys %>%
    select(year, species_id, plot_id)
head(surveys, n = 10)

show_query(head(surveys, n = 10)) # show which SQL commands are actually sent to the database

Simple database queries:

surveys %>%
  filter(weight < 5) %>%
  select(species_id, sex, weight)

Laziness (instruct R to stop being lazy):

data_subset <- surveys %>%
  filter(weight < 5) %>%
  select(species_id, sex, weight) %>%
  collect()

Complex database queries:

plots <- tbl(mammals, "plots")
plots # # The plot_id column features in the plots table

surveys # The plot_id column also features in the surveys table

# Join databases method 1
plots %>%
  filter(plot_id == 1) %>%
  inner_join(surveys) %>%
  collect()

NoSQL

nodbi: the NoSQL Database Connector

Github

R source

https://github.com/wch/r-source/ Daily update, interesting, should be visited every day. Clicking 1000+ commits to look at daily changes.

If we are interested in a certain branch (say 3.2), look for R-3-2-branch.

R packages (only) source (metacran)

Bioconductor packages source

Announcement, https://github.com/Bioconductor-mirror

Send local repository to Github in R by using reports package

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdOI_-aZV0Y

My collection

How to download

Clone ~ Download.

  • Command line
git clone https://gist.github.com/4484270.git

This will create a subdirectory called '4484270' with all cloned files there.

  • Within R
library(devtools)
source_gist("4484270")

or First download the json file from

https://api.github.com/users/MYUSERLOGIN/gists

and then

library(RJSONIO)
x <- fromJSON("~/Downloads/gists.json")
setwd("~/Downloads/")
gist.id <- lapply(x, "[[", "id")
lapply(gist.id, function(x){
  cmd <- paste0("git clone https://gist.github.com/", x, ".git")
  system(cmd)
})

Jekyll

An Easy Start with Jekyll, for R-Bloggers

Connect R with Arduino

Android App

Common plots tips

Create an empty plot

plot.new()

Overlay plots

How to Overlay Plots in R-Quick Guide with Example.

#Step1:-create scatterplot
plot(x1, y1)
#Step 2:-overlay line plot
lines(x2, y2)
#Step3:-overlay scatterplot
points(x2, y2)

Save the par() and restore it

Example 1: Don't use old.par <- par() directly. no.readonly = FALSE by default. * The `no.readonly = TRUE` argument in the par() function in R is used to get the full list of graphical parameters that can be restored.

  • When you call `par()` with no arguments or `par(no.readonly = TRUE)`, it returns an invisible named list of all the graphical parameters. This includes both parameters that can be set and those that are read-only.
  • If we use par(old.par) where old.par <- par(), we will get several warning messages like 'In par(op) : graphical parameter "cin" cannot be set'.
old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE); par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) - 2)  # OR in one step
old.par <- par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 2) - 2)
## do plotting stuff with new settings
par(old.par)

Example 2: Use it inside a function with the on.exit(0 function.

ex <- function() {
   old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE) # all par settings which
                                      # could be changed.
   on.exit(par(old.par))
   ## ... do lots of par() settings and plots
   ## ...
   invisible() #-- now,  par(old.par)  will be executed
}

Example 3: It seems par() inside a function will affect the global environment. But if we use dev.off(), it will reset all parameters.

ex <- function() { par(mar=c(5,4,4,1)) }
ex()
par()$mar
ex = function() { png("~/Downloads/test.png"); par(mar=c(5,4,4,1)); dev.off()}
ex()
par()$mar

Grouped boxplots

Weather Time Line

The plot looks similar to a boxplot though it is not. See a screenshot on Android by Sam Ruston.

Horizontal bar plot

library(ggplot2)
dtf <- data.frame(x = c("ETB", "PMA", "PER", "KON", "TRA", 
                        "DDR", "BUM", "MAT", "HED", "EXP"),
                  y = c(.02, .11, -.01, -.03, -.03, .02, .1, -.01, -.02, 0.06))
ggplot(dtf, aes(x, y)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", aes(fill = x), show.legend = FALSE) + 
  coord_flip() + xlab("") + ylab("Fold Change")   

File:Ggplot2bar.svg

Include bar values in a barplot

Use text().

Or use geom_text() if we are using the ggplot2 package. See an example here or this.

For stacked barplot, see this post.

Grouped barplots

library(ggplot2)
# mydata <- data.frame(OUTGRP, INGRP, value)
ggplot(mydata, aes(fill=INGRP, y=value, x=OUTGRP)) + 
       geom_bar(position="dodge", stat="identity")
> 1 - 2*(1-pnorm(1))
[1] 0.6826895
> 1 - 2*(1-pnorm(1.96))
[1] 0.9500042

Math expression

# Expressions
plot(x,y, xlab = expression(hat(x)[t]),
     ylab = expression(phi^{rho + a}),
     main = "Pure Expressions")

# Superscript
plot(1:10, main = expression("My Title"^2)) 
# Subscript
plot(1:10, main = expression("My Title"[2]))  

# Expressions with Spacing
# '~' is to add space and '*' is to squish characters together
plot(1:10, xlab= expression(Delta * 'C'))
plot(x,y, xlab = expression(hat(x)[t] ~ z ~ w),
     ylab = expression(phi^{rho + a} * z * w),
     main = "Pure Expressions with Spacing")

# Expressions with Text
plot(x,y, 
     xlab = expression(paste("Text here ", hat(x), " here ", z^rho, " and here")), 
     ylab = expression(paste("Here is some text of ", phi^{rho})), 
     main = "Expressions with Text")

# Substituting Expressions
plot(x,y, 
     xlab = substitute(paste("Here is ", pi, " = ", p), list(p = py)), 
     ylab = substitute(paste("e is = ", e ), list(e = ee)), 
     main = "Substituted Expressions")

Impose a line to a scatter plot

  • abline + lsfit # least squares
plot(cars)
abline(lsfit(cars[, 1], cars[, 2]))
# OR
abline(lm(cars[,2] ~ cars[,1]))
  • abline + line # robust line fitting
plot(cars)
(z <- line(cars))
abline(coef(z), col = 'green')
  • lines
plot(cars)
fit <- lm(cars[,2] ~ cars[,1])
lines(cars[,1], fitted(fit), col="blue")
lines(stats::lowess(cars), col='red')

How to actually make a quality scatterplot in R: axis(), mtext()

How to actually make a quality scatterplot in R

3D scatterplot

Rotating x axis labels for barplot

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10286473/rotating-x-axis-labels-in-r-for-barplot

barplot(mytable,main="Car makes",ylab="Freqency",xlab="make",las=2)

Set R plots x axis to show at y=0

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3422203/set-r-plots-x-axis-to-show-at-y-0

plot(1:10, rnorm(10), ylim=c(0,10), yaxs="i")

Different colors of axis labels in barplot

See Vary colors of axis labels in R based on another variable

Method 1: Append labels for the 2nd, 3rd, ... color gradually because 'col.axis' argument cannot accept more than one color.

tN <- table(Ni <- stats::rpois(100, lambda = 5))
r <- barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20))
axis(1, 1, LETTERS[1], col.axis="red", col="red")
axis(1, 2, LETTERS[2], col.axis="blue", col = "blue")

Method 2: text() which can accept multiple colors in 'col' parameter but we need to find out the (x, y) by ourselves.

barplot(tN, col = rainbow(20), axisnames = F)
text(4:6, par("usr")[3]-2 , LETTERS[4:6], col=c("black","red","blue"), xpd=TRUE)

Use text() to draw labels on X/Y-axis including rotation

par(mar = c(5, 6, 4, 5) + 0.1)
plot(..., xaxt = "n") # "n" suppresses plotting of the axis; need mtext() and axis() to supplement
text(x = barCenters, y = par("usr")[3] - 1, srt = 45,
     adj = 1, labels = myData$names, xpd = TRUE)

Vertically stacked plots with the same x axis

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11794436/stacking-multiple-plots-vertically-with-the-same-x-axis-but-different-y-axes-in

Include labels on the top axis/margin: axis() and mtext()

plot(1:4, rnorm(4), axes = FALSE)
axis(3, at=1:4, labels = LETTERS[1:4], tick = FALSE, line = -0.5) # las, cex.axis
box()
mtext("Groups selected", cex = 0.8, line = 1.5) # default side = 3

See also 15_Questions_All_R_Users_Have_About_Plots

This can be used to annotate each plot with the script name, date, ...

mtext(text=paste("Prepared on", format(Sys.time(), "%d %B %Y at %H:%M")), 
      adj=.99,  # text align to right 
      cex=.75, side=3, las=1, line=2)

ggplot2 uses breaks instead of at parameter. See ggplot2 → Add axis on top or right hand side, ggplot2 → scale_x_continus(name, breaks, labels) and the scale_continuous documentation.

Legend tips

Add legend to a plot in R

Increase/decrease legend font size cex & ggplot2 package case.

plot(rnorm(100))
# op <- par(cex=2)
legend("topleft", legend = 1:4, col=1:4, pch=1, lwd=2, lty = 1, cex =2)
# par(op)

legend inset. Default is 0. % (from 0 to 1) to draw the legend away from x and y axis. The inset argument with negative values moves the legend outside the plot.

legend("bottomright", inset=.05, )

legend without a box

legend(, bty = "n")

Add a legend title

legend(, title = "")

Add a common legend to multiple plots. Use the layout function.

Superimpose a density plot or any curves

Use lines().

Example 1

plot(cars, main = "Stopping Distance versus Speed")
lines(stats::lowess(cars))

plot(density(x), col = "#6F69AC", lwd = 3)
lines(density(y), col = "#95DAC1", lwd = 3)
lines(density(z), col = "#FFEBA1", lwd = 3)

Example 2

require(survival)
n = 10000
beta1 = 2; beta2 = -1
lambdaT = 1 # baseline hazard
lambdaC = 2  # hazard of censoring
set.seed(1234)
x1 = rnorm(n,0)
x2 = rnorm(n,0)
# true event time
T = rweibull(n, shape=1, scale=lambdaT*exp(-beta1*x1-beta2*x2)) 
C <- rweibull(n, shape=1, scale=lambdaC)   
time = pmin(T,C)  
status <- 1*(T <= C) 
status2 <- 1-status
plot(survfit(Surv(time, status2) ~ 1), 
     ylab="Survival probability",
     main = 'Exponential censoring time')
xseq <- seq(.1, max(time), length =100)
func <- function(x) 1-pweibull(x, shape = 1, scale = lambdaC)
lines(xseq, func(xseq), col = 'red') # survival function of Weibull

Example 3. Use ggplot(df, aes(x = x, color = factor(grp))) + geom_density(). Then each density curve will represent data from each "grp".

log scale

If we set y-axis to use log-scale, then what we display is the value log(Y) or log10(Y) though we still label the values using the input. For example, when we plot c(1, 10, 100) using the log scale, it is like we draw log10(c(1, 10, 100)) = c(0,1,2) on the plot but label the axis using the true values c(1, 10, 100).

File:Logscale.png

Custom scales

Using custom scales with the 'scales' package

Time series

Time series stock price plot

library(quantmod)
getSymbols("AAPL")
getSymbols("IBM") # similar to AAPL
getSymbols("CSCO") # much smaller than AAPL, IBM
getSymbols("DJI") # Dow Jones, huge 
chart_Series(Cl(AAPL), TA="add_TA(Cl(IBM), col='blue', on=1); add_TA(Cl(CSCO), col = 'green', on=1)", 
    col='orange', subset = '2017::2017-08')

tail(Cl(DJI))

tidyquant: Getting stock data

The 'largest stock profit or loss' puzzle: efficient computation in R

Timeline plot

Clockify

Clockify

Circular plot

Word cloud

Text mining

World map

Visualising SSH attacks with R (rworldmap and rgeolocate packages)

Diagram/flowchart/Directed acyclic diagrams (DAGs)

DiagrammeR

diagram

Functions for Visualising Simple Graphs (Networks), Plotting Flow Diagrams

DAGitty (browser-based and R package)

dagR

Gmisc

Easiest flowcharts eveR?

Concept Maps

concept-maps where the diagrams are generated from https://app.diagrams.net/.

flow

flow, How To Draw Flow Diagrams In R

Venn Diagram

Venn diagram

hexbin plot

Bump chart/Metro map

https://dominikkoch.github.io/Bump-Chart/

Amazing/special plots

See Amazing plot.

Google Analytics

GAR package

http://www.analyticsforfun.com/2015/10/query-your-google-analytics-data-with.html

Linear Programming

http://www.r-bloggers.com/modeling-and-solving-linear-programming-with-r-free-book/

Linear Algebra

Amazon Alexa

R and Singularity

https://rviews.rstudio.com/2017/03/29/r-and-singularity/

Teach kids about R with Minecraft

http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/06/teach-kids-about-r-with-minecraft.html

Secure API keys

Securely store API keys in R scripts with the "secret" package

Credentials and secrets

How to manage credentials and secrets safely in R

Hide a password

keyring package

getPass

getPass

Vision and image recognition

Creating a Dataset from an Image

Creating a Dataset from an Image in R Markdown using reticulate

Turn pictures into coloring pages

https://gist.github.com/jeroen/53a5f721cf81de2acba82ea47d0b19d0

Numerical optimization

CRAN Task View: Numerical Mathematics, CRAN Task View: Optimization and Mathematical Programming

Ryacas: R Interface to the 'Yacas' Computer Algebra System

Doing Maths Symbolically: R as a Computer Algebra System (CAS)

Game

Music

  • gm. Require to install MuseScore, an open source and free notation software.

SAS

sasMap Static code analysis for SAS scripts

R packages

R packages

Tricks

Getting help

Better Coder/coding, best practices

E-notation

6.022E23 (or 6.022e23) is equivalent to 6.022×10^23

Getting user's home directory

See What are HOME and working directories?

# Windows
normalizePath("~")   # "C:\\Users\\brb\\Documents"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # "C:/Users/brb/Documents"
Sys.getenv("HOME")   # "C:/Users/brb/Documents"

# Mac
normalizePath("~")   # [1] "/Users/brb"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # [1] ""
Sys.getenv("HOME")   # "/Users/brb"

# Linux
normalizePath("~")   # [1] "/home/brb"
Sys.getenv("R_USER") # [1] ""
Sys.getenv("HOME")   # [1] "/home/brb"

tempdir()

The path is a per-session temporary directory. On parallel use, R processes forked by functions such as mclapply and makeForkCluster in package parallel share a per-session temporary directory.

Distinguish Windows and Linux/Mac, R.Version()

identical(.Platform$OS.type, "unix") returns TRUE on Mac and Linux.

get_os <- function(){
  sysinf <- Sys.info()
  if (!is.null(sysinf)){
    os <- sysinf['sysname']
    if (os == 'Darwin')
      os <- "osx"
  } else { ## mystery machine
    os <- .Platform$OS.type
    if (grepl("^darwin", R.version$os))
      os <- "osx"
    if (grepl("linux-gnu", R.version$os))
      os <- "linux"
  }
  tolower(os)
}
names(R.Version())
#  [1] "platform"       "arch"           "os"             "system"        
#  [5] "status"         "major"          "minor"          "year"          
#  [9] "month"          "day"            "svn rev"        "language"      
# [13] "version.string" "nickname" 
getRversion()
# [1] ‘4.3.0’

Rprofile.site, Renviron.site (all platforms) and Rconsole (Windows only)

If we like to install R packages to a personal directory, follow this. Just add the line

R_LIBS_SITE=F:/R/library

to the file R_HOME/etc/x64/Renviron.site. In R, run Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_SITE") or Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER") to query the environment variable. See Environment Variables.

What is the best place to save Rconsole on Windows platform

Put/create the file <Rconsole> under C:/Users/USERNAME/Documents folder so no matter how R was upgraded/downgraded, it always find my preference.

My preferred settings:

  • Font: Consolas (it will be shown as "TT Consolas" in Rconsole)
  • Size: 12
  • background: black
  • normaltext: white
  • usertext: GreenYellow or orange (close to RStudio's Cobalt theme) or sienna1 or SpringGreen or tan1 or yellow

and others (default options)

  • pagebg: white
  • pagetext: navy
  • highlight: DarkRed
  • dataeditbg: white
  • dataedittext: navy (View() function)
  • dataedituser: red
  • editorbg: white (edit() function)
  • editortext: black

A copy of the Rconsole is saved in github.

How R starts up

https://rstats.wtf/r-startup.html

startup - Friendly R Startup Configuration

https://github.com/henrikbengtsson/startup

Saving and loading history automatically: .Rprofile & local()

  • savehistory("filename"). It will save everything from the beginning to the command savehistory() to a text file.
  • .Rprofile will automatically be loaded when R has started from that directory
  • Don't do things in your .Rprofile that affect how R code runs, such as loading a package like dplyr or ggplot or setting an option such as stringsAsFactors = FALSE. See Project-oriented workflow.
  • .Rprofile has been created/used by the packrat package to restore a packrat environment. See the packrat/init.R file and R packages → packrat.
  • Customizing Startup from R in Action, Fun with .Rprofile and customizing R startup
    • You can also place a .Rprofile file in any directory that you are going to run R from or in the user home directory.
    • At startup, R will source the Rprofile.site file. It will then look for a .Rprofile file to source in the current working directory. If it doesn't find it, it will look for one in the user's home directory.
    options(continue="  ") # default is "+ "
    options(prompt="R> ", continue=" ")
    options(editor="nano") # default is "vi" on Linux
    # options(htmlhelp=TRUE) 
    
    local({r <- getOption("repos")
          r["CRAN"] <- "https://cran.rstudio.com"
          options(repos=r)})
    
    .First <- function(){
     # library(tidyverse)
     cat("\nWelcome at", date(), "\n")
    }
    
    .Last <- function(){
     cat("\nGoodbye at ", date(), "\n")
    }  
    
  • https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16734937/saving-and-loading-history-automatically
  • The history file will always be read from the $HOME directory and the history file will be overwritten by a new session. These two problems can be solved if we define R_HISTFILE system variable.
  • local() function can be used in .Rprofile file to set up the environment even no new variables will be created (change repository, install packages, load libraries, source R files, run system() function, file/directory I/O, etc)

Linux or Mac

In ~/.profile or ~/.bashrc I put:

export R_HISTFILE=~/.Rhistory

In ~/.Rprofile I put:

if (interactive()) {
  if (.Platform$OS.type == "unix")  .First <- function() try(utils::loadhistory("~/.Rhistory")) 
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory(file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rhistory")))
}

Windows

If you launch R by clicking its icon from Windows Desktop, the R starts in C:\User\$USER\Documents directory. So we can create a new file .Rprofile in this directory.

if (interactive()) {
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory(file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rhistory")))
}

Disable "Save workspace image?" prompt when exit R?

How to disable "Save workspace image?" prompt in R?

R release versions

rversions: Query the main 'R' 'SVN' repository to find the released versions & dates.

getRversion()

getRversion()
[1] ‘4.3.0’

Detect number of running R instances in Windows

C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rscript.exe"
INFO: No tasks are running which match the specified criteria.

C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe"

Image Name                     PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
============================================================================
Rgui.exe                      1096 Console                    1     44,712 K

C:\Program Files\R>tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rserve.exe"

Image Name                     PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage
============================================================================
Rserve.exe                    6108 Console                    1    381,796 K

In R, we can use

> system('tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe" ', intern = TRUE)
[1] ""                                                                            
[2] "Image Name                     PID Session Name        Session#    Mem Usage"
[3] "============================================================================"
[4] "Rgui.exe                      1096 Console                    1     44,804 K"

> length(system('tasklist /FI "IMAGENAME eq Rgui.exe" ', intern = TRUE))-3

Editor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)#Editors_and_IDEs

  • Emacs + ESS. The ESS is useful in the case I want to tidy R code (the tidy_source() function in the formatR package sometimes gives errors; eg when I tested it on an R file like <GetComparisonResults.R> from BRB-ArrayTools v4.4 stable).
    • Edit the file C:\Program Files\GNU Emacs 23.2\site-lisp\site-start.el with something like
    (setq-default inferior-R-program-name
                  "c:/program files/r/r-2.15.2/bin/i386/rterm.exe")
    

GUI for Data Analysis

Update to Data Science Software Popularity 6/7/2023

BlueSky Statistics

Rcmdr

http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcmdr/index.html. After loading a dataset, click Statistics -> Fit models. Then select Linear regression, Linear model, GLM, Multinomial logit model, Ordinal regression model, Linear mixed model, and Generalized linear mixed model. However, Rcmdr does not include, e.g. random forest, SVM, glmnet, et al.

Deducer

http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Deducer/index.html

jamovi

Scope

See

source()

## foo.R ##
cat(ArrayTools, "\n")
## End of foo.R

# 1. Error
predict <- function() {
  ArrayTools <- "C:/Program Files" # or through load() function 
  source("foo.R")                  # or through a function call; foo()
}
predict()   # Object ArrayTools not found

# 2. OK. Make the variable global
predict <- function() {
  ArrayTools <<- "C:/Program Files'
  source("foo.R")
}
predict()  
ArrayTools

# 3. OK. Create a global variable
ArrayTools <- "C:/Program Files"
predict <- function() {
  source("foo.R")
}
predict()

Note that any ordinary assignments done within the function are local and temporary and are lost after exit from the function.

Example 1.

> ttt <- data.frame(type=letters[1:5], JpnTest=rep("999", 5), stringsAsFactors = F)
> ttt
  type JpnTest
1    a     999
2    b     999
3    c     999
4    d     999
5    e     999
> jpntest <- function() { ttt$JpnTest[1] ="N5"; print(ttt)}
> jpntest()
  type JpnTest
1    a      N5
2    b     999
3    c     999
4    d     999
5    e     999
> ttt
  type JpnTest
1    a     999
2    b     999
3    c     999
4    d     999
5    e     999

Example 2. How can we set global variables inside a function? The answer is to use the "<<-" operator or assign(, , envir = .GlobalEnv) function.

Other resource: Advanced R by Hadley Wickham.

Example 3. Writing functions in R, keeping scoping in mind

New environment

Run the same function on a bunch of R objects

mye = new.env()
load(<filename>, mye)
for(n in names(mye)) n = as_tibble(mye[[n]])

Just look at the contents of rda file without saving to anywhere (?load)

local({
   load("myfile.rda")
   ls()
})

Or use attach() which is a wrapper of load(). It creates an environment and slots it into the list right after the global environment, then populates it with the objects we're attaching.

attach("all.rda") # safer and will warn about masked objects w/ same name in .GlobalEnv
ls(pos = 2)
##  also typically need to cleanup the search path:
detach("file:all.rda")

If we want to read data from internet, load() works but not attach().

con <- url("http://some.where.net/R/data/example.rda")
## print the value to see what objects were created.
print(load(con))
close(con)
# Github example
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/62954840

source() case.

myEnv <- new.env()    
source("some_other_script.R", local=myEnv)
attach(myEnv, name="sourced_scripts")
search()
ls(2)
ls(myEnv)
with(myEnv, print(x))

str( , max) function

Use max.level parameter to avoid a long display of the structure of a complex R object. Use give.head = FALSE to hide the attributes. See ?str

If we use str() on a function like str(lm), it is equivalent to args(lm)

For a complicated list object, it is useful to use the max.level argument; e.g. str(, max.level = 1)

For a large data frame, we can use the tibble() function; e.g. mydf %>% tibble()

tidy() function

broom::tidy() provides a simplified form of an R object (obtained from running some analysis). See here.

View all objects present in a package, ls()

https://stackoverflow.com/a/30392688. In the case of an R package created by Rcpp.package.skeleton("mypackage"), we will get

> devtools::load_all("mypackage")
> search()
 [1] ".GlobalEnv"        "devtools_shims"    "package:mypackage"
 [4] "package:stats"     "package:graphics"  "package:grDevices"
 [7] "package:utils"     "package:datasets"  "package:methods"
[10] "Autoloads"         "package:base"

> ls("package:mypackage")
[1] "_mypackage_rcpp_hello_world" "evalCpp"                     "library.dynam.unload"       
[4] "rcpp_hello_world"            "system.file"

Note that the first argument of ls() (or detach()) is used to specify the environment. It can be

  • an integer (the position in the ‘search’ list);
  • the character string name of an element in the search list;
  • an explicit ‘environment’ (including using ‘sys.frame’ to access the currently active function calls).

Speedup R code

Profiler

&& vs &

See https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/base/versions/3.5.1/topics/Logic.

  • The shorter form performs elementwise comparisons in much the same way as arithmetic operators. The return is a vector.
  • The longer form evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each vector. The return is one value.
  • The longer form evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each vector. Evaluation proceeds only until the result is determined.
  • The idea of the longer form && in R seems to be the same as the && operator in linux shell; see here.
  • Single or double?: AND operator and OR operator in R. The confusion might come from the inconsistency when choosing these operators in different languages. For example, in C, & performs bitwise AND, while && does Boolean logical AND.
  • Think of && as a stricter &
c(T,F,T) & c(T,T,T)
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
c(T,F,T) && c(T,T,T)
# [1] TRUE
c(T,F,T) && c(F,T,T)
# [1] FALSE
c(T,F,T) && c(NA,T,T)
# [1] NA
# Assume 'b' is not defined
> if (TRUE && b==3) cat("end")
Error: object 'b' not found
> if (FALSE && b==3) cat("end")
> # No error since the 2nd condition is never evaluated

It's useful in functions(). We don't need nested if statements. In this case if 'arg' is missing, the argument 'L' is not needed so there is not syntax error.

> foo <- function(arg, L) {
   # Suppose 'L' is meaningful only if 'arg' is provided
   # 
   # Evaluate 'L' only if 'arg' is provided
   #
   if (!missing(arg) && L) {
     print("L is true")
   } else {
     print("Either arg is missing or L is FALSE")
   }
 }
> foo()
[1] "arg is missing or L is FALSE"
> foo("a", F)
[1] "arg is missing or L is FALSE"
> foo("a", T)
[1] "L is true"

Other examples: && is more flexible than &.

nspot <- ifelse(missing(rvm) || !rvm, nrow(exprTrain), sum(filter))

if (!is.null(exprTest) && any(is.na(exprTest))) { ... }

for-loop, control flow

Vectorization

sapply vs vectorization

Speed test: sapply vs vectorization

lapply vs for loop

split() and sapply()

split() can be used to split a vector, columns or rows. See How to split a data frame?

  • Split divides the data in the vector or data frame x into the groups defined by f. The syntax is
split(x, f, drop = FALSE, …)
  • Split a vector into chunks. split() returns a vector/indices and the indices can be used in lapply() to subset the data. Useful for the split() + lapply() + do.call() or split() + sapply() operations.
d <- 1:10
chunksize <- 4
ceiling(1:10/4)
# [1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
split(d, ceiling(seq_along(d)/chunksize))
# $`1`
# [1] 1 2 3 4
#
# $`2`
# [1] 5 6 7 8
#
# $`3`
# [1]  9 10
do.call(c, lapply(split(d, ceiling(seq_along(d)/4)), function(x) sum(x)) ) 
#  1  2  3 
# 10 26 19

# bigmemory vignette
planeindices <- split(1:nrow(x), x[,'TailNum'])
planeStart <- sapply(planeindices,
                     function(i) birthmonth(x[i, c('Year','Month'),
                                            drop=FALSE]))
  • Split rows of a data frame/matrix; e.g. rows represents genes. The data frame/matrix is split directly.
split(mtcars,mtcars$cyl)

split(data.frame(matrix(1:20, nr=10) ), ceiling(1:10/chunksize)) # data.frame/tibble works
split.data.frame(matrix(1:20, nr=10), ceiling(1:10/chunksize))   # split.data.frame() works for matrices
  • Split columns of a data frame/matrix.
ma <- cbind(x = 1:10, y = (-4:5)^2, z = 11:20)
split(ma, cbind(rep(1,10), rep(2, 10), rep(1,10))) # not an interesting example
# $`1`
#  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
#
# $`2`
#  [1] 16  9  4  1  0  1  4  9 16 25
  • split() + sapply() to merge columns. See below Mean of duplicated columns for more detail.
  • split() + sapply() to split a vector. See nsFilter() function which can remove duplicated probesets/rows using unique Entrez Gene IDs (genefilter package). The source code of nsFilter() and findLargest().
tSsp = split.default(testStat, lls) 
# testStat is a vector of numerics including probeset IDs as names
# lls is a vector of entrez IDs (same length as testStat)
# tSSp is a list of the same length as unique elements of lls.

sapply(tSsp, function(x) names(which.max(x))) 
# return a vector of probset IDs of length of unique entrez IDs

strsplit and sapply

> namedf <- c("John ABC", "Mary CDE", "Kat FGH")
> strsplit(namedf, " ")
1
[1] "John" "ABC" 

2
[1] "Mary" "CDE" 

3
[1] "Kat" "FGH"

> sapply(strsplit(namedf, " "), "[", 1)
[1] "John" "Mary" "Kat" 
> sapply(strsplit(namedf, " "), "[", 2)
[1] "ABC" "CDE" "FGH"

Mean of duplicated columns: rowMeans; compute Means by each row

  • Reduce columns of a matrix by a function in R. To use rowMedians() instead of rowMeans(), we need to install matrixStats from CRAN.
    set.seed(1)
    x <- matrix(1:60, nr=10); x[1, 2:3] <- NA
    colnames(x) <- c("b", "b", "b", "c", "a", "a"); x
    res <- sapply(split(1:ncol(x), colnames(x)), 
                  function(i) rowMeans(x[, i, drop=F], na.rm = TRUE))
    res  # notice the sorting of columns
           a  b  c
     [1,] 46  1 31
     [2,] 47 12 32
     [3,] 48 13 33
     [4,] 49 14 34
     [5,] 50 15 35
     [6,] 51 16 36
     [7,] 52 17 37
     [8,] 53 18 38
     [9,] 54 19 39
    [10,] 55 20 40
    
    # vapply() is safter than sapply(). 
    # The 3rd arg in vapply() is a template of the return value.
    res2 <- vapply(split(1:ncol(x), colnames(x)), 
                   function(i) rowMeans(x[, i, drop=F], na.rm = TRUE),
                   rep(0, nrow(x)))
  • colSums, rowSums, colMeans, rowMeans (no group variable). These functions are equivalent to use of ‘apply’ with ‘FUN = mean’ or ‘FUN = sum’ with appropriate margins, but are a lot faster.
    rowMeans(x, na.rm=T)
    # [1] 31 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
    
    apply(x, 1, mean, na.rm=T)
    # [1] 31 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
    
  • matrixStats: Functions that Apply to Rows and Columns of Matrices (and to Vectors)
  • From for() loops to the split-apply-combine paradigm for column-wise tasks: the transition for a dinosaur

Mean of duplicated rows: colMeans and rowsum

  • colMeans(x, na.rm = FALSE, dims = 1), take mean per columns & sum over rows. It returns a vector. Other similar idea functions include colSums, rowSums, rowMeans.
    x <- matrix(1:60, nr=10); x[1, 2:3] <- NA; x
    rownames(x) <- c(rep("b", 2), rep("c", 3), rep("d", 4), "a") # move 'a' to the last
    res <- sapply(split(1:nrow(x), rownames(x)), 
                  function(i) colMeans(x[i, , drop=F], na.rm = TRUE))
    res <- t(res) # transpose is needed since sapply() will form the resulting matrix by columns
    res  # still a matrix, rows are ordered
    #   [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
    # a 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
    # b  1.5 12.0 22.0 31.5 41.5 51.5
    # c  4.0 14.0 24.0 34.0 44.0 54.0
    # d  7.5 17.5 27.5 37.5 47.5 57.5
    table(rownames(x))
    # a b c d
    # 1 2 3 4
    
    aggregate(x, list(rownames(x)), FUN=mean, na.rm = T) # EASY, but it becomes a data frame, rows are ordered
    #   Group.1   V1   V2   V3   V4   V5   V6
    # 1       a 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
    # 2       b  1.5 12.0 22.0 31.5 41.5 51.5
    # 3       c  4.0 14.0 24.0 34.0 44.0 54.0
    # 4       d  7.5 17.5 27.5 37.5 47.5 57.5
    
  • Reduce multiple probes by the maximally expressed probe (set) measured by average intensity across arrays
  • rowsum(x, group, reorder = TRUE, …). Sum over rows. It returns a matrix. This is very special. It's not the same as rowSums. There is no "colsum" function. It has the speed advantage over sapply+colSums OR aggregate.
    group <- rownames(x)
    rowsum(x, group, na.rm=T)/as.vector(table(group))
    #   [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
    # a 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
    # b  1.5  6.0 11.0 31.5 41.5 51.5
    # c  4.0 14.0 24.0 34.0 44.0 54.0
    # d  7.5 17.5 27.5 37.5 47.5 57.5
    
  • by() function. Calculating change from baseline in R
  • See aggregate Function in R- A powerful tool for data frames & summarize in r, Data Summarization In R
  • aggregate() function. Too slow! http://slowkow.com/2015/01/28/data-table-aggregate/. Don't use aggregate post.
    > attach(mtcars)
    dim(mtcars)
    [1] 32 11
    > head(mtcars)
                       mpg cyl disp  hp drat    wt  qsec vs am gear carb
    Mazda RX4         21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46  0  1    4    4
    Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0   6  160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02  0  1    4    4
    Datsun 710        22.8   4  108  93 3.85 2.320 18.61  1  1    4    1
    Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6  258 110 3.08 3.215 19.44  1  0    3    1
    Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8  360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02  0  0    3    2
    Valiant           18.1   6  225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22  1  0    3    1
    > with(mtcars, table(cyl, vs))
       vs
    cyl  0  1
      4  1 10
      6  3  4
      8 14  0
    > aggdata <-aggregate(mtcars, by=list(cyl,vs),  FUN=mean, na.rm=TRUE)
    > print(aggdata)
      Group.1 Group.2      mpg cyl   disp       hp     drat       wt     qsec vs
    1       4       0 26.00000   4 120.30  91.0000 4.430000 2.140000 16.70000  0
    2       6       0 20.56667   6 155.00 131.6667 3.806667 2.755000 16.32667  0
    3       8       0 15.10000   8 353.10 209.2143 3.229286 3.999214 16.77214  0
    4       4       1 26.73000   4 103.62  81.8000 4.035000 2.300300 19.38100  1
    5       6       1 19.12500   6 204.55 115.2500 3.420000 3.388750 19.21500  1
             am     gear     carb
    1 1.0000000 5.000000 2.000000
    2 1.0000000 4.333333 4.666667
    3 0.1428571 3.285714 3.500000
    4 0.7000000 4.000000 1.500000
    5 0.0000000 3.500000 2.500000
    > detach(mtcars)
    
    # Another example: select rows with a minimum value from a certain column (yval in this case)
    > mydf <- read.table(header=T, text='
     id xval yval
     A 1  1
     A -2  2
     B 3  3
     B 4  4
     C 5  5
     ')
    > x = mydf$xval
    > y = mydf$yval
    > aggregate(mydf[, c(2,3)], by=list(id=mydf$id), FUN=function(x) x[which.min(y)])
      id xval yval
    1  A    1    1
    2  B    3    3
    3  C    5    5
    

Mean by Group

Mean by Group in R (2 Examples) | dplyr Package vs. Base R

aggregate(x = iris$Sepal.Length,                # Specify data column
          by = list(iris$Species),              # Specify group indicator
          FUN = mean)                           # Specify function (i.e. mean)
library(dplyr)
iris %>%                                        # Specify data frame
  group_by(Species) %>%                         # Specify group indicator
  summarise_at(vars(Sepal.Length),              # Specify column
               list(name = mean))               # Specify function
  • ave(x, ..., FUN),
  • aggregate(x, by, FUN),
  • by(x, INDICES, FUN): return is a list
  • tapply(): return results as a matrix or array. Useful for ragged array.

Apply family

Vectorize, aggregate, apply, by, eapply, lapply, mapply, rapply, replicate, scale, sapply, split, tapply, and vapply.

The following list gives a hierarchical relationship among these functions.

  • apply(X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) – Apply a Functions Over Array Margins
  • lapply(X, FUN, ...) – Apply a Function over a List (including a data frame) or Vector X.
    • sapply(X, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Apply a Function over a List or Vector
      • replicate(n, expr, simplify = "array")
    • mapply(FUN, ..., MoreArgs = NULL, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Multivariate version of sapply
      • Vectorize(FUN, vectorize.args = arg.names, SIMPLIFY = TRUE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) - Vectorize a Scalar Function
      • Map(FUN, ...) A wrapper to mapply with SIMPLIFY = FALSE, so it is guaranteed to return a list.
    • vapply(X, FUN, FUN.VALUE, ..., USE.NAMES = TRUE) – similar to sapply, but has a pre-specified type of return value
    • rapply(object, f, classes = "ANY", deflt = NULL, how = c("unlist", "replace", "list"), ...) – A recursive version of lapply
  • tapply(V, INDEX, FUN = NULL, ..., default = NA, simplify = TRUE) – Apply a Function Over a "Ragged" Array. V is typically a vector where split() will be applied. INDEX is a list of one or more factors.
    • aggregate(D, by, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE, drop = TRUE) - Apply a function to each columns of subset data frame split by factors. FUN (such as mean(), weighted.mean(), sum()) is a simple function applied to a vector. D is typically a data frame. This is used to summarize data.
    • by(D, INDICES, FUN, ..., simplify = TRUE) - Apply a Function to each subset data frame split by factors. FUN (such as summary(), lm()) is applied to a data frame. D is typically a data frame.
  • eapply(env, FUN, ..., all.names = FALSE, USE.NAMES = TRUE) – Apply a Function over values in an environment

Difference between apply vs sapply vs lapply vs tapply?

  • apply - When you want to apply a function to the rows or columns or both of a matrix and output is a one-dimensional if only row or column is selected else it is a 2D-matrix
  • lapply - When you want to apply a function to each element of a list in turn and get a list back.
  • sapply - When you want to apply a function to each element of a list in turn, but you want a vector back, rather than a list.
  • tapply - When you want to apply a function to subsets of a vector and the subsets are defined by some other vector, usually a factor.

Some short examples:

Apply vs for loop

Note that, apply's performance is not always better than a for loop. See

Progress bar

What is the cost of a progress bar in R?

The package 'pbapply' creates a text-mode progress bar - it works on any platforms. On Windows platform, check out this post. It uses winProgressBar() and setWinProgressBar() functions.

e-Rum 2020 Slides on Progressr by Henrik Bengtsson. progressr 0.8.0: RStudio's progress bar, Shiny progress updates, and absolute progress, progressr 0.10.1: Plyr Now Supports Progress Updates also in Parallel

simplify option in sapply()

library(KEGGREST)

names1 <- keggGet(c("hsa05340", "hsa05410"))
names2 <- sapply(names1, function(x) x$GENE)
length(names2)  # same if we use lapply() above
# [1] 2

names3 <- keggGet(c("hsa05340"))
names4 <- sapply(names3, function(x) x$GENE)
length(names4)  # may or may not be what we expect
# [1] 76
names4 <- sapply(names3, function(x) x$GENE, simplify = FALSE)
length(names4)  # same if we use lapply() w/o simplify 
# [1] 1

lapply and its friends Map(), Reduce(), Filter() from the base package for manipulating lists

  • mapply() documentation. Use mapply() to merge lists.
    mapply(rep, 1:4, 4:1)
    mapply(rep, times = 1:4, x = 4:1)
    mapply(function(x, y) seq_len(x) + y,
           c(a =  1, b = 2, c = 3),  # names from first
           c(A = 10, B = 0, C = -10))
    mapply(c, firstList, secondList, SIMPLIFY=FALSE)
    
  • Finding the Expected value of the maximum of two Bivariate Normal variables with simulation sapply + mapply.
    z <- mapply(function(u, v) { max(u, v) }, 
                u = x[, 1], v = x[, 2])
    
  • Map() and Reduce() in functional programming
  • Map(), Reduce(), and Filter() from Advanced R by Hadley
    • If you have two or more lists (or data frames) that you need to process in parallel, use Map(). One good example is to compute the weighted.mean() function that requires two input objects. Map() is similar to mapply() function and is more concise than lapply(). Advanced R has a comment that Map() is better than mapply().
      # Syntax: Map(f, ...)
      
      xs <- replicate(5, runif(10), simplify = FALSE)
      ws <- replicate(5, rpois(10, 5) + 1, simplify = FALSE)
      Map(weighted.mean, xs, ws)
      
      # instead of a more clumsy way
      lapply(seq_along(xs), function(i) {
        weighted.mean(xsi, wsi)
      })
      
    • Reduce() reduces a vector, x, to a single value by recursively calling a function, f, two arguments at a time. A good example of using Reduce() function is to read a list of matrix files and merge them. See How to combine multiple matrix frames into one using R?
      # Syntax: Reduce(f, x, ...)
      
      > m1 <- data.frame(id=letters[1:4], val=1:4)
      > m2 <- data.frame(id=letters[2:6], val=2:6)
      > merge(m1, m2, "id", all = T)
        id val.x val.y
      1  a     1    NA
      2  b     2     2
      3  c     3     3
      4  d     4     4
      5  e    NA     5
      6  f    NA     6
      > m <- list(m1, m2)
      > Reduce(function(x,y) merge(x,y, "id",all=T), m)
        id val.x val.y
      1  a     1    NA
      2  b     2     2
      3  c     3     3
      4  d     4     4
      5  e    NA     5
      6  f    NA     6
      

sapply & vapply

See parallel::parSapply() for a parallel version of sapply(1:n, function(x)). We can this technique to speed up this example.

rapply - recursive version of lapply

replicate

https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/tutorial-on-loops-in-r

> replicate(5, rnorm(3))
           [,1]       [,2]       [,3]      [,4]        [,5]
[1,]  0.2509130 -0.3526600 -0.3170790  1.064816 -0.53708856
[2,]  0.5222548  1.5343319  0.6120194 -1.811913 -1.09352459
[3,] -1.9905533 -0.8902026 -0.5489822  1.308273  0.08773477

See parSapply() for a parallel version of replicate().

Vectorize

> rep(1:4, 4:1)
 [1] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
> vrep <- Vectorize(rep.int)
> vrep(1:4, 4:1)
1
[1] 1 1 1 1

2
[1] 2 2 2

3
[1] 3 3

4
[1] 4
> rweibull(1, 1, c(1, 2)) # no error but not sure what it gives?
[1] 2.17123
> Vectorize("rweibull")(n=1, shape = 1, scale = c(1, 2)) 
[1] 1.6491761 0.9610109
myfunc <- function(a, b) a*b
myfunc(1, 2) # 2
myfunc(3, 5) # 15
myfunc(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # 2 15
Vectorize(myfunc)(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # 2 15

myfunc2 <- function(a, b) if (length(a) == 1) a * b else NA
myfunc2(1, 2) # 2 
myfunc2(3, 5) # 15
myfunc2(c(1,3), c(2,5)) # NA
Vectorize(myfunc2)(c(1, 3), c(2, 5)) # 2 15
Vectorize(myfunc2)(c(1, 3, 6), c(2, 5)) # 2 15 12
                                        # parameter will be re-used

plyr and dplyr packages

Practical Data Science for Stats - a PeerJ Collection

The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis (plyr package) in J. Stat Software.

A quick introduction to plyr with a summary of apply functions in R and compare them with functions in plyr package.

  1. plyr has a common syntax -- easier to remember
  2. plyr requires less code since it takes care of the input and output format
  3. plyr can easily be run in parallel -- faster

Tutorials

Examples of using dplyr:

tibble

Tibbles are data frames, but slightly tweaked to work better in the tidyverse.

Tibble objects

  • it does not have row names (cf data frame),
  • it never changes the type of the inputs (e.g. it never converts strings to factors!),
  • it never changes the names of variables

Tibbles Vignette

> data(pew, package = "efficient")
> dim(pew) 
[1] 18 10
> class(pew) # tibble is also a data frame!!
[1] "tbl_df"     "tbl"        "data.frame"

> tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion) # make wide tables long
# A tibble: 162 x 3
                                                       religion Income Count
                                                          <chr>  <chr> <int>
 1                                                     Agnostic  <$10k    27
 2                                                      Atheist  <$10k    12
 ...
> mean(tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion)[, 3])
[1] NA
Warning message:
In mean.default(tidyr::gather(pew, key = Income, value = Count,  :
  argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
> mean(tidyr::gather(pew, key=Income, value = Count, -religion)3)
[1] 181.6975

To show all rows of a tibble object, use the print() method.

print(tbObj, n= Inf)

tbObj %>% print(n= nrow(.))

If we try to do a match on some column of a tibble object, we will get zero matches. The issue is we cannot use an index to get a tibble column.

Subsetting: to extract a column from a tibble object, use [[ or $ or dplyr::pull(). Select Data Frame Columns in R.

TibbleObject$VarName
# OR
TibbleObject"VarName"
# OR
pull(TibbleObject, VarName) # won't be a tibble object anymore

dplyr::select(TibbleObject, -c(VarName1, VarName2)) # still a tibble object
# OR
dplyr::select(TibbleObject, 2:5) # 

Convert a data frame to a tibble See Tibble Data Format in R: Best and Modern Way to Work with Your Data

my_data <- as_tibble(iris)
class(my_data)

To print all rows of a tibble object, use print(tbl_df, n=Inf) or tbl_df %>% print(n=Inf)

llply()

llply is equivalent to lapply except that it will preserve labels and can display a progress bar. This is handy if we want to do a crazy thing.

LLID2GOIDs <- lapply(rLLID, function(x) get("org.Hs.egGO")[[x]])

where rLLID is a list of entrez ID. For example,

get("org.Hs.egGO")[["6772"]]

returns a list of 49 GOs.

ddply()

http://lamages.blogspot.com/2012/06/transforming-subsets-of-data-in-r-with.html

ldply()

An R Script to Automatically download PubMed Citation Counts By Year of Publication

Performance/speed comparison

Performance comparison of converting list to data.frame with R language

Using R's set.seed() to set seeds for use in C/C++ (including Rcpp)

http://rorynolan.rbind.io/2018/09/30/rcsetseed/

get_seed()

See the same blog

get_seed <- function() {
  sample.int(.Machine$integer.max, 1)
}

Note: .Machine$integer.max = 2147483647 = 2^31 - 1.

Random seeds

By default, R uses the exact time in milliseconds of the computer's clock when R starts up to generate a seed. See ?Random.

set.seed(as.numeric(Sys.time()))

set.seed(as.numeric(Sys.Date()))  # same seed for each day

.Machine and the largest integer, double

See ?.Machine.

                          Linux/Mac  32-bit Windows 64-bit Windows
double.eps              2.220446e-16   2.220446e-16   2.220446e-16
double.neg.eps          1.110223e-16   1.110223e-16   1.110223e-16
double.xmin            2.225074e-308  2.225074e-308  2.225074e-308
double.xmax            1.797693e+308  1.797693e+308  1.797693e+308
double.base             2.000000e+00   2.000000e+00   2.000000e+00
double.digits           5.300000e+01   5.300000e+01   5.300000e+01
double.rounding         5.000000e+00   5.000000e+00   5.000000e+00
double.guard            0.000000e+00   0.000000e+00   0.000000e+00
double.ulp.digits      -5.200000e+01  -5.200000e+01  -5.200000e+01
double.neg.ulp.digits  -5.300000e+01  -5.300000e+01  -5.300000e+01
double.exponent         1.100000e+01   1.100000e+01   1.100000e+01
double.min.exp         -1.022000e+03  -1.022000e+03  -1.022000e+03
double.max.exp          1.024000e+03   1.024000e+03   1.024000e+03
integer.max             2.147484e+09   2.147484e+09   2.147484e+09
sizeof.long             8.000000e+00   4.000000e+00   4.000000e+00
sizeof.longlong         8.000000e+00   8.000000e+00   8.000000e+00
sizeof.longdouble       1.600000e+01   1.200000e+01   1.600000e+01
sizeof.pointer          8.000000e+00   4.000000e+00   8.000000e+00

NA when overflow

tmp <- 156287L
tmp*tmp
# [1] NA
# Warning message:
# In tmp * tmp : NAs produced by integer overflow
.Machine$integer.max
# [1] 2147483647

How to select a seed for simulation or randomization

set.seed() allow alphanumeric seeds

https://stackoverflow.com/a/10913336

set.seed(), for loop and saving random seeds

  • Detect When the Random Number Generator Was Used
    if (interactive()) {
      invisible(addTaskCallback(local({
        last <- .GlobalEnv$.Random.seed
        
        function(...) {
          curr <- .GlobalEnv$.Random.seed
          if (!identical(curr, last)) {
            msg <- "NOTE: .Random.seed changed"
            if (requireNamespace("crayon", quietly=TRUE)) msg <- crayon::blurred(msg)
            message(msg)
            last <<- curr
          }
          TRUE
        }
      }), name = "RNG tracker"))
    }
    
  • http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/set-seed-and-for-loop-td3585857.html. This question is legitimate when we want to debug on a certain iteration.
    set.seed(1001) 
    data <- vector("list", 30) 
    seeds <- vector("list", 30) 
    for(i in 1:30) { 
      seeds[[i]] <- .Random.seed 
      data[[i]] <- runif(5) 
    } 
     
    # If we save and load .Random.seed from a file using scan(), make
    # sure to convert its type from doubles to integers.
    # Otherwise, .Random.seed will complain!
    
    .Random.seed <- seeds[[23]]  # restore 
    data.23 <- runif(5) 
    data.23 
    data[[23]] 
    
  • impute.knn
  • Duncan Murdoch: This works in this example, but wouldn't work with all RNGs, because some of them save state outside of .Random.seed. See ?.Random.seed for details.
  • Uwe Ligges's comment: set.seed() actually generates a seed. See ?set.seed that points us to .Random.seed (and relevant references!) which contains the actual current seed.
  • Petr Savicky's comment is also useful in the situation when it is not difficult to re-generate the data.
  • Local randomness in R.

sample()

sample() inaccurate on very large populations, fixed in R 3.6.0

# R 3.5.3
set.seed(123)
m <- (2/5)*2^32
m > 2^31
# [1] FALSE
log10(m)
# [1] 9.23502
x <- sample(m, 1000000, replace = TRUE)
table(x %% 2)
#      0      1 
# 400070 599930 
# R 3.5.3
# docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base:3.5.3
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 1 3 2 4 5

# R 3.6.0
# docker run --net=host -it --rm r-base:3.6.0
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 4 5 2 3 1
> RNGkind(sample.kind = "Rounding")
Warning message:
In RNGkind(sample.kind = "Rounding") : non-uniform 'Rounding' sampler used
> set.seed(1234)
> sample(5)
[1] 1 3 2 4 5

Getting different results with set.seed() in RStudio

Getting different results with set.seed(). It's possible that you're loading an R package that is changing the requested random number generator; RNGkind().

dplyr::sample_n()

The function has a parameter weight. For example if we have some download statistics for each day and we want to do sampling based on their download numbers, we can use this function.

Regular Expression

See here.

Read rrd file

on.exit()

Examples of using on.exit(). In all these examples, add = TRUE is used in the on.exit() call to ensure that each exit action is added to the list of actions to be performed when the function exits, rather than replacing the previous actions.

  • Database connections
    library(RSQLite)
    sqlite_get_query <- function(db, sql) {
      conn <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), db)
      on.exit(dbDisconnect(conn), add = TRUE)
      dbGetQuery(conn, sql)
    }
    
  • File connections
    read_chars <- function(file_name) {
      conn <- file(file_name, "r")
      on.exit(close(conn), add = TRUE)
      readChar(conn, file.info(file_name)$size)
    }
    
  • Temporary files
    history_lines <- function() {
      f <- tempfile()
      on.exit(unlink(f), add = TRUE)
      savehistory(f)
      readLines(f, encoding = "UTF-8")
    }
    
  • Printing messages
    myfun = function(x) {
      on.exit(print("first"))
      on.exit(print("second"), add = TRUE)
      return(x)
    }
    

file, connection

  • cat() and scan() (read data into a vector or list from the console or file)
  • read() and write()
  • read.table() and write.table()
out = file('tmp.txt', 'w')
writeLines("abcd", out)
writeLines("eeeeee", out)
close(out)
readLines('tmp.txt')
unlink('tmp.txt')
args(writeLines)
# function (text, con = stdout(), sep = "\n", useBytes = FALSE)

foo <- function() {
  con <- file()
  ...
  on.exit(close(con))
  ...
}

Error in close.connection(f) : invalid connection. If we want to use close(con), we have to specify how to open the connection; such as

con <- gzfile(FileName, "r") # Or gzfile(FileName, open = 'r')
x <- read.delim(con)
close(x)

withr package

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/withr/index.html . Reverse suggested by languageserver.

Clipboard (?connections), textConnection(), pipe()

  • On Windows, we can use readClipboard() and writeClipboard().
    source("clipboard")
    read.table("clipboard")
    
  • Clipboard -> R. Reading/writing clipboard on macOS. Use textConnection() function:
    x <- read.delim(textConnection("<USE_KEYBOARD_TO_PASTE_FROM_CLIPBOARD>"))
    # Or on Mac
    x <- read.delim(pipe("pbpaste"))
    # safely ignore the warning: incomplete final line found by readTableHeader on 'pbpaste'
    

    An example is to copy data from this post. In this case we need to use read.table() instead of read.delim().

  • R -> clipboard on Mac. Note: pbcopy and pbpaste are macOS terminal commands. See pbcopy & pbpaste: Manipulating the Clipboard from the Command Line.
    • pbcopy: takes standard input and places it in the clipboard buffer
    • pbpaste: takes data from the clipboard buffer and writes it to the standard output
    clip <- pipe("pbcopy", "w")
    write.table(apply(x, 1, mean), file = clip, row.names=F, col.names=F)
    # write.table(data.frame(Var1, Var2), file = clip, row.names=F, quote=F, sep="\t")
    close(clip)
    
  • Clipboard -> Excel.
    • Method 1: Paste icon -> Text import wizard -> Delimit (Tab, uncheck Space) or Fixed width depending on the situation -> Finish.
    • Method 2: Ctrl+v first. Then choose Data -> Text to Columns. Fixed width -> Next -> Next -> Finish.
  • On Linux, we need to install "xclip". See R Copy from Clipboard in Ubuntu Linux. It seems to work.
    # sudo apt-get install xclip
    read.table(pipe("xclip -selection clipboard -o",open="r"))
    

clipr

clipr: Read and Write from the System Clipboard

read/manipulate binary data

  • x <- readBin(fn, raw(), file.info(fn)$size)
  • rawToChar(x[1:16])
  • See Biostrings C API

String Manipulation

format(): padding with zero

ngenes <- 10
genenames <- paste0("bm", gsub(" ", "0", format(1:ngenes))); genenames
#  [1] "bm01" "bm02" "bm03" "bm04" "bm05" "bm06" "bm07" "bm08" "bm09" "bm10"

noquote()

noqute Print character strings without quotes.

stringr package

glue package

  • glue. Useful in a loop and some function like ggtitle() or ggsave().
    library(glue)
    name <- "Fred"
    glue('My name is {name}.')  # My name is Fred.
    
  • String interpolation

Raw data type

Fun with strings, Cyrillic alphabets

a1 <- "А"
a2 <- "A"
a1 == a2
# [1] FALSE
charToRaw("А")
# [1] d0 90
charToRaw("A")
# [1] 41

number of characters limit

It's a limit on a (single) input line in the REPL

HTTPs connection

HTTPS connection becomes default in R 3.2.2. See

R 3.3.2 patched The internal methods of ‘download.file()’ and ‘url()’ now report if they are unable to follow the redirection of a ‘http://’ URL to a ‘https://’ URL (rather than failing silently)

setInternet2

There was a bug in ftp downloading in R 3.2.2 (r69053) Windows though it is fixed now in R 3.2 patch.

Read the discussion reported on 8/8/2015. The error only happened on ftp not http connection. The final solution is explained in this post. The following demonstrated the original problem.

url <- paste0("ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/ASSEMBLY_REPORTS/All/",
              "GCF_000001405.13.assembly.txt")
f1 <- tempfile()
download.file(url, f1)

It seems the bug was fixed in R 3.2-branch. See 8/16/2015 patch r69089 where a new argument INTERNET_FLAG_PASSIVE was added to InternetOpenUrl() function of wininet library. This article and this post explain differences of active and passive FTP.

The following R command will show the exact svn revision for the R you are currently using.

R.Version()$"svn rev"

If setInternet2(T), then https protocol is supported in download.file().

When setInternet(T) is enabled by default, download.file() does not work for ftp protocol (this is used in getGEO() function of the GEOquery package). If I use setInternet(F), download.file() works again for ftp protocol.

The setInternet2() function is defined in R> src> library> utils > R > windows > sysutils.R.

R up to 3.2.2

setInternet2 <- function(use = TRUE) .Internal(useInternet2(use))

See also

  • <src/include/Internal.h> (declare do_setInternet2()),
  • <src/main/names.c> (show do_setInternet2() in C)
  • <src/main/internet.c> (define do_setInternet2() in C).

Note that: setInternet2(T) becomes default in R 3.2.2. To revert to the previous default use setInternet2(FALSE). See the <doc/NEWS.pdf> file. If we use setInternet2(F), then it solves the bug of getGEO() error. But it disables the https file download using the download.file() function. In R < 3.2.2, it is also possible to download from https by setIneternet2(T).

R 3.3.0

setInternet2 <- function(use = TRUE) {
    if(!is.na(use)) stop("use != NA is defunct")
    NA
}

Note that setInternet2.Rd says As from \R 3.3.0 it changes nothing, and only \code{use = NA} is accepted. Also NEWS.Rd says setInternet2() has no effect and will be removed in due course.

Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers: is.finite(), is.infinite(), is.nan()

In R, basically all mathematical functions (including basic Arithmetic), are supposed to work properly with +/-, Inf and NaN as input or output.

See ?is.finite.

How to replace Inf with NA in All or Specific Columns of the Data Frame

replace() function

File/path operations

  • list.files(, include.dirs =F, recursive = T, pattern = "\\.csv$", all.files = TRUE)
  • file.info()
  • dir.create()
  • file.create()
  • file.copy()
  • file.exists()
  • basename() - remove the parent path, dirname() - returns the part of the path up to but excluding the last path separator
    > file.path("~", "Downloads")
    [1] "~/Downloads"
    > dirname(file.path("~", "Downloads"))
    [1] "/home/brb"
    > basename(file.path("~", "Downloads"))
    [1] "Downloads"
    
  • path.expand("~/.Renviron") # "/home/brb/.Renviron"
  • normalizePath() # Express File Paths in Canonical Form
    > cat(normalizePath(c(R.home(), tempdir())), sep = "\n")
    /usr/lib/R
    /tmp/RtmpzvDhAe
    
  • system.file() - Finds the full file names of files in packages etc
    > system.file("extdata", "ex1.bam", package="Rsamtools")
    [1] "/home/brb/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/4.0/Rsamtools/extdata/ex1.bam"
    

read/download/source a file from internet

Simple text file http

retail <- read.csv("http://robjhyndman.com/data/ausretail.csv",header=FALSE)

Zip, RData, gz file and url() function

x <- read.delim(gzfile("filename.txt.gz"), nrows=10)
con = gzcon(url('http://www.systematicportfolio.com/sit.gz', 'rb'))
source(con)
close(con)

Here url() function is like file(), gzfile(), bzfile(), xzfile(), unz(), pipe(), fifo(), socketConnection(). They are used to create connections. By default, the connection is not opened (except for ‘socketConnection’), but may be opened by setting a non-empty value of argument ‘open’. See ?url.

Another example is Read gzipped csv directly from a url in R

con <- gzcon(url(paste("http://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/articlefeedback/",
                       "aa_combined-20110321.csv.gz", sep="")))
txt <- readLines(con)
dat <- read.csv(textConnection(txt))

Another example of using url() is

load(url("http:/www.example.com/example.RData"))

This does not work with load(), dget(), read.table() for files on OneDrive. In fact, I cannot use wget with shared files from OneDrive. The following trick works: How to configure a OneDrive file for use with wget.

Dropbox is easy and works for load(), wget, ...

R download .RData or Directly loading .RData from github from Github.

zip function

This will include 'hallmarkFiles' root folder in the files inside zip.

zip(zipfile = 'myFile.zip', 
    files = dir('hallmarkFiles', full.names = TRUE))

# Verify/view the files. 'list = TRUE' won't extract 
unzip('testZip.zip', list = TRUE) 

downloader package

This package provides a wrapper for the download.file function, making it possible to download files over https on Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like platforms. The RCurl package provides this functionality (and much more) but can be difficult to install because it must be compiled with external dependencies. This package has no external dependencies, so it is much easier to install.

Google drive file based on https using RCurl package

require(RCurl)
myCsv <- getURL("https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?hl=en_US&hl=en_US&key=0AkuuKBh0jM2TdGppUFFxcEdoUklCQlJhM2kweGpoUUE&single=true&gid=0&output=csv")
read.csv(textConnection(myCsv))

Google sheet file using googlesheets package

Reading data from google sheets into R

Github files https using RCurl package

x = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6671098/raw/c4cb0ca6fe78054da8dbe253a05f7046270d5693/GeneIDs.txt", 
            ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
read.table(text=x)

data summary table

summarytools: create summary tables for vectors and data frames

https://github.com/dcomtois/summarytools. R Package for quickly and neatly summarizing vectors and data frames.

skimr: A frictionless, pipeable approach to dealing with summary statistics

skimr for useful and tidy summary statistics

modelsummary

modelsummary: Summary Tables and Plots for Statistical Models and Data: Beautiful, Customizable, and Publication-Ready

broom

Tidyverse->broom

Create publication tables using tables package

See p13 for example at here

R's tables packages is the best solution. For example,

> library(tables)
> tabular( (Species + 1) ~ (n=1) + Format(digits=2)*
+          (Sepal.Length + Sepal.Width)*(mean + sd), data=iris )
                                                  
                Sepal.Length      Sepal.Width     
 Species    n   mean         sd   mean        sd  
 setosa      50 5.01         0.35 3.43        0.38
 versicolor  50 5.94         0.52 2.77        0.31
 virginica   50 6.59         0.64 2.97        0.32
 All        150 5.84         0.83 3.06        0.44
> str(iris)
'data.frame':   150 obs. of  5 variables:
 $ Sepal.Length: num  5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
 $ Sepal.Width : num  3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
 $ Petal.Length: num  1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
 $ Petal.Width : num  0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
 $ Species     : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

and

# This example shows some of the less common options         
> Sex <- factor(sample(c("Male", "Female"), 100, rep=TRUE))
> Status <- factor(sample(c("low", "medium", "high"), 100, rep=TRUE))
> z <- rnorm(100)+5
> fmt <- function(x) {
  s <- format(x, digits=2)
  even <- ((1:length(s)) %% 2) == 0
  s[even] <- sprintf("(%s)", s[even])
  s
}
> tabular( Justify(c)*Heading()*z*Sex*Heading(Statistic)*Format(fmt())*(mean+sd) ~ Status )
                  Status              
 Sex    Statistic high   low    medium
 Female mean       4.88   4.96   5.17 
        sd        (1.20) (0.82) (1.35)
 Male   mean       4.45   4.31   5.05 
        sd        (1.01) (0.93) (0.75)

fgsea example

vignette & source code

(archived) ClinReport: Statistical Reporting in Clinical Trials

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ClinReport/index.html

Append figures to PDF files

How to append a plot to an existing pdf file. Hint: use the recordPlot() function.

Save base graphics as pseudo-objects

Save base graphics as pseudo-objects in R. Note there are some cons with this approach.

pdf(NULL)
dev.control(displaylist="enable")
plot(df$x, df$y)
text(40, 0, "Random")
text(60, 2, "Text")
lines(stats::lowess(df$x, df$y))
p1.base <- recordPlot()
invisible(dev.off())

# Display the saved plot
grid::grid.newpage()
p1.base

Extracting tables from PDFs

Print tables

addmargins()

tableone

Some examples

Cox models

finalfit package

summary_factorlist() from the finalfit package.

table1

gtsummary

gt

Introduction to Clinical Tables with the {gt} Package

dplyr

https://stackoverflow.com/a/34587522. The output includes counts and proportions in a publication like fashion.

tables::tabular()

gmodels::CrossTable()

https://www.statmethods.net/stats/frequencies.html

base::prop.table(x, margin)

New function ‘proportions()’ and ‘marginSums()’. These should replace the unfortunately named ‘prop.table()’ and ‘margin.table()’. for R 4.0.0.

R> m <- matrix(1:4, 2)
R> prop.table(m, 1) # row percentage
          [,1]      [,2]
[1,] 0.2500000 0.7500000
[2,] 0.3333333 0.6666667
R> prop.table(m, 2) # column percentage
          [,1]      [,2]
[1,] 0.3333333 0.4285714
[2,] 0.6666667 0.5714286

stats::xtabs()

stats::ftable()

> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 1:3)
                   Survived  No Yes
Class Sex    Age                   
1st   Male   Child            0   5
             Adult          118  57
      Female Child            0   1
             Adult            4 140
2nd   Male   Child            0  11
             Adult          154  14
      Female Child            0  13
             Adult           13  80
3rd   Male   Child           35  13
             Adult          387  75
      Female Child           17  14
             Adult           89  76
Crew  Male   Child            0   0
             Adult          670 192
      Female Child            0   0
             Adult            3  20
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 1:2, col.vars = "Survived")
             Survived  No Yes
Class Sex                    
1st   Male            118  62
      Female            4 141
2nd   Male            154  25
      Female           13  93
3rd   Male            422  88
      Female          106  90
Crew  Male            670 192
      Female            3  20
> ftable(Titanic, row.vars = 2:1, col.vars = "Survived")
             Survived  No Yes
Sex    Class                 
Male   1st            118  62
       2nd            154  25
       3rd            422  88
       Crew           670 192
Female 1st              4 141
       2nd             13  93
       3rd            106  90
       Crew             3  20
> str(Titanic)
 table [1:4, 1:2, 1:2, 1:2] 0 0 35 0 0 0 17 0 118 154 ...
 - attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 4
  ..$ Class   : chr [1:4] "1st" "2nd" "3rd" "Crew"
  ..$ Sex     : chr [1:2] "Male" "Female"
  ..$ Age     : chr [1:2] "Child" "Adult"
  ..$ Survived: chr [1:2] "No" "Yes"
> x <- ftable(mtcars[c("cyl", "vs", "am", "gear")])
> x
          gear  3  4  5
cyl vs am              
4   0  0        0  0  0
       1        0  0  1
    1  0        1  2  0
       1        0  6  1
6   0  0        0  0  0
       1        0  2  1
    1  0        2  2  0
       1        0  0  0
8   0  0       12  0  0
       1        0  0  2
    1  0        0  0  0
       1        0  0  0
> ftable(x, row.vars = c(2, 4))
        cyl  4     6     8   
        am   0  1  0  1  0  1
vs gear                      
0  3         0  0  0  0 12  0
   4         0  0  0  2  0  0
   5         0  1  0  1  0  2
1  3         1  0  2  0  0  0
   4         2  6  2  0  0  0
   5         0  1  0  0  0  0
> 
> ## Start with expressions, use table()'s "dnn" to change labels
> ftable(mtcars$cyl, mtcars$vs, mtcars$am, mtcars$gear, row.vars = c(2, 4),
         dnn = c("Cylinders", "V/S", "Transmission", "Gears"))

          Cylinders     4     6     8   
          Transmission  0  1  0  1  0  1
V/S Gears                               
0   3                   0  0  0  0 12  0
    4                   0  0  0  2  0  0
    5                   0  1  0  1  0  2
1   3                   1  0  2  0  0  0
    4                   2  6  2  0  0  0
    5                   0  1  0  0  0  0

tracemem, data type, copy

How to avoid copying a long vector

Tell if the current R is running in 32-bit or 64-bit mode

8 * .Machine$sizeof.pointer

where sizeof.pointer returns the number of *bytes* in a C SEXP type and '8' means number of bits per byte.

32- and 64-bit

See R-admin.html.

  • For speed you may want to use a 32-bit build, but to handle large datasets a 64-bit build.
  • Even on 64-bit builds of R there are limits on the size of R objects, some of which stem from the use of 32-bit integers (especially in FORTRAN code). For example, the dimensionas of an array are limited to 2^31 -1.
  • Since R 2.15.0, it is possible to select '64-bit Files' from the standard installer even on a 32-bit version of Windows (2012/3/30).

Handling length 2^31 and more in R 3.0.0

From R News for 3.0.0 release:

There is a subtle change in behaviour for numeric index values 2^31 and larger. These never used to be legitimate and so were treated as NA, sometimes with a warning. They are now legal for long vectors so there is no longer a warning, and x[2^31] <- y will now extend the vector on a 64-bit platform and give an error on a 32-bit one.

In R 2.15.2, if I try to assign a vector of length 2^31, I will get an error

> x <- seq(1, 2^31)
Error in from:to : result would be too long a vector

However, for R 3.0.0 (tested on my 64-bit Ubuntu with 16GB RAM. The R was compiled by myself):

> system.time(x <- seq(1,2^31))
   user  system elapsed
  8.604  11.060 120.815
> length(x)
[1] 2147483648
> length(x)/2^20
[1] 2048
> gc()
             used    (Mb) gc trigger    (Mb)   max used    (Mb)
Ncells     183823     9.9     407500    21.8     350000    18.7
Vcells 2147764406 16386.2 2368247221 18068.3 2148247383 16389.9
>

Note:

  1. 2^31 length is about 2 Giga length. It takes about 16 GB (2^31*8/2^20 MB) memory.
  2. On Windows, it is almost impossible to work with 2^31 length of data if the memory is less than 16 GB because virtual disk on Windows does not work well. For example, when I tested on my 12 GB Windows 7, the whole Windows system freezes for several minutes before I force to power off the machine.
  3. My slide in http://goo.gl/g7sGX shows the screenshots of running the above command on my Ubuntu and RHEL machines. As you can see the linux is pretty good at handling large (> system RAM) data. That said, as long as your linux system is 64-bit, you can possibly work on large data without too much pain.
  4. For large dataset, it makes sense to use database or specially crafted packages like bigmemory or ff or bigstatsr.
  5. [[<- for index 2^31 fails

NA in index

  • Question: what is seq(1, 3)[c(1, 2, NA)]?

Answer: It will reserve the element with NA in indexing and return the value NA for it.

  • Question: What is TRUE & NA?

Answer: NA

  • Question: What is FALSE & NA?

Answer: FALSE

  • Question: c("A", "B", NA) != "" ?

Answer: TRUE TRUE NA

  • Question: which(c("A", "B", NA) != "") ?

Answer: 1 2

  • Question: c(1, 2, NA) != "" & !is.na(c(1, 2, NA)) ?

Answer: TRUE TRUE FALSE

  • Question: c("A", "B", NA) != "" & !is.na(c("A", "B", NA)) ?

Answer: TRUE TRUE FALSE

Conclusion: In order to exclude empty or NA for numerical or character data type, we can use which() or a convenience function keep.complete(x) <- function(x) x != "" & !is.na(x). This will guarantee return logical values and not contain NAs.

Don't just use x != "" OR !is.na(x).

Some functions

Constant and 'L'

Add 'L' after a constant. For example,

for(i in 1L:n) { }

if (max.lines > 0L) { }

label <- paste0(n-i+1L, ": ")

n <- length(x);  if(n == 0L) { }

Vector/Arrays

R indexes arrays from 1 like Fortran, not from 0 like C or Python.

remove integer(0)

How to remove integer(0) from a vector?

Append some elements

append() and its after argument

setNames()

Assign names to a vector

z <- setNames(1:3, c("a", "b", "c"))
# OR
z <- 1:3; names(z) <- c("a", "b", "c")
# OR
z <- c("a"=1, "b"=2, "c"=3) # not work if "a", "b", "c" is like x[1], x[2], x[3].

Factor

labels argument

We can specify the factor levels and new labels using the factor() function.

sex <- factor(sex, levels = c("0", "1"), labels = c("Male", "Female"))
drug_treatment <- factor(drug_treatment, levels = c("Placebo", "Low dose", "High dose"))
health_status <- factor(health_status, levels = c("Healthy", "Alzheimer's"))

factor(rev(letters[1:3]), labels = c("A", "B", "C"))
# C B A
# Levels: A B C

Create a factor/categorical variable from a continuous variable: cut() and dplyr::case_when()

cut(
     c(0, 10, 30), 
     breaks = c(0, 30, 50, Inf), 
     labels = c("Young", "Middle-aged", "Elderly")
 )  # Default include.lowest = FALSE
# [1] <NA>  Young Young
  • ?cut
    set.seed(1)
    x <- rnorm(100)
    facVar <- cut(x, c(min(x), -1, 1, max(x)), labels = c("low", "medium", "high"))
    table(facVar, useNA = "ifany")
    facVar
    #   low medium   high   <NA> 
    #    10     74     15      1 
    

    Note the option include.lowest = TRUE is needed when we use cut() + quantile(); otherwise the smallest data will become NA since the intervals have the format (a, b].

    x2 <- cut(x, quantile(x, 0:2/2), include.lowest = TRUE) # split x into 2 levels
    x2 <- cut(x, quantile(x, 0:3/3), include.lowest = TRUE) # split x into 3 levels
    
    library(tidyverse); library(magrittr)
    set.seed(1)
    breaks <- quantile(runif(100), probs=seq(0, 1, len=20))
    x <- runif(50)
    bins <- cut(x, breaks=unique(breaks), include.lowest=T, right=T)
    
    data.frame(sc=x, bins=bins) %>% 
      group_by(bins) %>% 
      summarise(n=n()) %>% 
      ggplot(aes(x = bins, y = n)) + 
        geom_col(color = "black", fill = "#90AACB") + 
        theme_minimal() + 
        theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90)) + 
        theme(legend.position = "none") + coord_flip()
    
  • A Guide to Using the cut() Function in R
  • tibble object
    library(tidyverse)
    tibble(age_yrs = c(0, 4, 10, 15, 24, 55),
           age_cat = case_when(
              age_yrs < 2 ~ "baby",
              age_yrs < 13 ~ "kid",
              age_yrs < 20 ~ "teen",
              TRUE         ~ "adult")
    )
    
  • R tip: Learn dplyr’s case_when() function
    case_when(
      condition1 ~ value1, 
      condition2 ~ value2,
      TRUE ~ ValueAnythingElse
    )
    # Example
    case_when(
      x %%2 == 0 ~ "even",
      x %%2 == 1 ~ "odd",
      TRUE ~ "Neither even or odd"
    )
    

How to change one of the level to NA

https://stackoverflow.com/a/25354985. Note that the factor level is removed.

x <- factor(c("a", "b", "c", "NotPerformed"))
levels(x)[levels(x) == 'NotPerformed'] <- NA

Creating missing values in factors

Concatenating two factor vectors

Not trivial. How to concatenate factors, without them being converted to integer level?.

unlist(list(f1, f2))
# unlist(list(factor(letters[1:5]), factor(letters[5:2])))

droplevels()

droplevels(): drop unused levels from a factor or, more commonly, from factors in a data frame.

factor(x , levels = ...) vs levels(x) <-

Note levels(x) is to set/rename levels, not reorder. Use relevel() or factor() to reorder.

levels()
plyr::revalue()
forcats::fct_recode()
rename levels
factor(, levels) reorder levels
sizes <- factor(c("small", "large", "large", "small", "medium"))
sizes
#> [1] small  large  large  small  medium
#> Levels: large medium small

sizes2 <- factor(sizes, levels = c("small", "medium", "large")) # reorder levels but data is not changed
sizes2
# [1] small  large  large  small  medium
# Levels: small medium large

sizes3 <- sizes
levels(sizes3) <- c("small", "medium", "large") # rename, not reorder
                                                # large -> small
                                                # medium -> medium
                                                # small -> large 
sizes3
# [1] large  small  small  large  medium
# Levels: small medium large

A regression example.

set.seed(1)
x <- sample(1:2, 500, replace = TRUE)
y <- round(x + rnorm(500), 3)
x <- as.factor(x)
sample_data <- data.frame(x, y)
 
# create linear model
summary(lm( y~x, sample_data))
# Coefficients:
#             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
# (Intercept)  0.96804    0.06610   14.65   <2e-16 ***
# x2           0.99620    0.09462   10.53   <2e-16 ***

# Wrong way when we want to change the baseline level to '2'
# No change on the model fitting except the apparent change on the variable name in the printout
levels(sample_data$x) <- c("2", "1")
summary(lm( y~x, sample_data))
# Coefficients:
#             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
# (Intercept)  0.96804    0.06610   14.65   <2e-16 ***
# x1           0.99620    0.09462   10.53   <2e-16 ***

# Correct way if we want to change the baseline level to '2'
# The estimate was changed by flipping the sign from the original data
sample_data$x <- relevel(x, ref = "2")
summary(lm( y~x, sample_data))
# Coefficients:
#             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
# (Intercept)  1.96425    0.06770   29.01   <2e-16 ***
# x1          -0.99620    0.09462  -10.53   <2e-16 ***

stats::relevel()

relevel. This function can only be used to change the reference level of a factor variable. It does not directly create an arbitrary order of levels. That is, it is useful in lm() or aov(), etc.

reorder(), levels() and boxplot()

  • How to Reorder Boxplots in R: A Comprehensive Guide (tapply() method, simple & effective)
  • reorder().This is useful in barplot (ggplot2::geom_col()) where we want to sort the bars by a numerical variable.
    # Syntax:
    # newFac <- with(df, reorder(fac, vec, FUN=mean)) # newFac is like fac except it has a new order
    
    (bymedian <- with(InsectSprays, reorder(spray, count, median)) )
    class(bymedian)
    levels(bymedian)
    boxplot(count ~ bymedian, data = InsectSprays,
            xlab = "Type of spray", ylab = "Insect count",
            main = "InsectSprays data", varwidth = TRUE,
            col = "lightgray") # boxplots are sorted according to the new levels
    boxplot(count ~ spray, data = InsectSprays,
            xlab = "Type of spray", ylab = "Insect count",
            main = "InsectSprays data", varwidth = TRUE,
            col = "lightgray") # not sorted
    
  • Statistics Sunday: My 2019 Reading (reorder function)

factor() vs ordered()

factor(levels=c("a", "b", "c"), ordered=TRUE)
# ordered(0)
# Levels: a < b < c

factor(levels=c("a", "b", "c"))
# factor(0)
# Levels: a b c

ordered(levels=c("a", "b", "c"))
# Error in factor(x, ..., ordered = TRUE) : 
#  argument "x" is missing, with no default

Data frame

stringsAsFactors = FALSE

http://www.win-vector.com/blog/2018/03/r-tip-use-stringsasfactors-false/

We can use options(stringsAsFactors=FALSE) forces R to import character data as character objects.

In R 4.0.0, stringAsFactors=FALSE will be default. This also affects read.table() function.

check.names = FALSE

Note this option will not affect rownames. So if the rownames contains special symbols, like dash, space, parentheses, etc, they will not be modified.

> data.frame("1a"=1:2, "2a"=1:2, check.names = FALSE)
  1a 2a
1  1  1
2  2  2
> data.frame("1a"=1:2, "2a"=1:2) # default
  X1a X2a
1   1   1
2   2   2

Create unique rownames: make.unique()

groupCodes <- c(rep("Cont",5), rep("Tre1",5), rep("Tre2",5))
rownames(mydf) <- make.unique(groupCodes)

data.frame() will change rownames

class(df2)
# [1] "matrix" "array"
rownames(df2)[c(9109, 44999)]
# [1] "A1CF"     "A1BG-AS1"
rownames(data.frame(df2))[c(9109, 44999)]
# [1] "A1CF"     "A1BG.AS1"

Print a data frame without rownames

# Method 1. 
rownames(df1) <- NULL

# Method 2. 
print(df1, row.names = FALSE)

Convert data frame factor columns to characters

Convert data.frame columns from factors to characters

# Method 1:
bob <- data.frame(lapply(bob, as.character), stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

# Method 2:
bob[] <- lapply(bob, as.character)

To replace only factor columns:

# Method 1:
i <- sapply(bob, is.factor)
bob[i] <- lapply(bob[i], as.character)

# Method 2:
library(dplyr)
bob %>% mutate_if(is.factor, as.character) -> bob

Sort Or Order A Data Frame

How To Sort Or Order A Data Frame In R

  1. df[order(df$x), ], df[order(df$x, decreasing = TRUE), ], df[order(df$x, df$y), ]
  2. library(plyr); arrange(df, x), arrange(df, desc(x)), arrange(df, x, y)
  3. library(dplyr); df %>% arrange(x),df %>% arrange(x, desc(x)), df %>% arrange(x, y)
  4. library(doBy); order(~x, df), order(~ -x, df), order(~ x+y, df)

data.frame to vector

df <- data.frame(x = c(1, 2, 3), y = c(4, 5, 6))

class(df)
# [1] "data.frame"
class(t(df))
# [1] "matrix" "array"
class(unlist(df))
# [1] "numeric"

# Method 1: Convert data frame to matrix using as.matrix()
# and then Convert matrix to vector using as.vector() or c()
mat <- as.matrix(df)
vec1 <- as.vector(mat)   # [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
vec2 <- c(mat)

# Method 2: Convert data frame to matrix using t()/transpose
# and then Convert matrix to vector using as.vector() or c()
vec3 <- as.vector(t(df)) # [1] 1 4 2 5 3 6
vec4 <- c(t(df))

# Not working
as.vector(df)
# $x
# [1] 1 2 3
# $y
# [1] 4 5 6

# Method 3: unlist() - easiest solution
unlist(df)
# x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 y3 
#  1  2  3  4  5  6 
unlist(data.frame(df), use.names = F) # OR dplyr::pull()
# [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6

Q: Why as.vector(df) cannot convert a data frame into a vector?

A: The as.vector function cannot be used directly on a data frame to convert it into a vector because a data frame is a list of vectors (i.e., its columns) and as.vector only removes the attributes of an object to create a vector. When you apply as.vector to a data frame, R does not know how to concatenate these independent columns (which could be of different types) into a single vector. Therefore, it doesn’t perform the operation. Therefore as.vector() returns the underlying list structure of the data frame instead of converting it into a vector.

However, when you transpose the data frame using t(), it gets converted into a matrix. A matrix in R is a vector with dimensions. Therefore, all elements of the matrix must be of the same type. If they are not, R will coerce them to be so. Once you have a matrix, as.vector() can easily convert it into a vector because all elements are of the same type.

Using cbind() to merge vectors together?

It’s a common mistake to try and create a data frame by cbind()ing vectors together. This doesn’t work because cbind() will create a matrix unless one of the arguments is already a data frame. Instead use data.frame() directly. See Advanced R -> Data structures chapter.

cbind NULL and data.frame

cbind can't combine NULL with dataframe. Add as.matrix() will fix the problem.

merge

Special character in the matched variable can create a trouble when we use merge() or dplyr::inner_join(). I guess R internally turns df2 (a matrix but not a data frame) to a data frame (so rownames are changed if they contain special character like "-"). This still does not explain the situation when I

class(df1); class(df2)
# [1] "data.frame"  # 2 x 2
# [1] "matrix" "array" # 52439 x 2
rownames(df1)
# [1] "A1CF"     "A1BG-AS1"
merge(df1, df2[c(9109, 44999), ], by=0)
#   Row.names 786-0 A498 ACH-000001 ACH-000002
# 1  A1BG-AS1     0    0   7.321358   6.908333
# 2      A1CF     0    0   3.011470   1.189578
merge(df1, df2[c(9109, 38959:44999), ], by= 0) # still correct
merge(df1, df2[c(9109, 38958:44999), ], by= 0) # same as merge(df1, df2, by=0)
#   Row.names 786-0 A498 ACH-000001 ACH-000002
# 1      A1CF     0    0    3.01147   1.189578
rownames(df2)[38958:38959]
# [1] "ITFG2-AS1"  "ADGRD1-AS1"

rownames(df1)[2] <- "A1BGAS1"
rownames(df2)[44999] <- "A1BGAS1"
merge(df1, df2, by= 0)
#   Row.names 786-0 A498 ACH-000001 ACH-000002
# 1   A1BGAS1     0    0   7.321358   6.908333
# 2      A1CF     0    0   3.011470   1.189578

is.matrix: data.frame is not necessarily a matrix

See ?matrix. is.matrix returns TRUE if x is a vector and has a "dim" attribute of length 2 and FALSE otherwise.

An example that is a data frame (is.data.frame() returns TRUE) but not a matrix (is.matrix() returns FALSE) is an object returned by

X <- data.frame(x=1:2, y=3:4)

The 'X' object is NOT a vector and it does NOT have the "dim" attribute. It has only 3 attributes: "names", "row.names" & "class". Note that dim() function works fine and returns correctly though there is not "dim" attribute.

Another example that is a data frame but not a matrix is the built-in object cars; see ?matrix. It is not a vector

Convert a data frame to a matrix: as.matrix() vs data.matrix()

If I have a data frame X which recorded the time of some files.

  • is.data.frame(X) shows TRUE but is.matrix(X) show FALSE
  • as.matrix(X) will keep the time mode. The returned object is not a data frame anymore.
  • data.matrix(X) will convert the time to numerical values. So use data.matrix() if the data is numeric. The returned object is not a data frame anymore.
# latex directory contains cache files from knitting an rmarkdown file
X <- list.files("latex/", full.names = T) %>%
     grep("RData", ., value=T) %>% 
     file.info() %>%  
     `[`("mtime")
X %>% is.data.frame() # TRUE
X %>% is.matrix() # FALSE
X %>% as.matrix() %>% is.matrix() # TRUE
X %>% data.matrix() %>% is.matrix() # TRUE
X %>% as.matrix() %>% "["(1:2, ) # timestamps
X %>% data.matrix() %>% "["(1:2, ) # numeric
  • The as.matrix() function is used to coerce an object into a matrix. It can be used with various types of R objects, such as vectors, data frames, and arrays.
  • The data.matrix() function is specifically designed for converting a data frame into a matrix by coercing all columns to numeric values. If the data frame contains non-numeric columns, such as character or factor columns, data.matrix() will convert them to numeric values if possible (e.g., by converting factors to their integer codes).
  • See the following example where as.matrix() and data.matrix() return different resuls.
df <- data.frame(a = c(1, 2, 3), b = c("x", "y", "z"))
mat <- as.matrix(df)
mat
#      a   b  
# [1,] "1" "x"
# [2,] "2" "y"
# [3,] "3" "z"
class(mat)
# [1] "matrix" "array" 
mat2 <- data.matrix(df)
mat2
#      a b
# [1,] 1 1
# [2,] 2 2
# [3,] 3 3
class(mat2)
# [1] "matrix" "array" 
typeof(mat)
# [1] "character"
typeof(mat2)
# [1] "double"

matrix vs data.frame

Case 1: colnames() is safer than names() if the object could be a data frame or a matrix.

Browse[2]> names(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
NULL
Browse[2]> colnames(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
 [1] "time"   "status" "treat"  "AKT1"   "BRAF"   "FLOT2"  "MTOR"   "PCK2"   "PIK3CA"
[10] "RAF1"  
Browse[2]> mode(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] "numeric"
Browse[2]> is.matrix(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] TRUE
Browse[2]> dim(res2$surv.data.new[[index]])
[1] 991  10

Case 2:

ip1 <- installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)] # class(ip1) = 'matrix'
unique(ip1$Priority)
# Error in ip1$Priority : $ operator is invalid for atomic vectors
unique(ip1[, "Priority"])   # OK

ip2 <- as.data.frame(installed.packages()[,c(1,3:4)], stringsAsFactors = FALSE) # matrix -> data.frame
unique(ip2$Priority)     # OK

The length of a matrix and a data frame is different.

> length(matrix(1:6, 3, 2))
[1] 6
> length(data.frame(matrix(1:6, 3, 2)))
[1] 2
> x[1]
  X1
1  1
2  2
3  3
4  4
5  5
6  6
> x1
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6

So the length of a data frame is the number of columns. When we use sapply() function on a data frame, it will apply to each column of the data frame.

How to Remove Duplicates

How to Remove Duplicates in R with Example

Convert a matrix (not data frame) of characters to numeric

Just change the mode of the object

tmp <- cbind(a=c("0.12", "0.34"), b =c("0.567", "0.890")); tmp
     a     b
1 0.12 0.567
2 0.34 0.890
> is.data.frame(tmp) # FALSE
> is.matrix(tmp)     # TRUE
> sum(tmp)
Error in sum(tmp) : invalid 'type' (character) of argument
> mode(tmp)  # "character"

> mode(tmp) <- "numeric"
> sum(tmp)
[1] 1.917

Convert Data Frame Row to Vector

as.numeric() or c()

Convert characters to integers

mode(x) <- "integer"

Non-Standard Evaluation

Understanding Non-Standard Evaluation. Part 1: The Basics

Select Data Frame Columns in R

This is part of series of DATA MANIPULATION IN R from datanovia.com

  • pull(): Extract column values as a vector. The column of interest can be specified either by name or by index.
  • select(): Extract one or multiple columns as a data table. It can be also used to remove columns from the data frame.
  • select_if(): Select columns based on a particular condition. One can use this function to, for example, select columns if they are numeric.
  • Helper functions - starts_with(), ends_with(), contains(), matches(), one_of(): Select columns/variables based on their names

Another way is to the dollar sign $ operator (?"$") to extract rows or column from a data frame.

class(USArrests)  # "data.frame"
USArrests$"Assault"

Note that for both data frame and matrix objects, we need to use the [ operator to extract columns and/or rows.

USArrests[c("Alabama", "Alask"), c("Murder", "Assault")]
#         Murder Assault
# Alabama   13.2     236
# Alaska    10.0     263
USArrests[c("Murder", "Assault")]  # all rows

tmp <- data(package="datasets")
class(tmp$results)  # "matrix" "array" 
tmp$results[, "Item"]
# Same method can be used if rownames are available in a matrix

Note for a data.table object, we can extract columns using the column names without double quotes.

data.table(USArrests)[1:2, list(Murder, Assault)]

Add columns to a data frame

How to add columns to a data frame in R

Exclude/drop/remove data frame columns

# method 1
df = subset(mydata, select = -c(x,z) )

# method 2
drop <- c("x","z")
df = mydata[,!(names(mydata) %in% drop)]

# method 3: dplyr
mydata2 = select(mydata, -a, -x, -y)
mydata2 = select(mydata, -c(a, x, y))
mydata2 = select(mydata, -a:-y)
mydata2 = mydata[,!grepl("^INC",names(mydata))]

Remove Rows from the data frame

Remove Rows from the data frame in R

Danger of selecting rows from a data frame

> dim(cars)
[1] 50  2
> data.frame(a=cars[1,], b=cars[2, ])
  a.speed a.dist b.speed b.dist
1       4      2       4     10
> dim(data.frame(a=cars[1,], b=cars[2, ]))
[1] 1 4
> cars2 = as.matrix(cars)
> data.frame(a=cars2[1,], b=cars2[2, ])
      a  b
speed 4  4
dist  2 10

Creating data frame using structure() function

Creating data frame using structure() function in R

Create an empty data.frame

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10689055/create-an-empty-data-frame

# the column types default as logical per vector(), but are then overridden
a = data.frame(matrix(vector(), 5, 3,
               dimnames=list(c(), c("Date", "File", "User"))),
               stringsAsFactors=F)
str(a) # NA but they are logical , not numeric.
a[1,1] <- rnorm(1)
str(a)

# similar to above
a <- data.frame(matrix(NA, nrow = 2, ncol = 3))

# different data type
a <- data.frame(x1 = character(),
                x2 = numeric(),
                x3 = factor(),
                stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

Objects from subsetting a row in a data frame vs matrix

  • Subsetting creates repeated rows. This will create unexpected rownames.
    R> z <- data.frame(x=1:3, y=2:4)
    R> rownames(z) <- letters[1:3]
    R> rownames(z)[c(1,1)]
    [1] "a" "a"
    R> rownames(z[c(1,1),])
    [1] "a"   "a.1"
    R> z[c(1,1), ]
        x y
    a   1 2
    a.1 1 2
    
  • Convert a dataframe to a vector (by rows) The solution is as.vector(t(mydf[i, ])) or c(mydf[i, ]). My example:
    str(trainData)
    # 'data.frame':	503 obs. of  500 variables:
    #  $ bm001: num  0.429 1 -0.5 1.415 -1.899 ...
    #  $ bm002: num  0.0568 1 0.5 0.3556 -1.16 ...
    # ...
    trainData[1:3, 1:3]
    #        bm001      bm002    bm003
    # 1  0.4289449 0.05676296 1.657966
    # 2  1.0000000 1.00000000 1.000000
    # 3 -0.5000000 0.50000000 0.500000
    o <- data.frame(time = trainData[1, ], status = trainData[2, ], treat = trainData[3, ], t(TData))
    # Warning message:
    # In data.frame(time = trainData[1, ], status = trainData[2, ], treat = trainData[3,  :
    #   row names were found from a short variable and have been discarded
    

    'trees' data from the 'datasets' package

    trees[1:3,]
    #   Girth Height Volume
    # 1   8.3     70   10.3
    # 2   8.6     65   10.3
    # 3   8.8     63   10.2
    
    # Wrong ways:
    data.frame(trees[1,] , trees[2,])
    #   Girth Height Volume Girth.1 Height.1 Volume.1
    # 1   8.3     70   10.3     8.6       65     10.3
    data.frame(time=trees[1,] , status=trees[2,])
    #   time.Girth time.Height time.Volume status.Girth status.Height status.Volume
    # 1        8.3          70        10.3          8.6            65          10.3
    data.frame(time=as.vector(trees[1,]) , status=as.vector(trees[2,]))
    #   time.Girth time.Height time.Volume status.Girth status.Height status.Volume
    # 1        8.3          70        10.3          8.6            65          10.3
    data.frame(time=c(trees[1,]) , status=c(trees[2,]))
    # time.Girth time.Height time.Volume status.Girth status.Height status.Volume
    # 1        8.3          70        10.3          8.6            65          10.3
    
    # Right ways:
    # method 1: dropping row names
    data.frame(time=c(t(trees[1,])) , status=c(t(trees[2,]))) 
    # OR
    data.frame(time=as.numeric(trees[1,]) , status=as.numeric(trees[2,]))
    #   time status
    # 1  8.3    8.6
    # 2 70.0   65.0
    # 3 10.3   10.3
    # method 2: keeping row names
    data.frame(time=t(trees[1,]) , status=t(trees[2,]))
    #          X1   X2
    # Girth   8.3  8.6
    # Height 70.0 65.0
    # Volume 10.3 10.3
    data.frame(time=unlist(trees[1,]) , status=unlist(trees[2,]))
    #        time status
    # Girth   8.3    8.6
    # Height 70.0   65.0
    # Volume 10.3   10.3
    
    # Method 3: convert a data frame to a matrix
    is.matrix(trees)
    # [1] FALSE
    trees2 <- as.matrix(trees)
    data.frame(time=trees2[1,] , status=trees2[2,]) # row names are kept
    #        time status
    # Girth   8.3    8.6
    # Height 70.0   65.0
    # Volume 10.3   10.3
    
    dim(trees[1,])
    # [1] 1 3
    dim(trees2[1, ])
    # NULL
    trees[1, ]  # notice the row name '1' on the left hand side
    #   Girth Height Volume
    # 1   8.3     70   10.3
    trees2[1, ]
    #  Girth Height Volume
    #    8.3   70.0   10.3
    

Convert a list to data frame

How to Convert a List to a Data Frame in R.

# method 1
data.frame(t(sapply(my_list,c)))

# method 2
library(dplyr)
bind_rows(my_list) # OR bind_cols(my_list)

# method 3
library(data.table)
rbindlist(my_list)

tibble and data.table

Clean a dataset

How to clean the datasets in R

matrix

Define and subset a matrix

  • Matrix in R
    • It is clear when a vector becomes a matrix the data is transformed column-wisely (byrow = FALSE, by default).
    • When subsetting a matrix, it follows the format: X[rows, colums] or X[y-axis, x-axis].
data <- c(2, 4, 7, 5, 10, 1)
A <- matrix(data, ncol = 3)
print(A)
#      [,1] [,2] [,3]
# [1,]    2    7   10
# [2,]    4    5    1

A[1:1, 2:3, drop=F]
#      [,1] [,2]
# [1,]    7   10

Prevent automatic conversion of single column to vector

use drop = FALSE such as mat[, 1, drop = FALSE].

complete.cases(): remove rows with missing in any column

It works on a sequence of vectors, matrices and data frames.

NROW vs nrow

?nrow. Use NROW/NCOL instead of nrow/ncol to treat vectors as 1-column matrices.

matrix (column-major order) multiply a vector

> matrix(1:6, 3,2)
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    2    5
[3,]    3    6
> matrix(1:6, 3,2) * c(1,2,3) # c(1,2,3) will be recycled to form a matrix. Good quiz.
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    4   10
[3,]    9   18
> matrix(1:6, 3,2) * c(1,2,3,4) # c(1,2,3,4) will be recycled
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1   16
[2,]    4    5
[3,]    9   12

add a vector to all rows of a matrix

add a vector to all rows of a matrix. sweep() or rep() is the best.

sparse matrix

R convert matrix or data frame to sparseMatrix

To subset a vector from some column of a sparseMatrix, we need to convert it to a regular vector, as.vector().

Attributes

Names

Useful functions for dealing with object names. (Un)Setting object names: stats::setNames(), unname() and rlang::set_names()

Print a vector by suppressing names

Use unname. sapply(, , USE.NAMES = FALSE).

format.pval/print p-values/format p values

format.pval(). By default it will show 5 significant digits (getOption("digits")-2).

> format.pval(c(stats::runif(5), pi^-100, NA))
[1] "0.19571" "0.46793" "0.71696" "0.93200" "0.74485" "< 2e-16" "NA"     
> format.pval(c(0.1, 0.0001, 1e-27))
[1] "1e-01"  "1e-04"  "<2e-16"

R> pvalue
[1] 0.0004632104
R> print(pvalue, digits =20)
[1] 0.00046321036188223807528
R> format.pval(pvalue)
[1] "0.00046321"
R> format.pval(pvalue * 1e-1)
[1] "4.6321e-05"
R> format.pval(0.00004632)
[1] "4.632e-05"
R> getOption("digits")
[1] 7

Customize R: options()

Change the default R repository, my .Rprofile

Change R repository

Edit global Rprofile file. On *NIX platforms, it's located in /usr/lib/R/library/base/R/Rprofile although local .Rprofile settings take precedence.

For example, I can specify the R mirror I like by creating a single line .Rprofile file under my home directory. Another good choice of repository is cloud.r-project.org.

Type file.edit("~/.Rprofile")

local({
  r = getOption("repos")
  r["CRAN"] = "https://cran.rstudio.com/"
  options(repos = r)
})
options(continue = "  ", editor = "nano")
message("Hi MC, loading ~/.Rprofile")
if (interactive()) {
  .Last <- function() try(savehistory("~/.Rhistory"))
}

Change the default web browser for utils::browseURL()

When I run help.start() function in LXLE, it cannot find its default web browser (seamonkey). The solution is to put

options(browser='seamonkey')

in the .Rprofile of your home directory. If the browser is not in the global PATH, we need to put the full path above.

For one-time only purpose, we can use the browser option in help.start() function:

> help.start(browser="seamonkey")
If the browser launched by 'seamonkey' is already running, it is *not*
    restarted, and you must switch to its window.
Otherwise, be patient ...

We can work made a change (or create the file) ~/.Renviron or etc/Renviron. See

Change the default editor

On my Linux and mac, the default editor is "vi". To change it to "nano",

options(editor = "nano")

Change prompt and remove '+' sign

See https://stackoverflow.com/a/1448823.

options(prompt="R> ", continue=" ")

digits

  • signif() rounds x to n significant digits.
    R> signif(pi, 3)
    [1] 3.14
    R> signif(pi, 5)
    [1] 3.1416
    
  • The default digits 7 may be too small. For example, if a number is very large, then we may not be able to see (enough) value after the decimal point. The acceptable range is 1-22. See the following examples

In R,

> options()$digits # Default
[1] 7
> print(.1+.2, digits=18)
[1] 0.300000000000000044
> 100000.07 + .04
[1] 100000.1
> options(digits = 16)
> 100000.07 + .04
[1] 100000.11

In Python,

>>> 100000.07 + .04
100000.11

Disable scientific notation in printing: options(scipen)

How to Turn Off Scientific Notation in R?

This also helps with write.table() results. For example, 0.0003 won't become 3e-4 in the output file.

> numer = 29707; denom = 93874
> c(numer/denom, numer, denom) 
[1] 3.164561e-01 2.970700e+04 9.387400e+04

# Method 1. Without changing the global option
> format(c(numer/denom, numer, denom), scientific=FALSE)
[1] "    0.3164561" "29707.0000000" "93874.0000000"

# Method 2. Change the global option
> options(scipen=999)
> numer/denom
[1] 0.3164561
> c(numer/denom, numer, denom)
[1]     0.3164561 29707.0000000 93874.0000000
> c(4/5, numer, denom)
[1]     0.8 29707.0 93874.0

Suppress warnings: options() and capture.output()

Use options(). If warn is negative all warnings are ignored. If warn is zero (the default) warnings are stored until the top--level function returns.

op <- options("warn")
options(warn = -1)
....
options(op)

# OR
warnLevel <- options()$warn
options(warn = -1)
...
options(warn = warnLevel)

suppressWarnings()

suppressWarnings( foo() )

foo <- capture.output( 
 bar <- suppressWarnings( 
 {print( "hello, world" ); 
   warning("unwanted" )} ) ) 

capture.output()

str(iris, max.level=1) %>% capture.output(file = "/tmp/iris.txt")

Converts warnings into errors

options(warn=2)

demo() function

  • How to wait for a keypress in R? PS readline() is different from readLines().
    for(i in 1:2) { print(i); readline("Press [enter] to continue")}
    
  • Hit 'ESC' or Ctrl+c to skip the prompt "Hit <Return> to see next plot:"
  • demo() uses options() to ask users to hit Enter on each plot
    op <- options(device.ask.default = ask)  # ask = TRUE
    on.exit(options(op), add = TRUE)
    

sprintf

paste, paste0, sprintf

this post, 3 R functions that I enjoy

sep vs collapse in paste()

  • sep is used if we supply multiple input objects to paste()
  • collapse is used to make the output of length 1. It is commonly used if we have only 1 input object
R> paste("a", "A", sep=",")
[1] "a,A"
R> paste("a", "A", sep=",", collapse="-")
[1] "a,A"
R> paste(c("a", "A"), collapse="-")
[1] "a-A"

R> paste(letters[1:3], LETTERS[1:3], sep=",", collapse=" - ")
[1] "a,A - b,B - c,C"
R> paste(letters[1:3], collapse = "-")
[1] "a-b-c"

Format number as fixed width, with leading zeros

# sprintf()
a <- seq(1,101,25)
sprintf("name_%03d", a)
[1] "name_001" "name_026" "name_051" "name_076" "name_101"

# formatC()
paste("name", formatC(a, width=3, flag="0"), sep="_")
[1] "name_001" "name_026" "name_051" "name_076" "name_101"

# gsub()
paste0("bm", gsub(" ", "0", format(5:15)))
# [1] "bm05" "bm06" "bm07" "bm08" "bm09" "bm10" "bm11" "bm12" "bm13" "bm14" "bm15"

formatC and prettyNum (prettifying numbers)

R> (x <- 1.2345 * 10 ^ (-8:4))
 [1] 1.2345e-08 1.2345e-07 1.2345e-06 1.2345e-05 1.2345e-04 1.2345e-03
 [7] 1.2345e-02 1.2345e-01 1.2345e+00 1.2345e+01 1.2345e+02 1.2345e+03
[13] 1.2345e+04
R> formatC(x)
 [1] "1.234e-08" "1.234e-07" "1.234e-06" "1.234e-05" "0.0001234" "0.001234"
 [7] "0.01235"   "0.1235"    "1.234"     "12.34"     "123.4"     "1234"
[13] "1.234e+04"
R> formatC(x, digits=3)
 [1] "1.23e-08" "1.23e-07" "1.23e-06" "1.23e-05" "0.000123" "0.00123"
 [7] "0.0123"   "0.123"    "1.23"     "12.3"     " 123"     "1.23e+03"
[13] "1.23e+04"
R> formatC(x, digits=3, format="e")
 [1] "1.234e-08" "1.234e-07" "1.234e-06" "1.234e-05" "1.234e-04" "1.234e-03"
 [7] "1.235e-02" "1.235e-01" "1.234e+00" "1.234e+01" "1.234e+02" "1.234e+03"
[13] "1.234e+04"

R> x <- .000012345
R> prettyNum(x)
[1] "1.2345e-05"
R> x <- .00012345
R> prettyNum(x)
[1] "0.00012345"

Format(x, scientific = TRUE)

Print numeric data in exponential format, so .0001 prints as 1e-4

Creating publication quality graphs in R

HDF5 : Hierarchical Data Format

HDF5 is an open binary file format for storing and managing large, complex datasets. The file format was developed by the HDF Group, and is widely used in scientific computing.

Formats for writing/saving and sharing data

Efficiently Saving and Sharing Data in R

Write unix format files on Windows and vice versa

https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-devel/2012-April/063931.html

with() and within() functions

closePr <- with(mariokart, totalPr - shipPr)
head(closePr, 20)

mk <- within(mariokart, {
             closePr <- totalPr - shipPr
     })
head(mk) # new column closePr

mk <- mariokart
aggregate(. ~ wheels + cond, mk, mean)
# create mean according to each level of (wheels, cond)

aggregate(totalPr ~ wheels + cond, mk, mean)

tapply(mk$totalPr, mk[, c("wheels", "cond")], mean)

stem(): stem-and-leaf plot (alternative to histogram), bar chart on terminals

Plot histograms as lines

https://stackoverflow.com/a/16681279. This is useful when we want to compare the distribution from different statistics.

x2=invisible(hist(out2$EB))
y2=invisible(hist(out2$Bench))
z2=invisible(hist(out2$EB0.001))

plot(x=x2$mids, y=x2$density, type="l")
lines(y2$mids, y2$density, lty=2, pwd=2)
lines(z2$mids, z2$density, lty=3, pwd=2)

Histogram with density line

hist(x, prob = TRUE)
lines(density(x), col = 4, lwd = 2)

The overlayed density may looks strange in cases for example counts from single-cell RNASeq or p-values from RNASeq (there is a peak around x=0).

Graphical Parameters, Axes and Text, Combining Plots

statmethods.net

15 Questions All R Users Have About Plots

See 15 Questions All R Users Have About Plots. This is a tremendous post. It covers the built-in plot() function and ggplot() from ggplot2 package.

  1. How To Draw An Empty R Plot? plot.new()
  2. How To Set The Axis Labels And Title Of The R Plots?
  3. How To Add And Change The Spacing Of The Tick Marks Of Your R Plot? axis()
  4. How To Create Two Different X- or Y-axes? par(new=TRUE), axis(), mtext(). ?par.
  5. How To Add Or Change The R Plot’s Legend? legend()
  6. How To Draw A Grid In Your R Plot? grid()
  7. How To Draw A Plot With A PNG As Background? rasterImage() from the png package
  8. How To Adjust The Size Of Points In An R Plot? cex argument
  9. How To Fit A Smooth Curve To Your R Data? loess() and lines()
  10. How To Add Error Bars In An R Plot? arrows()
  11. How To Save A Plot As An Image On Disc
  12. How To Plot Two R Plots Next To Each Other? par(mfrow)[which means Multiple Figures (use ROW-wise)], gridBase package, lattice package
  13. How To Plot Multiple Lines Or Points? plot(), lines()
  14. How To Fix The Aspect Ratio For Your R Plots? asp parameter
  15. What Is The Function Of hjust And vjust In ggplot2?

jitter function

Jitterbox.png

Scatterplot with the "rug" function

require(stats)  # both 'density' and its default method
with(faithful, {
    plot(density(eruptions, bw = 0.15))
    rug(eruptions)
    rug(jitter(eruptions, amount = 0.01), side = 3, col = "light blue")
})

File:RugFunction.png

See also the stripchart() function which produces one dimensional scatter plots (or dot plots) of the given data.

Identify/Locate Points in a Scatter Plot

  • ?identify
  • Using the identify function in R
    plot(x, y)
    identify(x, y, labels = names, plot = TRUE) 
    # Use left clicks to select points we want to identify and "esc" to stop the process
    # This will put the labels on the plot and also return the indices of points
    # [1] 143
    names[143]
    

Draw a single plot with two different y-axes

Draw Color Palette

Default palette before R 4.0

palette() # black, red, green3, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, gray

# Example from Coursera "Statistics for Genomic Data Science" by Jeff Leek
tropical = c('darkorange', 'dodgerblue', 'hotpink', 'limegreen', 'yellow')
palette(tropical)
plot(1:5, 1:5, col=1:5, pch=16, cex=5)

New palette in R 4.0.0

R 4.0: 3 new features, R 4.0.0 now available, and a look back at R's history. For example, we can select "ggplot2" palette to make the base graphics charts that match the color scheme of ggplot2.

R> palette() 
[1] "black"   "#DF536B" "#61D04F" "#2297E6" "#28E2E5" "#CD0BBC" "#F5C710"
[8] "gray62"
R> palette.pals()
 [1] "R3"              "R4"              "ggplot2"        
 [4] "Okabe-Ito"       "Accent"          "Dark 2"         
 [7] "Paired"          "Pastel 1"        "Pastel 2"       
[10] "Set 1"           "Set 2"           "Set 3"          
[13] "Tableau 10"      "Classic Tableau" "Polychrome 36"  
[16] "Alphabet"
R> palette.colors(palette='R4') # same as palette()
[1] "#000000" "#DF536B" "#61D04F" "#2297E6" "#28E2E5" "#CD0BBC" "#F5C710"
[8] "#9E9E9E"
R> palette("R3")  # nothing return on screen but palette has changed
R> palette() 
[1] "black"   "red"     "green3"  "blue"    "cyan"    "magenta" "yellow" 
[8] "gray"  
R> palette("R4") # reset to the default color palette; OR palette("default")

R> scales::show_col(palette.colors(palette = "Okabe-Ito"))
R> for(id in palette.pals()) { 
     scales::show_col(palette.colors(palette = id))
     title(id)
     readline("Press [enter] to continue") 
   } 

The palette function can also be used to change the color palette. See Setting up Color Palettes in R

palette("ggplot2")
palette(palette()[-1]) # Remove 'black'
   # OR palette(palette.colors(palette = "ggplot2")[-1] )
with(iris, plot(Sepal.Length, Petal.Length, col = Species, pch=16))

cc <- palette()
palette(c(cc,"purple","brown")) # Add two colors
R> colors() |> length() # [1] 657
R> colors(distinct = T) |> length() # [1] 502

evoPalette

Evolve new colour palettes in R with evoPalette

rtist

rtist: Use the palettes of famous artists in your own visualizations.

SVG

Embed svg in html

svglite

svglite is better R's svg(). It was used by ggsave(). svglite 1.2.0, R Graphics Cookbook.

pdf -> svg

Using Inkscape. See this post.

svg -> png

SVG to PNG using the gyro package

read.table

clipboard

source("clipboard")
read.table("clipboard")

inline text

mydf <- read.table(header=T, text='
 cond yval
    A 2
    B 2.5
    C 1.6
')

http(s) connection

temp = getURL("https://gist.github.com/arraytools/6743826/raw/23c8b0bc4b8f0d1bfe1c2fad985ca2e091aeb916/ip.txt", 
                           ssl.verifypeer = FALSE)
ip <- read.table(textConnection(temp), as.is=TRUE)

read only specific columns

Use 'colClasses' option in read.table, read.delim, .... For example, the following example reads only the 3rd column of the text file and also changes its data type from a data frame to a vector. Note that we have include double quotes around NULL.

x <- read.table("var_annot.vcf", colClasses = c(rep("NULL", 2), "character", rep("NULL", 7)), 
                skip=62, header=T, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)[, 1]
# 
system.time(x <- read.delim("Methylation450k.txt", 
                colClasses = c("character", "numeric", rep("NULL", 188)), stringsAsFactors = FALSE))

To know the number of columns, we might want to read the first row first.

library(magrittr)
scan("var_annot.vcf", sep="\t", what="character", skip=62, nlines=1, quiet=TRUE) %>% length()

Another method is to use pipe(), cut or awk. See ways to read only selected columns from a file into R

check.names = FALSE in read.table()

gx <- read.table(file, header = T, row.names =1)
colnames(gx) %>% grep("[^[:alnum:] ]", ., value = TRUE)
# [1] "hCG_1642354" "IGH."        "IGHV1.69"    "IGKV1.5"     "IGKV2.24"    "KRTAP13.2"  
# [7] "KRTAP19.1"   "KRTAP2.4"    "KRTAP5.9"    "KRTAP6.3"    "Kua.UEV"  

gx <- read.table(file, header = T, row.names =1, check.names = FALSE)
colnames(gx) %>% grep("[^[:alnum:] ]", ., value = TRUE)
# [1] "hCG_1642354" "IGH@"        "IGHV1-69"    "IGKV1-5"     "IGKV2-24"    "KRTAP13-2"  
# [7] "KRTAP19-1"   "KRTAP2-4"    "KRTAP5-9"    "KRTAP6-3"    "Kua-UEV"  

setNames()

Change the colnames. See an example from tidymodels

Testing for valid variable names

Testing for valid variable names

make.names(): Make syntactically valid names out of character vectors

  • make.names()
  • A valid variable name consists of letters, numbers and the dot or underline characters. The variable name starts with a letter or the dot not followed by a number. See R variables.
make.names("abc-d") # [1] "abc.d"

Serialization

If we want to pass an R object to C (use recv() function), we can use writeBin() to output the stream size and then use serialize() function to output the stream to a file. See the post on R mailing list.

> a <- list(1,2,3)
> a_serial <- serialize(a, NULL)
> a_length <- length(a_serial)
> a_length
[1] 70
> writeBin(as.integer(a_length), connection, endian="big")
> serialize(a, connection)

In C++ process, I receive one int variable first to get the length, and then read <length> bytes from the connection.

socketConnection

See ?socketconnection.

Simple example

from the socketConnection's manual.

Open one R session

con1 <- socketConnection(port = 22131, server = TRUE) # wait until a connection from some client
writeLines(LETTERS, con1)
close(con1)

Open another R session (client)

con2 <- socketConnection(Sys.info()["nodename"], port = 22131)
# as non-blocking, may need to loop for input
readLines(con2)
while(isIncomplete(con2)) {
   Sys.sleep(1)
   z <- readLines(con2)
   if(length(z)) print(z)
}
close(con2)

Use nc in client

The client does not have to be the R. We can use telnet, nc, etc. See the post here. For example, on the client machine, we can issue

nc localhost 22131   [ENTER]

Then the client will wait and show anything written from the server machine. The connection from nc will be terminated once close(con1) is given.

If I use the command

nc -v -w 2 localhost -z 22130-22135

then the connection will be established for a short time which means the cursor on the server machine will be returned. If we issue the above nc command again on the client machine it will show the connection to the port 22131 is refused. PS. "-w" switch denotes the number of seconds of the timeout for connects and final net reads.

Some post I don't have a chance to read. http://digitheadslabnotebook.blogspot.com/2010/09/how-to-send-http-put-request-from-r.html

Use curl command in client

On the server,

con1 <- socketConnection(port = 8080, server = TRUE)

On the client,

curl --trace-ascii debugdump.txt http://localhost:8080/

Then go to the server,

while(nchar(x <- readLines(con1, 1)) > 0) cat(x, "\n")

close(con1) # return cursor in the client machine

Use telnet command in client

On the server,

con1 <- socketConnection(port = 8080, server = TRUE)

On the client,

sudo apt-get install telnet
telnet localhost 8080
abcdefg
hijklmn
qestst

Go to the server,

readLines(con1, 1)
readLines(con1, 1)
readLines(con1, 1)
close(con1) # return cursor in the client machine

Some tutorial about using telnet on http request. And this is a summary of using telnet.

Subsetting

Subset assignment of R Language Definition and Manipulation of functions.

The result of the command x[3:5] <- 13:15 is as if the following had been executed

`*tmp*` <- x
x <- "[<-"(`*tmp*`, 3:5, value=13:15)
rm(`*tmp*`)

Avoid Coercing Indices To Doubles

1 or 1L

Careful on NA value

See the example below. base::subset() or dplyr::filter() can remove NA subsets.

R> mydf = data.frame(a=1:3, b=c(NA,5,6))
R> mydf[mydf$b >5, ]
    a  b
NA NA NA
3   3  6
R> mydf[which(mydf$b >5), ]
  a b
3 3 6
R> mydf %>% dplyr::filter(b > 5)
  a b
1 3 6
R> subset(mydf, b>5)
  a b
3 3 6

Implicit looping

set.seed(1)
i <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), size=10, replace = TRUE)
# [1]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE FALSE
sum(i)        # [1] 6
x <- 1:10
length(x[i])  # [1] 6
x[i[1:3]]     # [1]  1  3  4  6  7  9 10
length(x[i[1:3]]) # [1] 7

modelling

update()

Extract all variable names in lm(), glm(), ...

all.vars(formula(Model)[-2])

as.formula(): use a string in formula in lm(), glm(), ...

? as.formula
xnam <- paste("x", 1:25, sep="")
fmla <- as.formula(paste("y ~ ", paste(xnam, collapse= "+")))
outcome <- "mpg"
variables <- c("cyl", "disp", "hp", "carb")

# Method 1. The 'Call' portion of the model is reported as “formula = f” 
# our modeling effort, 
# fully parameterized!
f <- as.formula(
  paste(outcome, 
        paste(variables, collapse = " + "), 
        sep = " ~ "))
print(f)
# mpg ~ cyl + disp + hp + carb

model <- lm(f, data = mtcars)
print(model)

# Call:
#   lm(formula = f, data = mtcars)
# 
# Coefficients:
#   (Intercept)          cyl         disp           hp         carb  
#     34.021595    -1.048523    -0.026906     0.009349    -0.926863  

# Method 2. eval() + bquote() + ".()"
format(terms(model))  #  or model$terms
# [1] "mpg ~ cyl + disp + hp + carb"

# The new line of code
model <- eval(bquote(   lm(.(f), data = mtcars)   ))

print(model)
# Call:
#   lm(formula = mpg ~ cyl + disp + hp + carb, data = mtcars)
# 
# Coefficients:
#   (Intercept)          cyl         disp           hp         carb  
#     34.021595    -1.048523    -0.026906     0.009349    -0.926863  

# Note if we skip ".()" operator
> eval(bquote(   lm(f, data = mtcars)   ))

Call:
lm(formula = f, data = mtcars)

Coefficients:
(Intercept)          cyl         disp           hp         carb  
  34.021595    -1.048523    -0.026906     0.009349    -0.926863 

reformulate

Simplifying Model Formulas with the R Function ‘reformulate()’

I() function

I() means isolates. See What does the capital letter "I" in R linear regression formula mean?, In R formulas, why do I have to use the I() function on power terms, like y ~ I(x^3)

Aggregating results from linear model

https://stats.stackexchange.com/a/6862

Replacement function "fun(x) <- a"

What are Replacement Functions in R?

R> xx <- c(1,3,66, 99)
R> "cutoff<-" <- function(x, value){
     x[x > value] <- Inf
     x
 }
R> cutoff(xx) <- 65 # xx & 65 are both input
R> xx
[1]   1   3 Inf Inf

R> "cutoff<-"(x = xx, value = 65)
[1]   1   3 Inf Inf

The statement fun(x) <- a and R will read x <- "fun<-"(x,a)

S3 and S4 methods and signature

Debug an S4 function

  • showMethods('FUNCTION')
  • getMethod('FUNCTION', 'SIGNATURE')
  • debug(, signature)
> args(debug)
function (fun, text = "", condition = NULL, signature = NULL) 

> library(genefilter) # Bioconductor
> showMethods("nsFilter")
Function: nsFilter (package genefilter)
eset="ExpressionSet"
> debug(nsFilter, signature="ExpressionSet")

library(DESeq2)
showMethods("normalizationFactors") # show the object class
                                    # "DESeqDataSet" in this case.
getMethod(`normalizationFactors`, "DESeqDataSet") # get the source code

See the source code of normalizationFactors<- (setReplaceMethod() is used) and the source code of estimateSizeFactors(). We can see how avgTxLength was used in estimateNormFactors().

Another example

library(GSVA)
args(gsva) # function (expr, gset.idx.list, ...)

showMethods("gsva")
# Function: gsva (package GSVA)
# expr="ExpressionSet", gset.idx.list="GeneSetCollection"
# expr="ExpressionSet", gset.idx.list="list"
# expr="matrix", gset.idx.list="GeneSetCollection"
# expr="matrix", gset.idx.list="list"
# expr="SummarizedExperiment", gset.idx.list="GeneSetCollection"
# expr="SummarizedExperiment", gset.idx.list="list"

debug(gsva, signature = c(expr="matrix", gset.idx.list="list"))
# OR
# debug(gsva, signature = c("matrix", "list"))
gsva(y, geneSets, method="ssgsea", kcdf="Gaussian")
Browse[3]> debug(.gsva)
# return(ssgsea(expr, gset.idx.list, alpha = tau, parallel.sz = parallel.sz, 
#      normalization = ssgsea.norm, verbose = verbose, 
#      BPPARAM = BPPARAM))

isdebugged("gsva")
# [1] TRUE
undebug(gsva)
library(IRanges)
ir <- IRanges(start=c(10, 20, 30), width=5)
ir

class(ir)
## [1] "IRanges"
## attr(,"package")
## [1] "IRanges"

getClassDef(class(ir))
## Class "IRanges" [package "IRanges"]
## 
## Slots:
##                                                                       
## Name:            start           width           NAMES     elementType
## Class:         integer         integer characterORNULL       character
##                                       
## Name:  elementMetadata        metadata
## Class: DataTableORNULL            list
## 
## Extends: 
## Class "Ranges", directly
## Class "IntegerList", by class "Ranges", distance 2
## Class "RangesORmissing", by class "Ranges", distance 2
## Class "AtomicList", by class "Ranges", distance 3
## Class "List", by class "Ranges", distance 4
## Class "Vector", by class "Ranges", distance 5
## Class "Annotated", by class "Ranges", distance 6
## 
## Known Subclasses: "NormalIRanges"

Check if a function is an S4 method

isS4(foo)

How to access the slots of an S4 object

  • @ will let you access the slots of an S4 object.
  • Note that often the best way to do this is to not access the slot directly but rather through an accessor function (e.g. coefs() rather than digging out the coefficients with $ or @). However, often such functions do not exist so you have to access the slots directly. This will mean that your code breaks if the internal implementation changes, however.
  • R - S4 Classes and Methods Hansen. getClass() or getClassDef().

setReplaceMethod()

See what methods work on an object

see what methods work on an object, e.g. a GRanges object:

methods(class="GRanges")

Or if you have an object, x:

methods(class=class(x))

View S3 function definition: double colon '::' and triple colon ':::' operators and getAnywhere()

?":::"

  • pkg::name returns the value of the exported variable name in namespace pkg
  • pkg:::name returns the value of the internal variable name
base::"+"
stats:::coef.default

predict.ppr
# Error: object 'predict.ppr' not found
stats::predict.ppr
# Error: 'predict.ppr' is not an exported object from 'namespace:stats'
stats:::predict.ppr  # OR  
getS3method("predict", "ppr")

getS3method("t", "test")

methods() + getAnywhere() functions

Read the source code (include Fortran/C, S3 and S4 methods)

S3 method is overwritten

For example, the select() method from dplyr is overwritten by grpreg package.

An easy solution is to load grpreg before loading dplyr.

mcols() and DataFrame() from Bioc S4Vectors package

  • mcols: Get or set the metadata columns.
  • colData: SummarizedExperiment instances from GenomicRanges
  • DataFrame: The DataFrame class extends the DataTable virtual class and supports the storage of any type of object (with length and [ methods) as columns.

For example, in Shrinkage of logarithmic fold changes vignette of the DESeq2paper package

> mcols(ddsNoPrior[genes, ])
DataFrame with 2 rows and 21 columns
   baseMean   baseVar   allZero dispGeneEst    dispFit dispersion  dispIter dispOutlier   dispMAP
  <numeric> <numeric> <logical>   <numeric>  <numeric>  <numeric> <numeric>   <logical> <numeric>
1  163.5750  8904.607     FALSE  0.06263141 0.03862798  0.0577712         7       FALSE 0.0577712
2  175.3883 59643.515     FALSE  2.25306109 0.03807917  2.2530611        12        TRUE 1.6011440
  Intercept strain_DBA.2J_vs_C57BL.6J SE_Intercept SE_strain_DBA.2J_vs_C57BL.6J WaldStatistic_Intercept
  <numeric>                 <numeric>    <numeric>                    <numeric>               <numeric>
1  6.210188                  1.735829    0.1229354                    0.1636645               50.515872
2  6.234880                  1.823173    0.6870629                    0.9481865                9.074686
  WaldStatistic_strain_DBA.2J_vs_C57BL.6J WaldPvalue_Intercept WaldPvalue_strain_DBA.2J_vs_C57BL.6J
                                <numeric>            <numeric>                            <numeric>
1                                10.60602         0.000000e+00                         2.793908e-26
2                                 1.92280         1.140054e-19                         5.450522e-02
   betaConv  betaIter  deviance  maxCooks
  <logical> <numeric> <numeric> <numeric>
1      TRUE         3  210.4045 0.2648753
2      TRUE         9  243.7455 0.3248949

Pipe

Packages take advantage of pipes

  • rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests

findInterval()

Related functions are cuts() and split(). See also

Assign operator

  • Earlier versions of R used underscore (_) as an assignment operator.
  • Assignments with the = Operator
  • In R 1.8.0 (2003), the assign operator has been removed. See NEWS.
  • In R 1.9.0 (2004), "_" is allowed in valid names. See NEWS.
R162.png

Operator precedence

The ':' operator has higher precedence than '-' so 0:N-1 evaluates to (0:N)-1, not 0:(N-1) like you probably wanted.

order(), rank() and sort()

If we want to find the indices of the first 25 genes with the smallest p-values, we can use order(pval)[1:25].

> x = sample(10)
> x
 [1]  4  3 10  7  5  8  6  1  9  2
> order(x)
 [1]  8 10  2  1  5  7  4  6  9  3
> rank(x)
 [1]  4  3 10  7  5  8  6  1  9  2
> rank(10*x)
 [1]  4  3 10  7  5  8  6  1  9  2

> x[order(x)]
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
> sort(x)
 [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

OS-dependent results on sorting string vector

Gene symbol case.

# mac: 
order(c("DC-UbP", "DC2")) # c(1,2)

# linux: 
order(c("DC-UbP", "DC2")) # c(2,1)

Affymetric id case.

# mac:
order(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] 2 1
sort(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] "2028_s_at" "202800_at"

# linux
order(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] 1 2
sort(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] "202800_at" "2028_s_at"

It does not matter if we include factor() on the character vector.

The difference is related to locale. See

# both mac and linux
stringr::str_order(c("202800_at", "2028_s_at")) # [1] 2 1
stringr::str_order(c("DC-UbP", "DC2")) # [1] 1 2

# Or setting the locale to "C"
Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL", "C"); sort(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
# Or
Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", "C"); sort(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
# But not
Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL", "en_US.UTF-8"); sort(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))

unique()

It seems it does not sort. ?unique.

# mac & linux
R> unique(c("DC-UbP", "DC2"))
[1] "DC-UbP" "DC2"

do.call

do.call constructs and executes a function call from a name or a function and a list of arguments to be passed to it.

The do.call() function in R: Unlocking Efficiency and Flexibility

Below are some examples from the help.

  • Usage
do.call(what, args, quote = FALSE, envir = parent.frame())
# what: either a function or a non-empty character string naming the function to be called.
# args: a list of arguments to the function call. The names attribute of args gives the argument names.
# quote: a logical value indicating whether to quote the arguments.
# envir: an environment within which to evaluate the call. This will be most useful
#        if what is a character string and the arguments are symbols or quoted expressions.
  • do.call() is similar to lapply() but not the same. It seems do.call() can make a simple function vectorized.
> do.call("complex", list(imag = 1:3))
[1] 0+1i 0+2i 0+3i
> lapply(list(imag = 1:3), complex)
$imag
[1] 0+0i
> complex(imag=1:3)
[1] 0+1i 0+2i 0+3i
> do.call(function(x) x+1, list(1:3))
[1] 2 3 4
  • Applying do.call with Multiple Arguments
> do.call("sum", list(c(1,2,3,NA), na.rm = TRUE))
[1] 6
> do.call("sum", list(c(1,2,3,NA) ))
[1] NA
> tmp <- expand.grid(letters[1:2], 1:3, c("+", "-"))
> length(tmp)
[1] 3
> tmp[1:4,]
  Var1 Var2 Var3
1    a    1    +
2    b    1    +
3    a    2    +
4    b    2    +
> c(tmp, sep = "")
$Var1
 [1] a b a b a b a b a b a b
Levels: a b

$Var2
 [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3

$Var3
 [1] + + + + + + - - - - - -
Levels: + -

$sep
[1] ""
> do.call("paste", c(tmp, sep = ""))
 [1] "a1+" "b1+" "a2+" "b2+" "a3+" "b3+" "a1-" "b1-" "a2-" "b2-" "a3-"
[12] "b3-"
  • environment and quote arguments.
> A <- 2
> f <- function(x) print(x^2)
> env <- new.env()
> assign("A", 10, envir = env)
> assign("f", f, envir = env)
> f <- function(x) print(x)
> f(A)   
[1] 2
> do.call("f", list(A))
[1] 2
> do.call("f", list(A), envir = env)  
[1] 4
> do.call(f, list(A), envir = env)   
[1] 2                       # Why?

> eval(call("f", A))                      
[1] 2
> eval(call("f", quote(A)))               
[1] 2
> eval(call("f", A), envir = env)         
[1] 4
> eval(call("f", quote(A)), envir = env)  
[1] 100
> foo <- function(a=1, b=2, ...) { 
         list(arg=do.call(c, as.list(match.call())[-1])) 
  }
> foo()
$arg
NULL
> foo(a=1)
$arg
a 
1 
> foo(a=1, b=2, c=3)
$arg
a b c 
1 2 3 
  • do.call() + switch(). See an example from Seurat::NormalizeData.
do.call(
   what = switch(
     EXPR = margin,
     '1' = 'rbind',
     '2' = 'cbind',
     stop("'margin' must be 1 or 2")
   ),
   args = normalized.data
)
switch('a', 'a' = rnorm(3), 'b'=rnorm(4)) # switch returns a value
do.call(switch('a', 'a' = 'rnorm', 'b'='rexp'), args=list(n=4)) # switch returns a function
  • The function we want to call is a string that may change: glmnet
# Suppose we want to call cv.glmnet or cv.coxnet or cv.lognet or cv.elnet .... depending on the case
fun = paste("cv", subclass, sep = ".")
cvstuff = do.call(fun, list(predmat,y,type.measure,weights,foldid,grouped))

expand.grid, mapply, vapply

A faster way to generate combinations for mapply and vapply

do.call vs mapply

  • do.call() is doing what mapply() does but do.call() uses a list instead of multiple arguments. So do.call() more close to base::Map() function.
> mapply(paste, tmp[1], tmp[2], tmp[3], sep = "")
      Var1 
 [1,] "a1+"
 [2,] "b1+"
 [3,] "a2+"
 [4,] "b2+"
 [5,] "a3+"
 [6,] "b3+"
 [7,] "a1-"
 [8,] "b1-"
 [9,] "a2-"
[10,] "b2-"
[11,] "a3-"
[12,] "b3-"
# It does not work if we do not explicitly specify the arguments in mapply()
> mapply(paste, tmp, sep = "")
      Var1 Var2 Var3
 [1,] "a"  "1"  "+" 
 [2,] "b"  "1"  "+" 
 [3,] "a"  "2"  "+" 
 [4,] "b"  "2"  "+" 
 [5,] "a"  "3"  "+" 
 [6,] "b"  "3"  "+" 
 [7,] "a"  "1"  "-" 
 [8,] "b"  "1"  "-" 
 [9,] "a"  "2"  "-" 
[10,] "b"  "2"  "-" 
[11,] "a"  "3"  "-" 
[12,] "b"  "3"  "-" 
set.seed(1)
mapply(rweibull, 1, c(1, 10), MoreArgs=list(n=1))
# [1] 1.326108 9.885284
set.seed(1)
x <- replicate(1000, mapply(rweibull, 1, c(1, 10), MoreArgs=list(n=1)))
dim(x) # [1]  2 1000
rowMeans(x)
# [1]  1.032209 10.104131
set.seed(1); Vectorize(rweibull)(n=1, shape=1, scale=c(1, 10))
# [1] 1.326108 9.885284
set.seed(1); x <- replicate(1000, Vectorize(rweibull)(n=1, shape=1, scale=c(1, 10)))

do.call vs lapply

What's the difference between lapply and do.call? It seems to me the best usage is combining both functions: do.call(..., lapply())

  • lapply returns a list of the same length as X, each element of which is the result of applying FUN to the corresponding element of X.
  • do.call constructs and executes a function call from a name or a function and a list of arguments to be passed to it. It is widely used, for example, to assemble lists into simpler structures (often with rbind or cbind).
  • Map applies a function to the corresponding elements of given vectors... Map is a simple wrapper to mapply which does not attempt to simplify the result, similar to Common Lisp's mapcar (with arguments being recycled, however). Future versions may allow some control of the result type.
> lapply(iris, class) # same as Map(class, iris)
$Sepal.Length
[1] "numeric"

$Sepal.Width
[1] "numeric"

$Petal.Length
[1] "numeric"

$Petal.Width
[1] "numeric"

$Species
[1] "factor"

> x <- lapply(iris, class)
> do.call(c, x)
Sepal.Length  Sepal.Width Petal.Length  Petal.Width      Species 
   "numeric"    "numeric"    "numeric"    "numeric"     "factor" 

https://stackoverflow.com/a/10801902

  • lapply applies a function over a list. So there will be several function calls.
  • do.call calls a function with a list of arguments (... argument) such as c() or rbind()/cbind() or sum or order or "[" or paste. So there is only one function call.
> X <- list(1:3,4:6,7:9)
> lapply(X,mean)
1
[1] 2

2
[1] 5

3
[1] 8
> do.call(sum, X)
[1] 45
> sum(c(1,2,3), c(4,5,6), c(7,8,9))
[1] 45
> do.call(mean, X) # Error
> do.call(rbind,X)
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3
[2,]    4    5    6
[3,]    7    8    9
> lapply(X,rbind)
1
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    1    2    3

2
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    4    5    6

3
     [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]    7    8    9
> mapply(mean, X, trim=c(0,0.5,0.1))
[1] 2 5 8
> mapply(mean, X) 
[1] 2 5 8

Below is a good example to show the difference of lapply() and do.call() - Generating Random Strings.

> set.seed(1)
> x <- replicate(2, sample(LETTERS, 4), FALSE)
> x
1
[1] "Y" "D" "G" "A"

2
[1] "B" "W" "K" "N"

> lapply(x, paste0)
1
[1] "Y" "D" "G" "A"

2
[1] "B" "W" "K" "N"

> lapply(x, paste0, collapse= "")
1
[1] "YDGA"

2
[1] "BWKN"

> do.call(paste0, x)
[1] "YB" "DW" "GK" "AN"

do.call + rbind + lapply

Lots of examples. See for example this one for creating a data frame from a vector.

x <- readLines(textConnection("---CLUSTER 1 ---
 3
 4
 5
 6
 ---CLUSTER 2 ---
 9
 10
 8
 11"))

 # create a list of where the 'clusters' are
 clust <- c(grep("CLUSTER", x), length(x) + 1L)

 # get size of each cluster
 clustSize <- diff(clust) - 1L

 # get cluster number
 clustNum <- gsub("[^0-9]+", "", x[grep("CLUSTER", x)])

 result <- do.call(rbind, lapply(seq(length(clustNum)), function(.cl){
     cbind(Object = x[seq(clust[.cl] + 1L, length = clustSize[.cl])]
         , Cluster = .cl
         )
     }))

 result

     Object Cluster
[1,] "3"    "1"
[2,] "4"    "1"
[3,] "5"    "1"
[4,] "6"    "1"
[5,] "9"    "2"
[6,] "10"   "2"
[7,] "8"    "2"
[8,] "11"   "2"

A 2nd example is to sort a data frame by using do.call(order, list()).

Another example is to reproduce aggregate(). aggregate() = do.call() + by().

attach(mtcars)
do.call(rbind, by(mtcars, list(cyl, vs), colMeans))
# the above approach give the same result as the following
# except it does not have an extra Group.x columns
aggregate(mtcars, list(cyl, vs), FUN=mean)

Run examples

When we call help(FUN), it shows the document in the browser. The browser will show

example(FUN, package = "XXX") was run in the console
To view output in the browser, the knitr package must be installed

How to get examples from help file, example()

Code examples in the R package manuals:

# How to run all examples from a man page
example(within)

# How to check your examples?
devtools::run_examples() 
testthat::test_examples()

See this post. Method 1:

example(acf, give.lines=TRUE)

Method 2:

Rd <- utils:::.getHelpFile(?acf)
tools::Rd2ex(Rd)

"[" and "[[" with the sapply() function

Suppose we want to extract string from the id like "ABC-123-XYZ" before the first hyphen.

sapply(strsplit("ABC-123-XYZ", "-"), "[", 1)

is the same as

sapply(strsplit("ABC-123-XYZ", "-"), function(x) x[1])

Dealing with dates

  • Find difference
# Convert the dates to Date objects
date1 <- as.Date("6/29/21", format="%m/%d/%y")
date2 <- as.Date("11/9/21", format="%m/%d/%y")

# Calculate the difference in days
diff_days <- as.numeric(difftime(date2, date1, units="days")) # 133
# In months
diff_days / (365.25/12)  # 4.36961   

# OR using the lubridate package
library(lubridate)
# Convert the dates to Date objects
date1 <- mdy("6/29/21")
date2 <- mdy("11/9/21")
interval(date1, date2) %/% months(1)
d1 = date()
class(d1) # "character"
d2 = Sys.Date()
class(d2) # "Date"

format(d2, "%a %b %d")

library(lubridate); ymd("20140108") # "2014-01-08 UTC"
mdy("08/04/2013") # "2013-08-04 UTC"
dmy("03-04-2013") # "2013-04-03 UTC"
ymd_hms("2011-08-03 10:15:03") # "2011-08-03 10:15:03 UTC"
ymd_hms("2011-08-03 10:15:03", tz="Pacific/Auckland") 
# "2011-08-03 10:15:03 NZST"
?Sys.timezone
x = dmy(c("1jan2013", "2jan2013", "31mar2013", "30jul2013"))
wday(x[1]) # 3
wday(x[1], label=TRUE) # Tues

Nonstandard/non-standard evaluation, deparse/substitute and scoping

f <- function(x) {
  substitute(x)
}
f(1:10)
# 1:10
class(f(1:10)) # or mode()
# [1] "call"
g <- function(x) deparse(substitute(x))
g(1:10)
# [1] "1:10"
class(g(1:10)) # or mode()
# [1] "character"
  • quote(expr) - similar to substitute() but do nothing?? noquote - print character strings without quotes
mode(quote(1:10))
# [1] "call"
  • eval(expr, envir), evalq(expr, envir) - eval evaluates its first argument in the current scope before passing it to the evaluator: evalq avoids this.
sample_df <- data.frame(a = 1:5, b = 5:1, c = c(5, 3, 1, 4, 1))

subset1 <- function(x, condition) {
  condition_call <- substitute(condition)
  r <- eval(condition_call, x)
  x[r, ]
}
x <- 4
condition <- 4
subset1(sample_df, a== 4) # same as subset(sample_df, a >= 4)
subset1(sample_df, a== x) # WRONG!
subset1(sample_df, a == condition) # ERROR

subset2 <- function(x, condition) {
  condition_call <- substitute(condition)
  r <- eval(condition_call, x, parent.frame())
  x[r, ]
}
subset2(sample_df, a == 4) # same as subset(sample_df, a >= 4)
subset2(sample_df, a == x) # 👌 
subset2(sample_df, a == condition) # 👍
  • deparse(expr) - turns unevaluated expressions into character strings. For example,
> deparse(args(lm))
[1] "function (formula, data, subset, weights, na.action, method = \"qr\", " 
[2] "    model = TRUE, x = FALSE, y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, singular.ok = TRUE, "
[3] "    contrasts = NULL, offset, ...) "                                    
[4] "NULL"     

> deparse(args(lm), width=20)
[1] "function (formula, data, "        "    subset, weights, "           
[3] "    na.action, method = \"qr\", " "    model = TRUE, x = FALSE, "   
[5] "    y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, "       "    singular.ok = TRUE, "        
[7] "    contrasts = NULL, "           "    offset, ...) "               
[9] "NULL"

Following is another example. Assume we have a bunch of functions (f1, f2, ...; each function implements a different algorithm) with same input arguments format (eg a1, a2). We like to run these function on the same data (to compare their performance).

f1 <- function(x) x+1; f2 <- function(x) x+2; f3 <- function(x) x+3

f1(1:3)
f2(1:3)
f3(1:3)

# Or
myfun <- function(f, a) {
    eval(parse(text = f))(a)
}
myfun("f1", 1:3)
myfun("f2", 1:3)
myfun("f3", 1:3)

# Or with lapply
method <- c("f1", "f2", "f3")
res <- lapply(method, function(M) {
                    Mres <- eval(parse(text = M))(1:3)
                    return(Mres)
})
names(res) <- method

library() accept both quoted and unquoted strings

How can library() accept both quoted and unquoted strings. The key lines are

  if (!character.only) 
     package <- as.character(substitute(package))

Lexical scoping

The ‘…’ argument

Functions

Function argument

Argument matching from R Language Definition manual.

Argument matching is augmented by the functions

Access to the partial matching algorithm used by R is via pmatch.

Check function arguments

Checking the inputs of your R functions: match.arg() , stopifnot()

stopifnot(): function argument sanity check

  • stopifnot(). stopifnot is a quick way to check multiple conditions on the input. so for instance. The code stops when either of the three conditions are not satisfied. However, it doesn't produce pretty error messages.
    stopifnot(condition1, condition2, ...)
    
  • Mining R 4.0.0 Changelog for Nuggets of Gold

Lazy evaluation in R functions arguments

R function arguments are lazy — they’re only evaluated if they’re actually used.

  • Example 1. By default, R function arguments are lazy.
f <- function(x) {
  999
}
f(stop("This is an error!"))
#> [1] 999
  • Example 2. If you want to ensure that an argument is evaluated you can use force().
add <- function(x) {
  force(x)
  function(y) x + y
}
adders2 <- lapply(1:10, add)
adders2[[1]](10)
#> [1] 11
adders2[[10]](10)
#> [1] 20
  • Example 3. Default arguments are evaluated inside the function.
f <- function(x = ls()) {
  a <- 1
  x
}

# ls() evaluated inside f:
f()
# [1] "a" "x"

# ls() evaluated in global environment:
f(ls())
# [1] "add"    "adders" "f" 
  • Example 4. Laziness is useful in if statements — the second statement below will be evaluated only if the first is true.
x <- NULL
if (!is.null(x) && x > 0) {

}

Use of functions as arguments

Just Quickly: The unexpected use of functions as arguments

body()

Remove top axis title base plot

Return functions in R

anonymous function

In R, the main difference between a lambda function (also known as an anonymous function) and a regular function is that a lambda function is defined without a name, while a regular function is defined with a name.

  • See Tidyverse page
  • But defining functions to use them only once is kind of overkill. That's why you can use so-called anonymous functions in R. For example, lapply(list(1,2,3), function(x) { x * x })
  • you can use lambda functions with many other functions in R that take a function as an argument. Some examples include sapply, apply, vapply, mapply, Map, Reduce, Filter, and Find. These functions all work in a similar way to lapply by applying a function to elements of a list or vector.
    Reduce(function(x, y) x*y, list(1, 2, 3, 4)) # 24
    
  • purrr anonymous function
  • The new pipe and anonymous function syntax in R 4.1.0
  • Functional programming from Advanced R
  • What are anonymous functions in R.
    > (function(x) x * x)(3)
    [1] 9
    > (\(x) x * x)(3)
    [1] 9

Backtick sign, infix/prefix/postfix operators

The backtick sign ` (not the single quote) refers to functions or variables that have otherwise reserved or illegal names; e.g. '&&', '+', '(', 'for', 'if', etc. See some examples in Advanced R and What do backticks do in R?.

iris %>%  `[[`("Species")

infix operator.

1 + 2    # infix
+ 1 2    # prefix
1 2 +    # postfix

Use with functions like sapply, e.g. sapply(1:5, `+`, 3) .

Error handling and exceptions, tryCatch(), stop(), warning() and message()

  • http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Exceptions-Debugging.html
  • Catch Me If You Can: Exception Handling in R
  • Temporarily disable warning messages
    # Method1: 
    suppressWarnings(expr)
    
    # Method 2:
    <pre>
    defaultW <- getOption("warn") 
    options(warn = -1) 
    [YOUR CODE] 
    options(warn = defaultW)
    
  • try() allows execution to continue even after an error has occurred. You can suppress the message with try(..., silent = TRUE).
    out <- try({
      a <- 1
      b <- "x"
      a + b
    })
    
    elements <- list(1:10, c(-1, 10), c(T, F), letters)
    results <- lapply(elements, log)
    is.error <- function(x) inherits(x, "try-error")
    succeeded <- !sapply(results, is.error)
    
  • tryCatch(): With tryCatch() you map conditions to handlers (like switch()), named functions that are called with the condition as an input. Note that try() is a simplified version of tryCatch().
    tryCatch(expr, ..., finally)
    
    show_condition <- function(code) {
      tryCatch(code,
        error = function(c) "error",
        warning = function(c) "warning",
        message = function(c) "message"
      )
    }
    show_condition(stop("!"))
    #> [1] "error"
    show_condition(warning("?!"))
    #> [1] "warning"
    show_condition(message("?"))
    #> [1] "message"
    show_condition(10)
    #> [1] 10
    

    Below is another snippet from available.packages() function,

    z <- tryCatch(download.file(....), error = identity)
    if (!inherits(z, "error")) STATEMENTS
    
  • The return class from tryCatch() may not be fixed.
    result <- tryCatch({
      # Code that might generate an error or warning
      log(99)
    }, warning = function(w) {
      # Code to handle warnings
      print(paste("Warning:", w))
    }, error = function(e) {
      # Code to handle errors
      print(paste("Error:", e))
    }, finally = {
      # Code to always run, regardless of whether an error or warning occurred
      print("Finished")
    })   
    # character type. But if we remove 'finally', it will be numeric.
    
  • Capture message, warnings and errors from a R function

suppressMessages()

suppressMessages(expression)

List data type

Create an empty list

out <- vector("list", length=3L) # OR out <- list()
for(j in 1:3) out[[j]] <- myfun(j)

outlist <- as.list(seq(nfolds))

Using $ in R on a List

How to Use Dollar sign in R

Calling a function given a list of arguments

> args <- list(c(1:10, NA, NA), na.rm = TRUE)
> do.call(mean, args)
[1] 5.5
> mean(c(1:10, NA, NA), na.rm = TRUE)
[1] 5.5

Descend recursively through lists

x[[c(5,3)]] is the same as x[[5]][[3]]. See ?Extract.

Avoid if-else or switch

?plot.stepfun.

y0 <- c(1,2,4,3)
sfun0  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 0)
sfun.2 <- stepfun(1:3, y0, f = .2)
sfun1  <- stepfun(1:3, y0, right = TRUE)

tt <- seq(0, 3, by = 0.1)
op <- par(mfrow = c(2,2))
plot(sfun0); plot(sfun0, xval = tt, add = TRUE, col.hor = "bisque")
plot(sfun.2);plot(sfun.2, xval = tt, add = TRUE, col = "orange") # all colors
plot(sfun1);lines(sfun1, xval = tt, col.hor = "coral")
##-- This is  revealing :
plot(sfun0, verticals = FALSE,
     main = "stepfun(x, y0, f=f)  for f = 0, .2, 1")

for(i in 1:3)
  lines(list(sfun0, sfun.2, stepfun(1:3, y0, f = 1))[[i]], col = i)
legend(2.5, 1.9, paste("f =", c(0, 0.2, 1)), col = 1:3, lty = 1, y.intersp = 1)

par(op)

File:StepfunExample.svg

Open a new Window device

X11() or dev.new()

par()

?par

text size (cex) and font size on main, lab & axis

Examples (default is 1 for each of them):

  • cex.main=0.9
  • cex.sub
  • cex.lab=0.8, font.lab=2 (x/y axis labels)
  • cex.axis=0.8, font.axis=2 (axis/tick text/labels)
  • col.axis="grey50"

An quick example to increase font size (cex.lab, cex.axis, cex.main) and line width (lwd) in a line plot and cex & lwd in the legend.

plot(x=x$mids, y=x$density, type="l", 
     xlab="p-value", ylab="Density", lwd=2, 
     cex.lab=1.5, cex.axis=1.5, 
     cex.main=1.5, main = "")
lines(y$mids, y$density, lty=2, pwd=2)
lines(z$mids, z$density, lty=3, pwd=2)
legend('topright',legend = c('Method A','Method B','Method C'),
       lty=c(2,1,3), lwd=c(2,2,2), cex = 1.5, xjust = 0.5, yjust = 0.5)

ggplot2 case (default font size is 11 points):

  • plot.title
  • plot.subtitle
  • axis.title.x, axis.title.y: (x/y axis labels)
  • axis.text.x & axis.text.y: (axis/tick text/labels)
ggplot(df, aes(x, y)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Title", subtitle = "Subtitle", x = "X-axis", y = "Y-axis") +
  theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 20),
        plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 15),
        axis.title.x = element_text(size = 15),
        axis.title.y = element_text(size = 15),
        axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10),
        axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10))

Default font

layout

reset the settings

op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1), mar = c(5,7,4,2) + 0.1) 
....
par(op) # mfrow=c(1,1), mar = c(5,4,4,2) + .1

mtext (margin text) vs title

mgp (axis tick label locations or axis title)

  1. The margin line (in ‘mex’ units) for the axis title, axis labels and axis line. Note that ‘mgp[1]’ affects the axis ‘title’ whereas ‘mgp[2:3]’ affect tick mark labels. The default is ‘c(3, 1, 0)’. If we like to make the axis labels closer to an axis, we can use mgp=c(1.5, .5, 0) for example.
    • the default is c(3,1,0) which specify the margin line for the axis title, axis labels and axis line.
    • the axis title is drawn in the fourth line of the margin starting from the plot region, the axis labels are drawn in the second line and the axis line itself is the first line.
  2. Setting graph margins in R using the par() function and lots of cow milk
  3. Move Axis Label Closer to Plot in Base R (2 Examples)
  4. http://rfunction.com/archives/1302 mgp – A numeric vector of length 3, which sets the axis label locations relative to the edge of the inner plot window. The first value represents the location the labels/axis title (i.e. xlab and ylab in plot), the second the tick-mark labels, and third the tick marks. The default is c(3, 1, 0).

move axis title closer to axis

title(ylab="Within-cluster variance", line=0, 
      cex.lab=1.2, family="Calibri Light")

pch and point shapes

File:R pch.png

See here.

  • Full circle: pch=16
  • Display all possibilities: ggpubr::show_point_shapes()

lty (line type)

File:R lty.png

Line types in R: Ultimate Guide For R Baseplot and ggplot

See here.

ggpubr::show_line_types()

las (label style)

0: The default, parallel to the axis

1: Always horizontal

2: Perpendicular to the axis

3: Always vertical

oma (outer margin), xpd, common title for two plots, 3 types of regions, multi-panel plots

no.readonly

R语言里par(no.readonly=TURE)括号里面这个参数什么意思?, R-par()

Non-standard fonts in postscript and pdf graphics

https://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2006-2.pdf#page=41


NULL, NA, NaN, Inf

https://tomaztsql.wordpress.com/2018/07/04/r-null-values-null-na-nan-inf/

save()/load() vs saveRDS()/readRDS() vs dput()/dget() vs dump()/source()

  1. saveRDS() can only save one R object while save() does not have this constraint.
  2. saveRDS() doesn’t save the both the object and its name it just saves a representation of the object. As a result, the saved object can be loaded into a named object within R that is different from the name it had when originally serialized. See this post.
x <- 5
saveRDS(x, "myfile.rds")
x2 <- readRDS("myfile.rds")
identical(mod, mod2, ignore.environment = TRUE)

dput: Writes an ASCII text representation of an R object. The object name is not written (unlike dump).

$ data(pbc, package = "survival")
$ names(pbc)
$ dput(names(pbc))
c("id", "time", "status", "trt", "age", "sex", "ascites", "hepato", 
"spiders", "edema", "bili", "chol", "albumin", "copper", "alk.phos", 
"ast", "trig", "platelet", "protime", "stage")

> iris2 <- iris[1:2, ]
> dput(iris2)
structure(list(Sepal.Length = c(5.1, 4.9), Sepal.Width = c(3.5, 
3), Petal.Length = c(1.4, 1.4), Petal.Width = c(0.2, 0.2), Species = structure(c(1L, 
1L), .Label = c("setosa", "versicolor", "virginica"), class = "factor")), row.names = 1:2, class = "data.frame")

User 'verbose = TRUE' in load()

When we use load(), it is helpful to add 'verbose =TRUE' to see what objects get loaded.

What are RDS files anyways

Archive Existing RDS Files

==, all.equal(), identical()

  • ==: exact match
  • all.equal: compare R objects x and y testing ‘near equality’
  • identical: The safe and reliable way to test two objects for being exactly equal.
x <- 1.0; y <- 0.99999999999
all.equal(x, y)
# [1] TRUE
identical(x, y)
# [1] FALSE

Be careful about using "==" to return an index of matches in the case of data with missing values.

R> c(1,2,NA)[c(1,2,NA) == 1]
[1]  1 NA
R> c(1,2,NA)[which(c(1,2,NA) == 1)]
[1] 1

See also the testhat package.

I found a case when I compare two objects where 1 is generated in Linux and the other is generated in macOS that identical() gives FALSE but all.equal() returns TRUE. The difference has a magnitude only e-17.

waldo

diffobj: Compare/Diff R Objects

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/diffobj/index.html

testthat

tinytest

tinytest: Lightweight but Feature Complete Unit Testing Framework

ttdo adds support of the 'diffobj' package for 'diff'-style comparison of R objects.

Numerical Pitfall

Numerical pitfalls in computing variance

.1 - .3/3
## [1] 0.00000000000000001388

Sys.getpid()

This can be used to monitor R process memory usage or stop the R process. See this post.

Sys.getenv() & make the script more portable

Replace all the secrets from the script and replace them with Sys.getenv("secretname"). You can save the secrets in an .Renviron file next to the script in the same project.

$ for v in 1 2; do MY=$v Rscript -e "Sys.getenv('MY')"; done
[1] "1"
[1] "2"
$ echo $MY
2

How to write R codes

  • Code smells and feels from R Consortium
    • write simple conditions,
    • handle class properly,
    • return and exit early,
    • polymorphism,
    • switch() [e.g., switch(var, value1=out1, value2=out2, value3=out3). Several examples in glmnet ]
    • case_when(),
    • %||%.
  • 5 Tips for Writing Clean R Code – Leave Your Code Reviewer Commentless
    • Comments
    • Strings
    • Loops
    • Code Sharing
    • Good Programming Practices

How to debug an R code

Debug R

Locale bug (grep did not handle UTF-8 properly PR#16264)

https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=16264

Path length in dir.create() (PR#17206)

https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/show_bug.cgi?id=17206 (Windows only)

install.package() error, R_LIBS_USER is empty in R 3.4.1 & .libPaths()

R_LIBS_USER=${R_LIBS_USER-'~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4'}
R_LIBS_USER="${HOME}/R/${R_PLATFORM}-library/3.4"

On Mac & R 3.4.0 (it's fine)

> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] "~/Library/R/3.4/library"
> .libPaths()
[1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.4/Resources/library"

On Linux & R 3.3.1 (ARM)

> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] "~/R/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-library/3.3"
> .libPaths()
[1] "/home/$USER/R/armv7l-unknown-linux-gnueabihf-library/3.3"
[2] "/usr/local/lib/R/library"

On Linux & R 3.4.1 (*Problematic*)

> Sys.getenv("R_LIBS_USER")
[1] ""
> .libPaths()
[1] "/usr/local/lib/R/site-library" "/usr/lib/R/site-library"
[3] "/usr/lib/R/library"

I need to specify the lib parameter when I use the install.packages command.

> install.packages("devtools", "~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4")
> library(devtools)
Error in library(devtools) : there is no package called 'devtools'

# Specify lib.loc parameter will not help with the dependency package
> library(devtools, lib.loc = "~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4")
Error: package or namespace load failed for 'devtools':
 .onLoad failed in loadNamespace() for 'devtools', details:
  call: loadNamespace(name)
  error: there is no package called 'withr'

# A solution is to redefine .libPaths
> .libPaths(c("~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4", .libPaths()))
> library(devtools) # Works

A better solution is to specify R_LIBS_USER in ~/.Renviron file or ~/.bash_profile; see ?Startup.

Using external data from within another package

https://logfc.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/using-external-data-from-within-another-package/

How to run R scripts from the command line

https://support.rstudio.com/hc/en-us/articles/218012917-How-to-run-R-scripts-from-the-command-line

How to exit a sourced R script

Decimal point & decimal comma

Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal comma (Austria, Belgium, Brazil France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, ...) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_mark

setting seed locally (not globally) in R

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14324096/setting-seed-locally-not-globally-in-r

R's internal C API

https://github.com/hadley/r-internals

cleancall package for C resource cleanup

Resource Cleanup in C and the R API

Random number generator

#include <R.h>

void myunif(){
  GetRNGstate();
  double u = unif_rand();
  PutRNGstate();
  Rprintf("%f\n",u);
}
$ R CMD SHLIB r_rand.c
$ R
R> dyn.load("r_rand.so")
R> set.seed(1)
R> .C("myunif")
0.265509
list()
R> .C("myunif")
0.372124
list()
R> set.seed(1)
R> .C("myunif")
0.265509
list()

Test For Randomness

Different results in Mac and Linux

Random numbers: multivariate normal

Why MASS::mvrnorm() gives different result on Mac and Linux/Windows?

The reason could be the covariance matrix decomposition - and that may be due to the LAPACK/BLAS libraries. See

rle() running length encoding

citation()

citation()
citation("MASS")
toBibtex(citation())

R not responding request to interrupt stop process

R not responding request to interrupt stop process. R is executing (for example) a C / C++ library call that doesn't provide R an opportunity to check for interrupts. It seems to match with the case I'm running (dist() function).

Monitor memory usage

  • x <- rnorm(2^27) will create an object of the size 1GB (2^27*8/2^20=1024 MB).
  • Windows: memory.size(max=TRUE)
  • Linux
    • RStudio: htop -p PID where PID is the process ID of /usr/lib/rstudio/bin/rsession, not /usr/lib/rstudio/bin/rstudio. This is obtained by running x <- rnorm(2*1e8). The object size can be obtained through print(object.size(x), units = "auto"). Note that 1e8*8/2^20 = 762.9395.
    • R: htop -p PID where PID is the process ID of /usr/lib/R/bin/exec/R. Alternatively, use htop -p `pgrep -f /usr/lib/R/bin/exec/R`
    • To find the peak memory usage grep VmPeak /proc/$PID/status
  • mem_used() function from pryr package. It is not correct or useful if I use it to check the value compared to the memory returned by jobload in biowulf. So I cannot use it to see the memory used in running mclapply().
  • peakRAM: Monitor the Total and Peak RAM Used by an Expression or Function
  • Error: protect () : protection stack overflow and ?Memory

References:

Monitor Data

Monitoring Data in R with the lumberjack Package

Pushover

Monitoring Website SSL/TLS Certificate Expiration Times with R, {openssl}, {pushoverr}, and {DT}

pushoverr

Resource

Books

  • Efficient R programming by Colin Gillespie and Robin Lovelace. It works to re-create the html version of the book if we follow their simple instruction in the Appendix. Note that pdf version has advantages of expected output (mathematical notations, tables) over the epub version.
    # R 3.4.1
    .libPaths(c("~/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4", .libPaths()))
    setwd("/tmp/efficientR/")
    bookdown::render_book("index.Rmd", output_format = "bookdown::pdf_book")
    # generated pdf file is located _book/_main.pdf
    
    bookdown::render_book("index.Rmd", output_format = "bookdown::epub_book")
    # generated epub file is located _book/_main.epub.
    # This cannot be done in RStudio ("parse_dt" not resolved from current namespace (lubridate))
    # but it is OK to run in an R terminal
    

Videos

“Do More with R” video tutorials. Search for R video tutorials by task, topic, or package. Most videos are shorter than 10 minutes.

Webinar

useR!

R consortium

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_R5smHVXRYGhZYDJsnXTwg/featured

Blogs, Tips, Socials, Communities

Bug Tracking System

https://bugs.r-project.org/bugzilla3/ and Search existing bug reports. Remember to select 'All' in the Status drop-down list.

Use sessionInfo().

License

Some Notes on GNU Licenses in R Packages

Why Dash uses the mit license (and not a copyleft gpl license)

Interview questions

  • Does R store matrices in column-major order or row-major order?
    • Matrices are stored in column-major order, which means that elements are arranged and accessed by columns. This is in contrast to languages like Python, where matrices (or arrays) are typically stored in row-major order.
  • Explain the difference between == and === in R. Provide an example to illustrate their use.
    • The == operator is used for testing equality of values in R. It returns TRUE if the values on the left and right sides are equal, otherwise FALSE. The === operator does not exist in base R.
  • What is the purpose of the apply() function in R? How does it differ from the for loop?
    • The apply() function in R is used to apply a function over the margins of an array or matrix. It is often used as an alternative to loops for applying a function to each row or column of a matrix.
  • Describe the concept of factors in R. How are they used in data manipulation and analysis?
    • Factors in R are used to represent categorical data. They are an essential data type for statistical modeling and analysis. Factors store both the unique values that occur in a dataset and the corresponding integer codes used to represent those values.
  • What is the significance
of the attach() and detach() functions in R? When should they be used?
    • A: The attach() function is used to add a data frame to the search path in R, making it easier to access variables within the data frame. The detach() function is used to remove a data frame from the search path, which can help avoid naming conflicts and reduce memory usage.
  • Explain the concept of vectorization in R. How does it impact the performance of R code?
    • Vectorization in R refers to the ability to apply operations to entire vectors or arrays at once, without needing to write explicit loops. This can significantly improve the performance of R code, as it allows operations to be performed in a more efficient, vectorized manner by taking advantage of R's underlying C code.
  • Describe the difference between data.frame and matrix in R. When would you use one over the other?
    • A data.frame in R is a two-dimensional structure that can store different types of data (e.g., numeric, character, factor) in its columns. It is similar to a table in a database.
    • A matrix in R is also a two-dimensional structure, but it can only store elements of the same data type. It is more like a mathematical matrix.
    • You would use a data.frame when you have heterogeneous data (i.e., different types of data) and need to work with it as a dataset. You would use a matrix when you have homogeneous data (i.e., the same type of data) and need to perform matrix operations.
  • What are the benefits of using the dplyr package in R for data manipulation? Provide an example of how you would use dplyr to filter a data frame.
    • The dplyr package provides a set of functions that make it easier to manipulate data frames in R.
    • It uses a syntax that is easy to read and understand, making complex data manipulations more intuitive.
    • To filter a data frame using dplyr, you can use the filter() function. For example, filter(df, column_name == value) would filter df to include only rows where column_name is equal to value.